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These De Doctorat Université d’Antananarivo Faculté des Sciences Département de Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée ------------------------------------------------------------------- THESE DE DOCTORAT en Sciences de la Vie - Spécialité : Biochimie Etudes chimique et biologique d’une plante médicinale malgache : Dilobeia thouarsii (PROTEACEAE) Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : RAVELOMANANA- RAZAFINTSALAMA Vahinalahaja Eliane Titulaire de DEA Biochimie appliquée aux sciences médicales Le 02 février 2012 Composition du jury : Président : ANDRIANARISOA Blandine, Professeur titulaire Rapporteur interne : RAZANAMPARANY Julia Louisette, Professeur titulaire Rapporteur externe : RAMANOELINA Panja, Professeur titulaire Examinateur : RAZAFIMAHEFA-RAMILISON Reine Dorothée, Professeur titulaire Directeurs de thèse : JEANNODA Victor, Professeur titulaire MAMBU Lengo, Maître de Conférences HDR Remerciements Dédicaces Je dédie ce travail de thèse à mes proches: A mon mari Rado, et à mon fils Randhy, source d’amour et de tendresse, qui n’ont jamais cessé de croire en moi. Ma plus profonde reconnaissance va à vous, pour votre irremplaçable et inconditionnel soutien tout au long de ces années de travail. Merci d’avoir partagé avec moi les hauts et les bas de ces années de thèse, merci pour vos encouragements quotidiens et vos prières. Sans vous, cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour. A Dada et Neny, qui ont toujours été là pour moi, m’ont donné sans compter tous les moyens pour réussir, pour leurs sacrifices et leurs prières incessantes. Merci de m’avoir toujours soutenue et de m’avoir aidée à surmonter toutes les difficultés rencontrées au cours de cette thèse. A ma belle‐mère, Neny, qui m’a beaucoup aidée et encouragée durant mes séjours à l’étranger. Merci pour tes conseils et tes prières. A mon frère, mes sœurs et mes beaux‐frères, en témoignage de ma gratitude pour l’aide précieuse que vous avez apportée tout au long de mes études. Que cette thèse soit la récompense de votre appui moral et vos encouragements. A ma belle‐famille d’Itaosy pour leurs affections et leurs amours. Merci pour vos prières et notre solidarité. A mes neveux et nièces, qui avec leurs petits caprices m’ont aidée à la réalisation de cette thèse. Que ce travail soit un exemple pour leur avenir. La grâce de Dieu m’a permis de réaliser et d’achever ce travail, aussi je Le loue pour son Amour. Remerciements REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à exprimer mes sincères remerciements à : - Madame le Professeur, président du jury : ANDRIANARISOA Blandine - Madame le Professeur, rapporteur interne : RAZANAMPARANY Julia Louisette - Monsieur le Professeur, rapporteur externe : RAMANOELINA Panja - Madame le Professeur, examinateur : RAZAFIMAHEFA-RAMILISON Reine Dorothée, qui, malgré leurs nombreuses obligations, me font l’honneur d’apporter leurs compétences dans le jugement de ce travail. Le travail de recherche présenté ici a été réalisé grâce à de nombreuses collaborations et se situe à l’interface entre la chimie et la biologie. Je ne saurais oublier les personnes qui ont aidé et soutenu cette thèse. J’exprime ma gratitude à l'égard de mon directeur de thèse : Monsieur le Professeur Victor Jeannoda, Responsable de la formation doctorale Sciences de la vie au sein de la Faculté des Sciences d’Antananarivo, de m’avoir permis de réaliser cette thèse, de m’avoir fait découvrir le monde de la recherche et de m’avoir encouragée à poursuivre après le DEA. Il a tout mis en œuvre pour mettre en place mes stages, à l’IMRA, au CNARP, au LCSNSA, au CIRAD, au MNHN. Il m’a dirigée et soutenue efficacement tout au long de ces années de travail et j’ai pu bénéficier de sa riche expérience dans de nombreux aspects de la recherche. Ses critiques constructives ont beaucoup contribué à l’amélioration du manuscrit. Ma profonde reconnaissance va également à mon co-directeur de thèse: Madame le Docteur Lengo Mambu pour tout ce qu’elle a fait sur le plan scientifique et administratif, pour son accueil et son aide précieuse lors de mes travaux de recherche au MNHN et surtout lors de la rédaction, et ce malgré l’éloignement. Elle m’a fait bénéficier de sa vaste expérience en chimie. Mes chaleureux remerciements vont à toute l’équipe de LABASM, plus particulièrement à mes co-encadreurs de thèses: Madame le Docteur Danielle D. A. Rakoto, Chef du département de biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, pour m’avoir accueillie dans le LABASM qu’elle dirige, pour m’avoir soutenue et conseillée, tant sur le point scientifique que rédactionnel, et pour la sollicitude qu’elle a toujours manifestée à mon endroit tout au long de ces années de recherche passées au laboratoire. Remerciements Madame le Docteur Samira Sarter, pour m’avoir donné les moyens nécessaires à la réalisation de ce travail de recherche. Elle m’a dirigée sur toutes les manipulations en microbiologie. J’ai pu bénéficier de nombreux séjours de stage à l’étranger grâce à ses collaborations. Monsieur le Docteur Ranjàna H. Randrianarivo pour sa gentillesse exemplaire, sa serviabilité, ses nombreux conseils et suggestions tant scientifiques que techniques et son aide inestimable tant au laboratoire que sur le terrain. Mes vifs remerciements vont aux chercheurs de l’IMRA, CNARP, LCSNSA (Université de La Réunion), CIRAD (Montpellier), MNHN (Paris), notamment : - au Docteur Jean François Rajaonarison d’avoir accepté de réaliser les tests de cytotoxicité au sein de son unité. - au Docteur Maminirina Andriantsoa pour ses suggestions et conseils en bactériologie - au Docteur Thomas Petit, pour ses conseils et son aide pour la réalisation des tests antimicrobiens - au Docteur Christian Mertz pour sa collaboration efficace dans les travaux sur le « dosage de polyphénol » - à toute l’équipe de l’unité MCAM FRE 3206 CNRS/MNHN dirigée par Madame le Professeur Sylvie Rebuffat en particulier à: o Bastien Nay, responsable de l’équipe de recherche CBAF, pour ses suggestions et conseils; o Alexandre Deville et Alain Blond du Service de RMN pour la réalisation des spectres RMN; o Lionel Dubost et Arul Marie de la plateforme de spectrométrie de masse pour les spectres de masse; o Roger Joyeau pour ses conseils et aides mais également pour les discussions enrichissantes et amicales; Je ne saurais ne pas exprimer ma reconnaissance à: Monsieur le Docteur Rabarison Harison pour l’identification de mon herbier. Madame le Docteur Voahangy Vestalys Ramanandraibe et Mademoiselle le Docteur Sylvia Ralambonirina pour leurs aides précieuses et pour leurs discussions enrichissantes dans l’étude de la RMN. Je tiens à remercier vivement les institutions qui ont financé cette étude et mes voyages à l’étranger, à savoir : - Le Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) Remerciements - L’Agence Universitaire de la Francophone (AUF) Un grand merci à tous ceux qui ont été mes compagnons de paillasse, Mamihery Rakotoniaina, Lovarintsoa J. Randriamampianina, Franck Yvon Rasoloharijaona, Solofoniana Marcellin, Marion Girardot, Alice Guadea, pour leur soutien et les bons moments passés ensemble. A tous ceux qui m’ont consacré un peu de leurs précieux temps, et m’ont aidée d’une manière ou d’une autre, je vous suis très reconnaissante et vous remercie. Table des matières TABLE DES MATIERES COMMUNICATIONS et PUBLICATIONS……………………………………… i GLOSSAIRE…………………………………………………………………………. ii LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………. iii LISTE DES TABLEAUX …………………………………………………………. v LISTE DES FIGURES ………………………………………………………………. vii LISTE DES ANNEXES………………………………………………………………. x INTRODUCTION GENERALE…………………………………………………….. 1 Chapitre 1: ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE……………………………………......... 6 1.1. Les plantes médicinales à Madagascar……………………………………….. 6 1.2. Les plantes médicinales et les maladies infectieuses à Madagascar ………... 8 1.3. Données sur la famille des Proteaceae………………………………………… 9 1.3.1. Historique……………………………………………………………………. 9 1.3.2. Généralités sur la famille…………………………………………………….. 10 1.3.3. Description botanique ……………………………………………………….. 11 1.3.4. Données ethnopharmacologiques et ethnobotaniques ………………………. 11 1.3.4.1. Utilisations des Proteaceae dans le monde ………………………………. 11 1.3.4.2. Intérêts économiques……………………………………………………... 12 1.3.4.3. Utilisation traditionnelle à Madagascar ………………………………….. 13 1.3.5. Travaux phytochimiques et pharmacologiques antérieurs sur les Proteaceae . 13 1.3.5.1. Etudes phytochimiques antérieures ……………………………………… 13 1.3.5.1.1. Biosynthèse des molécules phénoliques ……………………………... 13 a) voie de l’acide shikimique …………………………………………………… 14 b) Voie des phénylpropanoides …………………………………………………. 16 c) Les flavonoïdes ………………………………………………………………. 16 c.1. Les flavonols ……………………………………………………………… 17 c.2. Les flavanonols ……………………………………………………………. 18 d) Autres composés phénoliques chez les Proteaceae ………………………….. 19 1.3.5.1.2. Les naphtoquinones ………………………………………………….. 20 1.3.5.1.3. Les alcaloïdes ………………………………………………………… 21 1.3.5.2. Etudes pharmacologiques ………………………………………………... 22 1.3.5.2.1. Propriétés antimicrobiennes ………………………………………….. 22 a) Activités antibactériennes ……………………………………………………. 22 b) Activités antifongiques ………………………………………………………. 22 1.3.5.2.2. Activités cytotoxiques ………………………………………………... 22 1.3.5.2.3. Activités antioxydantes ………………………………………………. 23 1.3.5.2.4. Activités antiparasitaires ……………………………………………... 23 1.3.5.2.5 Activités anti-inflammatoires …………………………………………. 23 Table des matières 1.4. Données sur le genre Dilobeia et l’espèce thouarsii Roem. & Schult………... 23 1.4.1. Enquêtes ethnobotaniques………………………………………………….... 23 1.4.2. Intérêts économiques………………………………………………………...
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