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State of the Art of Monitoring Technologies and Data Processing

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State of the Art of Monitoring Technologies and Data Processing agriculture Review Review StateState of of the the art Art of of monitoring Monitoring technologies Technologies and and data Data processing forProcessing precision for viticulture Precision Viticulture Marco Ammoniaci 1, Simon-Paolo Kartsiotis 1,*, Rita Perria 1 and Paolo Storchi 1 Marco Ammoniaci , Simon-Paolo Kartsiotis * , Rita Perria and Paolo Storchi 1 CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Viale Santa Margherita, 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] Viale Santa Margherita, 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (R.P.); (R.P.); [email protected] (P.S.) [email protected] (P.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel. +39 3341611876 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-3341611876 Abstract: Precision viticulture (PV) aims to optimize vineyard management, reducing the use of Abstract: Precision viticulture (PV) aims to optimize vineyard management, reducing the use of resources, the environmental impact and maximizing the yield and quality of the production. New resources, the environmental impact and maximizing the yield and quality of the production. New technologies as UAVs, satellites, proximal sensors and variable rate machines (VRT) are being de- technologies as UAVs, satellites, proximal sensors and variable rate machines (VRT) are being devel- veloped and used more and more frequently in recent years thanks also to informatics systems able oped and used more and more frequently in recent years thanks also to informatics systems able to to read, analyze and process a huge number of data in order to give the winegrowers a decision read, analyze and process a huge number of data in order to give the winegrowers a decision support support system (DSS) for making better decisions at the right place and time. This review presents system (DSS) for making better decisions at the right place and time. This review presents a brief state a brief state of the art of precision viticulture technologies, focusing on monitoring tools, i.e., re- of the art of precision viticulture technologies, focusing on monitoring tools, i.e., remote/proximal mote/proximal sensing, variable rate machines, robotics, DSS and the wireless sensor network. sensing, variable rate machines, robotics, DSS and the wireless sensor network. Keywords: DSS; WSN; remote sensing; proximal sensing; variable-rate technology; grapevine; Keywords: DSS; WSN; remote sensing; proximal sensing; variable-rate technology; grapevine; vineyard; UAV. vineyard; UAV Citation: Ammoniaci, M.; Kartsiotis, Citation: Ammoniaci, M.; Kart- S.-P.; Perria, R.; Storchi, P. State of the siotis,S-P.; Perria, R.; Storchi. P. State 1. Introduction Art of Monitoring Technologies and 1. Introduction of the art of monitoring technologies Data Processing for Precision Precision agriculture (PA) is defined as an agricultural, forestry and livestock and data processing for precision Precision agriculture (PA) is defined as an agricultural, forestry and livestock manage- Viticulture. Agriculture 2021, 11, 201. management based on the observation, measurement and response of the set of inter and viticulture. Agriculture 2021, 11, x. ment based on the observation, measurement and response of the set of inter and intra-field https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture intra-field quantitative and qualitative variables that act in agricultural productions. This https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx quantitative and qualitative variables that act in agricultural productions. This is in order 11030201 is in order to define a decision support system (DSS) for the entire farm management, to define a decision support system (DSS) for the entire farm management, with the aim with the aim of optimizing yields looking at climate, environmental, economic, produc- Academic Editor: Francesco Mari- of optimizing yields looking at climate, environmental, economic, productive and social Academic Editor: tive and social sustainability. The synthesis of this definition was effectively given by nello sustainability. The synthesis of this definition was effectively given by Pierce and No- Francesco Marinello Piercevak [1 ],and who Novak identified [1], who PA withidentified “doing PA the with right “doing thing, the in theright right thing, place in the at the right right place time”. at Received: 12 February 2021 the right time”. The starting point of the PA process is the collection of data, which can be Received: 12 February 2021 The starting point of the PA process is the collection of data, which can be done through Accepted: 25 February 2021 done through proximal or remote sensors. Then, these collected data are interpreted and Accepted: 25 February 2021 proximal or remote sensors. Then, these collected data are interpreted and evaluated by Published: date evaluated by an agronomic point of view in order to traduce them into manual imple- Published: 28 February 2021 an agronomic point of view in order to traduce them into manual implementations or mentationinto inputss or for into variable inputs rate for technologyvariable rate (VRT) technology machines, (VRT) which machines, are able which to perform are able theto Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- perform the prescribed actions in a semi-automatic or fully automatic way. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral prescribed actions in a semi-automatic or fully automatic way. tral with regard to jurisdictional with regard to jurisdictional claims in TheThe general general working working scheme scheme of of PA PA is is represented represented in Figure 11[ 2[2]]. claims in published maps and insti- published maps and institutional affil- tutional affiliations. iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. SubmittedCopyright: for© possible 2021 by open the access authors. publicationLicensee MDPI, under Basel,the terms Switzerland. and conditionsThis article of isthe an Creative open access Commons article Attributiondistributed under(CC theBY) termslicense and (http://creativecommons.org/licensesconditions of the Creative Commons /by/4.0/).Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ FigureFigure 1. 1. PrecisionPrecision agriculture agriculture (PA) (PA) general general workflow workflow [2] [2].. 4.0/). Agriculture 2021, 11, x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture Agriculture 2021, 11, 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030201 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture Agriculture 2021, 11, 201 2 of 20 The hypothesis behind PA is that each field is not uniform, as it is generally considered in conventional agriculture, but it is managed taking into account its site-specific needs. This management strategy increases the efficiency of agricultural inputs and, if correctly adopted, it results in cost savings and increased benefits [3,4]. Furthermore, the site-specific dosing of inputs in a field allows for an optimized use of resources from an environmental and food safety point of view [5], since overdose and therefore loss of nutrients, pesticides and water are prevented, especially where plants do not have real deficiencies or stress [5]. According to several previous studies, in general, the application of PA positively increases profits, as it has been demonstrated in different crops and for various adopted technologies [6,7]. The proven benefits of PA are many and can be summed up as following: • Maximization of yields; • Identification of plant stress; • Constant monitoring of crops with the possibility to implement targeted actions; • Reduction of intra-field variability; • Reduction of costs and time of agricultural operations; • Lower the environmental impact of agricultural operations; • Optimization of the use of fertilizers, pesticides and water; • Increase of products quality. In Table1, the main PA parameters collected by different monitoring systems have been reported along with their benefits. Table 1. PA monitoring systems, data collection and benefits. Type of Monitoring Collected Data Benefits Temperature Air humidity Leaf wetness Disease prevention, pesticide Meteorological Wind speed and water management Rainfall data Solar radiation Electric conductivity Soil Texture Fertilization, seed and water Soil Organic matter content management, project of new pH plantations Humidity Vigor and biomass Fertilization, pesticide, LAI (leaf area index) Plant harvest, defoliation and water Fluorescence management Growth ratio Ripening grade Selective harvesting to Sugars increase the quality of the Fruit Anthocyanin final products (e.g., wine) Acidity Growth ratio The adoption of PA implies to adapt agronomic inputs like fertilizers, pesticides and water according to the specific needs of each area of the field [8]. The practical implementation of PA can be done using various technologies: crop and yield sensors, proximal and remote sensors, GNSS (global navigation satellite system) sensors, VRA (variable rate application) equipment and VRT machines, GIS (geographic information systems) systems for data analysis and interpretation [9,10]. The real strength of PA lies in the use of all these technologies in combination with each other, so that each phase of cultivation is monitored in order to make targeted and effective decisions. Agriculture 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 21 Agriculture 2021, 11, 201 3 of 20 The real strength
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