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to Harvest Statewide Crop Development Update #9 November 9, 2018 Edited by Tim Martinson and Chris Gerling The 2018 Growing and Season in Review

Morning clouds rise over Boundary Breaks Vineyard on Seneca Lake Photo by Tim Martinson

I come to bury 2018, not to praise it. I mean, yuck. It’s Not the Heat, It’s the New York agriculture presents challenges every sea- Humidity. And the Rain. And son, but this one bordered on ridiculous. the Clouds. And the Fruit The past 15 years have brought everything from dev- astating winter freeze events to superstorms, but this Flies. is the year that many around the state are calling their most challenging ever, and these aren’t even the folks Chris Gerling who were hit with seven inches of rain over two hours Enology Extension Associate Cornell Enology Extension Program in August. I don’t have the heart to ask those people about the season, like I wouldn’t ask Mary Todd Lin- Climate charts and figures by coln how she liked the play. Hans Walter-Peterson For everyone except the north country, there was hu- Extension Associate midity, rain and rot; the north country had humidity Finger Lakes Program and a drought. We know that our winemakers have Additional observations by members of the plenty of tricks up their sleeves—it’s just that 2018 called for extra sleeves. Cornell Extension Enology Laboratory Advisory Council Winter. According to our bud mortality tracking, the 2017-2018 winter was not particularly dangerous for . There was one period in January where Lake Erie and the Finger Lakes got cold enough to reach the 10% threshold for primary bud damage on some vari- eties, but for the most part temperatures stayed above zero Fahrenheit. I don’t think the lows ever reached

the LT50 point in any of the places Cornell was tracking. In the north country it was much colder, but not by Chris Gerling Hans Walter-Peterrson their standards, and on Long Island it was much warm-

Page 1 Early June, W. Seneca Lake. This Noiret vineyard was the site of a cov- er-crop trial (Justine Vanden Heuvel program) for the past 3 years, on a well-drained site with shallow, gravelly soils. Despite significant drought stress last year, there were only modest carryover effects (slightly reduced cluster number, cluster size) on the 2017 crop. Photo by Tim Martinson Figure 1. Monthly growing degree day accumulations at Geneva in Figure 2. Monthly rainfall accumulation at Geneva in 2018 vs. the 2018 versus the long term 40-year average. long-term 40-year average.

Figure by Hans Walter-Peterson Figure by Hans Walter-Peterson er, but not by their standards. There were some lated enough heat to catch up to and then exceed storms, inasmuch as the last day of B.E.V. NY the long-term average. While the heat caught up, (February conference in Rochester) got snowed rainfall lagged behind, with April and June both right the heck out. being drier than average (Figure 2). The good/bad of winter was the late period, On Long Island, it was a cool, wet spring that Rich where the temps locked in around the mid-30s Olsen at Bedell calls “more or less the norm for and refused to budge. There was none of the the North Fork.” They started a little behind, but 90-degrees-in-March silliness we’ve seen in other these days Long Island picks up 3000 GDD with- years, and not really any significant warming as out fail. The Hudson Valley seemed to get the the calendar turned but the thermometer didn’t. lousy downstate spring and lousy upstate sum- mer, making for what Michael Migliore at White- Spring. The Growing Degree Day (GDD) accu- cliff calls “the most difficult season in 40 years of mulator pushed the snooze button, up a growing grapes.” measly 8.2 GDD for the entire month of April in Geneva (see Figure 1). As a participant in the Sen- Summer. By late June, lawns were actually start- eca 7 race on April 29, I know there were snow- ing to brown a bit and people upstate talked more flakes and that it was a rough day to ride a bike. I of dryness than anything else. July was also a lit- didn’t ride a bike, but I know it was a rough day tle dry, meaning that in Geneva three of the four to ride one. months from April through July were below the long term average for rainfall (see Figure 2). While it wasn’t much fun for people, the grapes were never tricked into breaking dormancy ear- That feels like a long time ago, or maybe some ly—so there was that. May did its best to make dreamed alternate reality. Whatever the feeling, up for April (at least upstate), where we accumu- “dry” is not a word I will associate with my mem- ories of 2018.

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Page 2 August changed the narrative in a number of breakers, 2018 was as humid as it gets in every ways. First, there was the heat and humidity. part of the state (see Figure 3). While August was above average by GDDs, it wasn’t hugely above average, especially by recent Then came the rains. I’m part of a group that goes standards. running every Saturday morning at the north end of Seneca lake. I’ve been doing this for a few years Syracuse.com meterologist Glenn Coin looked now, and in that time we’ve seen all sorts of lake at August in Syracuse, and noted that while the activities and weather conditions. highs were 1.3 degrees warmer than average, nightly lows were 4.3 degrees warmer than aver- What I hadn’t seen until this year was piles of de- age. He then used the Iowa State Mesonet system bris washing up on shore, as if from a shipwreck. to produce an astounding chart of the summer It wasn’t from a shipwreck, of course, it was the hours with dew point at or above 70F, which is ba- remnants of the freak storm and resulting floods sically hours where it’s Too Dang Humid (TDH). that hammered the middle of the lake on August 14 and 15. Some areas received as much as seven The year 2018 had more than twice as many TDH inches of rain in two hours, and Hector received hours as the next highest year, at least in Syra- 11.3 inches over those two days (Figure 4). cuse. I looked at weather stations across the state, and found that while not all of them were record- Water destroyed fields, roads and bridges, and the landscape still shows plenty of scars. That catastrophic event was like some almighty on- switch, and it feels like New York hasn’t gone a week without significant rain since then.

Figure 4. On August 14, between 2:00 and 7:00 AM, this vineyard- based weather station on east Seneca Lake logged a total of 7 inches of rain, at a rate of up to 1.5 inches per hour (top). Just across Figure 3. Hours with dew point above 70 °F during June, July, and the laske in Dresden (bottom), rainfall was much less intense—and August in four regions of New York. dropped ‘only’ 2.3 inches on August 14. Photo by Tim Martinson Figure by Tim Martinson

Page 3 Stream bed on east Seneca Lake scoured by the August 14 flood. Photo by Tim Martinson Meanwhile, just across the lake near Dresden, the rainfall ‘only’ totaled 2.3 inches, and the flash- flood produced little damage to infrastructure or Figure 6. Hours at Dew Point 70F or Higher in September. Note: Blue (Fig. 4, bottom). shading indicates years with missing data. My interpretation is that non- Geneva received relatively little of the August blue years with no bar just had very few or no hours of dew point 70F Figure by Chris Gerling Deluge, but you can see that we still doubled the long-term average for the month. And when it Again in 2018 we were in desperate need of a didn’t rain, it was cloudy. August featured more warm, dry September and October to boost ma- cloudy days at 1 pm than any on record at the turity and ease disease pressure. Spoiler Alert: no Penn Yan airport (Figure 5). dice. Maybe it was the damage already done by the hu- midity (Figure 6). Maybe it was the rain, which never left for more than three days in a row. Maybe it was a combination of these factors or other factors that were harder to perceive, but for whatever reason, sometime around September 15th the rot index went from suboptimal-but-man- Figure 5. Days With Cloud Cover at 1pm, Penn Yan Airport. ageable to Zombie Apocalypse, Vineyard Edition. Figure by Chris Gerling

Fall. Labor Day felt a little like the bell to end a round in a boxing match between grapes and mother nature—a boxing match that was not going par- ticularly well for the grapes. What had begun with reason- able hopes and relative success had somehow gotten wildly out of hand, and now we could only hope to escape without too much more damage. In the years I’ve been writing these season recaps, one of the more frequent narratives has been the iffy summer followed by the excellent fall to save the season. Page 4 From this point on, harvest entered the salvage Winter Conferences phase. Sullen, soggy grape growers delivered fruit to sullen, sticky winemakers, as quickly and Save the Dates efficiently as possible. were low, acids B.E.V. New York 2019 were low, morale was low. Rot and frustration were high. Almost everywhere, grapes were har- February 27 – March 1, 2019 vested early and/ or at lower levels. RIT Inn & Conference Center, Henrietta NY The working theory is that the warm nights Long Island Agricultural Forum: helped acid degradation, while the clouds and January 10, 2019 rain did not help sugar accumulation. Earlier Viticulture session, Suffolk Comm. College, Riverhead varieties could (sometimes) be pulled in close to maturity before too much damage materialized. Lake Erie Grape Grower Conference Disease resistant cultivars were good to have this March 13,2019 year, but they still lacked ripening conditions. Fredonia State University, Fredonia, NY , being a relatively late variety but also one prone to rot, took it on the chin. Hudson Valley Fruit School . Michael Migliore is happiest with the ear- Grape Program - February 21, 2019 ly whites, but says “Everything else was picked Highland, New York on degree of rot and weather coming at us.” That picking schedule was an all-too-common theme in that they fought the good fight as well and as long 2018. In the Finger Lakes, Kelby Russell says the as they could. Grapes are in the cellars, and New Bordeaux reds held well, and Kris Kane echoed York winemakers are not easily fazed. Just don’t that sentiment in Lake Erie, while also calling at- be surprised to see them walking around in shirts tention to good quality of his Gruner Veltliner. with eight or nine sleeves. On Long Island, Rich Olsen agrees on Cab Franc, includes , and also likes Acknowledgements: and Albariño. Andrew Rockwell at Sparkling Pointe says they’re happy with most of what they Glenn Coin at Syracuse.com published the fol- have, but notes that they picked 7-10 days later lowing article that allowed us to find the humid- than usual to achieve the maturity they were af- ity charts in this article, which were created with ter. Lindsey Pashow from Harvest NY thinks the Iowa State Mesonet system: yields were up in the north country, possibly due https://www.syracuse.com/weather/index.ssf/2018/09/ to a lack of winter/ spring damage. we_just_sweated_through_cnys_muggiest_summer_in_at_ least_45_years.html Kris Kane at 21 sums up 2018 perfectly: “It was a real bummer type of year.” owners in the Hudson Valley and Finger Lakes both told me this was their hardest year ever. WILDLIFE CONTROL When I text my Niagara and Lake Erie contacts, I Bird Netting, Deterrents Fruit Zone Side Netting receive the kind of jokes my dairy farming cous- Deer Fence TRELLIS SUPPLIES ins tend to make, which are of the have-to-laugh- Notched Metal Post, Wood Post or-I’ll-cry type. Post Driver Rental/Sales Wire, Anchors, Fasteners TRAINING & TYING SUPPLIES The Long Island reports are more positive, but I Fiberglass Vine Stakes still see comments like “it was a good year to be Trunk-Fix, AgLok Twist Ties, REMA Products Buy On-Line making sparkling ,” and “I’m grateful for the tireless efforts of my vineyard manager,” which ® Blue-X Shelters I think can be interpreted as: Challenges Were Faced. FINGER LAKES TRELLIS SUPPLY 315-904-4007 4041A Railroad Ave Williamson, NY 14589 If there’s good news, it’s that the grape growers [email protected] are now or will shortly be done for the season, E-Store www.fingerlakestrellissupply.com and can hopefully at least take solace in the fact

Page 5 Lake Erie Region Update Brix Accumulation, Rain and : Measuring the Impact Kevin Martin, Extension Farm Business Management Associate Lake Erie Regional Grape Program, Cornell and Penn State Cooperative Extension For western New York growers, above-average rainfall through- out the season led to more chal- lenges than most had antici- pated. During the latter period of harvest, weather improved slightly, but increased losses Kevin Martin from disease, insect and splitting were widely reported. Processors Concord Harvest in Niagara county. struggled with Concord fruit that Photo by Tim Weigle pressed as though it was more mature than brix Improving markets. There has been some good indicated. Brix accumulation during harvest was market news for juice. Volume of sales is up sig- well below expected performance. nificantly for National Grape and Refresco- (for Yields, sugars, and late-season crop shrinkage. mally Cott). The pace of sales and price is on a Average juice soluble solids for the region has modest rise for Growers Cooperative. Most im- been 16.3° brix in the juice grape market. With portantly for some, Agri-America has set a target most plants taking in similar brix, National’s of processing 7,000 tons in their newly acquired North East plant has been somewhat higher than processing plant in Fredonia, NY (Formally part average at 16.4° brix. of Cott/Star). Quality issues that impacted crop size showed Not all market news is good news. This was cer- up in final yields. Yields were tracking to beat tainty a bright spot compared to recent years but estimates by 5% in the first week of harvest. But there is ample reason for grape growers to remain by the end of harvest overall yields ended up 5% cautious. This good news is directly related to lower than estimates. Concord juice being offered to more markets. It is Virtually no growers had issues meeting mini- not related to a fundamental shift in the demand mum brix standards. Many growers reported ac- for grape, juice or other caloric beverages. cumulating less than 2° brix throughout the entire On the retail level, low price pressures mostly harvest season. Those that were just shy of mini- remain. If demand and price do remain healthy mum standards found themselves harvesting late processors will likely increase investment in fa- and delivering loads in the “penalty zone” of 14.5 cilities, increasing long-term profitability and – 15.0° brix for National Grape. Growers deliver- sustainability as those investments have been re- ing to other processors typically hit 15.0° brix but duced by most processors over the last five years. lost as much as 20% of yield while waiting. It serves as a good reminder that even in an un- usually good year there continue to be outside risks of weather during the fall that slow ripen- ing. Since we cannot harvest all of the acreage in the last two weeks of harvest it is important to manage different blocks differently. A 15.5 on September 20th is a different target than a 15.5 on October 24th. The same old challenges all remain; harvest is a reminder that it is never easy. That being said, this may well turn out to be the best harvest some growers have had in the last 5 years. Page 6 Concord vineyards in view of Lake Erie. Photo by Tim Weigle

The wine market has also softened. We have seen high productivity in recent years from other re- gions. The market to supply small is be- coming increasingly competitive. Even National Grape Cooperative has entered the space. Also, wine demand is pointing toward another evolution in consumer taste and behavior. This may lead to some upheaval in major labels. We don’t know what ingredients (grape varieties) will emerge in new product lines. Depending on the severity of shift in consumer behavior, we ac- tually do not know that new product lines will fully replace the old ones. Harvested acreage increases. As a result of good market news (a new processor taking more grapes), we saw an increase harvested acreage and total Concord yields. The region processed In 2018, berry weight tracked slightly lower than the long-term average, while soluble solids started out ahead of average, then converged with the nearly 175,000 tons of Concords at a final average long-term average at the CLEREL farm in Portland, NY. brix of approximately 16.3°. The total tonnage Figures by Terry Bates includes an estimated 30,000 tons of Concords processed into wine. This average Brix does not in- clude Concord processed into wine, as wineries sometimes intentionally schedule and request low sugar. We did see a sig- nificant drop in hybrid prices not sold to the large wineries. Without a frost in the Midwest, I would expect those prices to con- tinue to drop. Without a frost, there may not be a market for all tonnage produced next year.

Page 7 Fruit Chemistry Trends: 2014-2018 Timothy E Martinson Top to Bottom: Berry Wt, Brix, pH, TA Section of Horticulture Cornell AgriTech 1.90 1.80 Last year at this time (2017, yel- 1.70 low bars in our figures), we were 1.60 2014 looking at what was a very high 1.50 2015 yielding year for many vinif- 1.40 2016 era varieties, but generally with 1.30 2017 Berry Berry Weight (g) high brix and moderate acids. 1.20 2018 Many Concord growers also had 1.10 Average above-average yields with good 1.00 maturity (although some over- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tim Martinson cropped vineyard ran into K de- Week ficiency that stalled ripening). 24.0 Our five-year average includes the relatively cool 22.0 2014 season (brix starting low and acids starting 20.0 high, but ending up in the right place at harvest), 2014 and the relatively warmer 2015 and 2016 seasons 18.0 2015 Brix (2016 of course being a drought year with small o 16.0 2016 2017 berry size, high brix and low acids). 14.0 2018 12.0 This year, all the maturity indicators ended up Average right in the middle of the five-year average, ex- 10.0 cept for one: Soluble solids. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sample Week With the exception of early-harvested Chardon- 3.70 nay (~20 °Brix, but some harvested a week or 3.60 two later than normal), and champion sugar- 3.50 accumulator Marquette (24°Brix), soluble solids 3.40 2014 ended up at the low end of the five-year average. 3.30 2015 3.20 Cabernet franc, , and Traminette all ended pH 2016 3.10 up around ~18.0 °Brix (Range = roughly 18 to 22 2017 3.00 °Brix in our 5 year average). Our large sample of 2018 16 Riesling blocks averaged 17. 5 °Brix at harvest 2.90 2.80 Average (range 17.5-20.5 °Brix). 2.70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A look at the brix curves shows a notable flatten- Sample Week ing around week 4 or 5 (September 23 samples). After that date, there appears to have been very 22.0 little sugar accumulation across many varieties. 20.0 Opinions vary about why – but I suspect that 18.0 saturated soils (some had standing water in row 16.0 2014 middles at harvest), ample moisture (which may 14.0 2015 have diluted sugars in some cases) and extensive 12.0 2016 cloud cover all played a role. 10.0 2017 2018

Titratable Acidity (g/L) Acidity Titratable 8.0 Often the region has either a ‘high brix – low acid’ 6.0 Average year (warmer and drier) or a ‘low brix-high acid’ 4.0 year (cooler and wetter). This year might be re- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 membered as (among other things) a ‘low brix- Sample Week low acid’ year.

Page 8 Merlot Top to Bottom: Berry Wt, Brix, pH, TA Top to Bottom: Berry Wt, Brix, pH, TA

2.10 2 1.9 2.00 1.8 1.90 1.7 2014 2014 1.6 1.80 2015 2015 1.5 2016 2016 1.70 1.4 2017 2017 Berry Berry Weight (g) 1.60 Berry Weight (g) 1.3 2018 1.2 2018 1.50 Average 1.1 Average 1.40 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Week Week

24 24 22 22 20 20 2014 2014 18 18 2015 2015 16 Brix Brix

o 2016 o 16 2016 14 2017 2017 14 12 2018 2018 12 Average 10 Average 10 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sample Week Sample Week

4.00 3.9 3.80 3.7 3.5 3.60 2014 2014 2015 3.3 2015 3.40 pH 2016 pH 3.1 2016 3.20 2017 2017 2.9 2018 2018 3.00 Average 2.7 Average 2.80 2.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sample Week Sample Week

18.0 19 16.0 17

14.0 15 2014 2014 12.0 13 2015 2015 10.0 2016 2016 11 8.0 2017 2017 9 2018 6.0 2018 (g/L) Acidity Titratable Titratable Acidity (g/L) Acidity Titratable 7 Average 4.0 Average 5 2.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sample Week Sample Week

Page 9 Riesling Traminette Top to Bottom: Berry Wt, Brix, pH, TA Top to Bottom: Berry Wt, Brix, pH, TA 1.9 2.202.20 1.8 2.102.10 2.002.00 1.7 1.901.90 1.6 2014 20142014 1.801.80 1.5 2015 20152015 1.701.70 20162016 1.4 2016 1.601.60 2017 20172017 1.3 Berry Weight (g) Berry Weight1.50 (g) 1.50 Berry Berry Weight (g) 20182018 1.2 2018 1.401.40 AverageAverage 1.1 Average 1.301.30 1 1.201.20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 Week WeekWeek

22 24 20 22 18 20 2014 18 2014 16 2015 2015 16 Brix Brix

o 2016 14 o 2016 14 2017 2017 12 2018 12 2018 10 Average 10 Average 8 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sample Week Sample Week

3.30 3.40 3.20 3.30 3.10 3.20 2014 3.00 3.10 2014 2015 2.90 3.00 2015 pH 2016 pH 2.90 2016 2.80 2017 2.80 2017 2.70 2018 2.70 2018 2.60 Average 2.60 Average 2.50 2.50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sample Week Sample Week

30.0 25 23 25.0 21 19 2014 2014 20.0 17 2015 2015 15 2016 2016 15.0 13 2017 2017 11 2018 2018 Titratable Acidity (g/L) Acidity Titratable 10.0 (g/L) Acidity Titratable 9 Average Average 7 5.0 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sample Week Sample Week

Page 10 Marquette Concord Top to Bottom: Berry Wt, Brix, pH, TA Top to Bottom: Berry Wt, Brix, pH, TA

1.6 4.5 1.5 4

1.4 2014 2014 3.5 2015 2015 1.3 2016 2016 3 1.2 2017 2017 Berry Berry Weight (g) Berry Berry Weight (g) 2018 2018 1.1 2.5 Average Average 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Week Week

26 20 24 18 22 2014 16 2014 20 2015 2015 14 Brix Brix

o 2016 18 o 2016 2017 12 2017 16 2018 2018 14 10 Average Average 12 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sample Week Sample Week

3.2 3.7 3.15 3.5 3.1 2014 3.3 2014 3.05 2015 2015 3.1 3 pH

pH 2016 2016 2.95 2017 2017 2.9 2.9 2018 2018 2.7 Average 2.85 Average 2.8 2.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sample Week Sample Week

25 19 23 17 21

15 19 2014 2014 17 2015 13 2015 15 2016 11 2016 13 2017 2017 11 9 2018 2018 (g/L) Acidity Titratable 9 Titratable Acidity (g/L) Acidity Titratable Average 7 Average 7 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sample Week Sample Week

Page 11 Can Sheep Replace Herbicides, Mowing, and Suckering? Janet van Zoeren and Justine Vanden Heuvel Weeding and suckering can both be expensive In Justine’s trial, 23 sheep were released in the- and time consuming in the vineyard, so wouldn’t Noiret block for 3.5 days in early June. They were it be nice to have a laborforce willing to mow and kept in the block only as long as there were ad- sucker for free? equate weeds to forage on, reducing their tempta- Justine Vanden tion to feed on the . However, they showed Heuvel’s program no interest in the fruit clusters. Only one of the 23 auditioned a flock sheep showed any behavior of putting its hooves of sheep as a free la- on the trunk or feeding on the canopy shoots. bor source in a trial Some maintenance is necessary to care for that took place in a the sheep while they’re in the vineyard. In 0.6 acre Noiret block Justine’strial, they checked on the sheep daily to at Cornell AgriTech. makes sure they had plenty of water and miner- If successful, sheep als, fenced them in using a solar powered, move- grazing in the vine- able electric fence, and provided a shelter to pro- yard could prove tect them from predators. to be a simple, cost- Justine, along with Alexia Hain (a local shep- effective method to herd), has applied for a Northeastern SARE grant keep down weeds, to support further studies on using sheep in high- add , and trained vineyards. remove suckers. Overall, sheep in the vineyard, at least for a short It worked. According to Justine, “They ate every period in the spring, could be a great option for weed in the block but the thistle –including poi- weed and sucker control. son ivy, Virginia creeper, etc., so that mowing wasn’t necessary. They also did a beautiful job For More Information: suckering the vines, just as good as a human.” Franson, P. 2013. Keeping Sheep in Vineyards After Bud Break. Wines and Vines (available at https://www.winesandvines.com/news/ar- ticle/119732/Keeping-Sheep-in-Vineyards-After- Bud-Break)

Noiret trunks before (left) and after (right) sheep grazing. Photo by Justine Vanden Heuvel

“However, if we wanted to keep a sucker for trunk renewal, we would have had to find a way to protect it (like maybe use a tree protector).” One published report (Franson 2013) suggests that using sheep in a vineyard can save four to Noiret vineyard block after 23 sheep spent 3 days grazing, weeding, and eight tractor passes and eight hours of labor per suckering. year. Photo by Justine Vanden Heuvel

Page 12 Thanks to Our Supporters

Major Support for Veraison to Harvest was provided through the Lake Erie Regional Grape Research and Extension Program, Inc., the and Grape Foundation, and Constellation Brands. This is the 12th season of Veraison to Harvest, and we thank these organizations for their consistent support since the 2007 growing season. Additional support was provided by:

Thanks to Our Crew: Long Island Grape Lake Erie Grape Program Program L to R Tim Weigle, Kevin Martin, and Alice Wise, Vincent Kane Bill McGrath,

and Amanda Gardner Statewide Viticulture Extension: Hudson/Champlain Bill Wilsey (pictured) Jim Meyers, and Natasha Field Tim Martinson and Andy Galimberti

Extension Enology, Geneva: Finger Lakes Grape Pam Raes, Program Chris Gerling, Hans Walter-Peterson Cortni &Ashton and Stahl, Don Caldwell Hannah Shedenholm, and Molly Cappiello

This newsletter was made possible with support from the New York Wine and Grape Foundation and the Lake Erie Regional Grape Research and Extension Program, Inc. Veraison to Harvest is a joint publication of: Cornell Enology Extension Program Statewide Viticulture Extension Program Long Island Grape Program - Suffolk CCE Finger Lakes Grape Program Lake Erie Regional Grape Program Eastern NY Commercial Horticulture Program Copyright 2018© Cornell University

The information, including any advice or recommendations, con-tained herein is based upon the research and experience of Cornell Cooperative Extension person- nel. While this information constitutes the best judgement/opinion of such personnel at the time issued, neither Cornell Cooperative Extension nor any representative thereof makes any representation or warrantee, express or implied, of any particular result or application of such information, or regarding any product. Users of any product are encouraged to read and follow product-labeling instructions and check with the manufacturer or supplier for updated information. Nothing contained in this information should be interpreted as an endorsement expressed or implied of any particular product.

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