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Table of Contents Precision Viticulture – Making sense of vineyard variability FINAL REPORT to GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Project Number: CRV 99/5N Principal Investigators: Drs Rob Bramley and David Lamb Research Organisation: Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture Date: June 2006 Project Title: Precision Viticulture – Making sense of vineyard variability CRCV Project Number: 1.1.1 Period Report Covers: July 1999 to June 2006 Author Details: Rob Bramley1 and David Lamb2 1CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems; 2University of New England Date report completed: June 2006 Publisher: Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture Copyright: © Copyright in the content of this guide is owned by the Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture. Disclaimer: The information contained in this report is a guide only. It is not intended to be comprehensive, nor does it constitute advice. The Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture accepts no responsibility for the consequences of the use of this information. You should seek expert advice in order to determine whether application of any of the information provided in this guide would be useful in your circumstances. The Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture is a joint venture between the following core participants, working with a wide range of supporting participants. 3 Table of contents (Note. These content headings are linked to the various section locations in the report.) Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... 6 Background ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Project Aims and Performance Targets ......................................................................................................... 9 Methods – the structure and nature of this report ........................................................................................ 12 Results and Discussion................................................................................................................................ 13 Objective 1: To quantify the nature and extent of within-vineyard variation in grape yield and associated fruit and vine characteristics in two vineyard sites....................................... 13 Objective 2: To analyse soil and associated vineyard properties to identify possible causes of such variation with a view to assessing the feasibility of crop response to targeted management................................................................................................................... 14 Objective 3: To investigate the utility of high-resolution remote sensing as a means of directing timely in-field sampling to ascertain causes of detected variability in soil properties (pre-establishment) and vine vigour (pests, diseases, available moisture) .................... 15 Objective 4: To develop methods for targeted in-field sampling and experimentation for assessing response to management................................................................................................ 16 Objective 5: To scope the opportunity for adoption of precision agriculture technologies in the wider Australian grape and wine industry ............................................................................... 17 Objective 6: To identify and improve understanding of the key drivers of vineyard variability........ 18 Objective 7: To evaluate the On-Farm Experimentation (OFE) approach to providing growers with tools that assist them in understanding the variable response of their production systems to management inputs and identify appropriate designs and analysis tools for such experiments.................................................................................................................... 34 Objective 8: Through the use of 2-D data derived from remote sensing and on-ground measurements, gain an improved understanding of the environmental processes which determine the anthocyanin levels in red winegrapes. ........................................................................... 36 Airborne remote sensing of confined canopies in the present of spatially variable inter- row plant material.......................................................................................................... 37 Understanding the link between the within-canopy light environment that relates to anthocyanin synthesis and radiation returning to an overhead (or side-looking) optical sensor of PAB................................................................................................................ 38 Quantifying PAB using a side-looking sensor............................................................... 41 Remote sensing of vineyards planted to white varieties ................................................ 44 Outcomes / Conclusions.............................................................................................................................. 47 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 47 4 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... 48 Appendix 1: Communication....................................................................................................................... 50 Appendix 2: Intellectual Property................................................................................................................ 59 Appendix 3: References .............................................................................................................................. 60 Appendix 4: Staff ........................................................................................................................................ 62 Appendix 5: Budget Reconciliation............................................................................................................. 63 5 Abstract This project focussed on understanding the nature, extent and key drivers of vineyard variability and on the opportunities for tailoring the management of winegrape production using a range of technologies which promote the collection and analysis of information about vineyard performance at a high spatial resolution – an approach which has become known as Precision Viticulture. Within vineyard variation in yield is typically of the order of 8 to 10-fold (ie 2-20 t ha-1). Fruit quality is also variable with its patterns of spatial variation tending to follow those for yield. This variation is predominantly driven by variation in the land underlying the vineyard (soil hydrology, soil fertility and topography). As a consequence, high resolution spatial information about variation in soil properties and topography are invaluable in assisting with understanding variation in vineyard performance and thus, how management might be tailored in response to it. Similarly, remotely sensed imagery provides a valuable indication of vine vigour, whilst a new mode of experimentation involving whole management units rather than small plots offers growers a means of understanding the variable response to treatments and/or management strategies. Use of these technologies, and the associated implementation of zonal management, offers significant benefits over the traditional (uniform) approach to vineyard management, particularly in terms of selective harvesting and product streaming. 6 Executive Summary Vineyards are variable. Grapegrowers and winemakers have known this for as long as they have been growing grapes and making wine, but in the absence of tools or methods to accurately observe and measure the variation, variability in both yield and quality has been accepted as a fact of life and the majority of vineyards have been managed on the assumption that they are homogenous. Three consequences of vineyard variability are inefficiencies in the management of inputs to the production system, uncertainty in the prediction of yield, and perhaps of greatest concern, delivery of grapes of inconsistent quality to the winery. Inefficient use of inputs to the production system, whether these be water, sprays, fertilizers or the use of labour and machinery, compromises the profitability of the production system and may also lead to detrimental environmental impacts both on and off site. Uncertainty in yield prediction obstructs precise scheduling by winemakers faced with an increasing mismatch between the tonnage of grapes to be crushed and the crushing and storage capacity of the winery. Meanwhile, variation in fruit quality, and the resultant acceptance of ‘average’ quality from whole vineyards limits the opportunity to maximise the production of premium quality wines and to tailor production to market demand and opportunity. This project has focussed on vineyard variability; its nature, extent, key drivers, the opportunities for targeting management in response to it, and the potential utility of a range of tools that may assist with this, remote sensing being a particular area of focus. The key findings of the project include: • Within-vineyard yield variation has been shown to be typically of the order
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