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Proteas with Altitude proteas With Altitude Annual report May 2018 – April 2019 Robbie Blackhall-Miles and Ben Ram Abstract This report aims to show how the ‘proteas With Altitude’ project progressed over During 2018. It is an opportunity to review the ongoing process of setting up the nursery site, analyse data gathered about the species grown and set aims for the year ahead. Background ‘proteas With Altitude’ is an ongoing research project studying the horticulture of Proteaceae in the UK. In 2015, an initial expedition was undertaken to study in-situ plants and collect seeds of Proteaceae, growing at high altitude, in the Western Cape of South Africa. One hundred and fifteen separate observations covering fifty-five distinct species were made, of which thirty species were collected as seed. A further collecting trip was made during December 2017 with 43 species being collected as seed, of which 16 were new to us and 6 new to cultivation, and plants and cuttings of some species being imported under phytosanitary certificate. A full report detailing progress up to the beginning of 2018 can be found in the 2016 and 2017 annual reports. This report will discuss the period between May 2018 – April 2019. Nursery Infrastructure A new irrigation system was partially installed during the summer of 2018. At present this consists of micro soaker-hose irrigation lines to the 1L pots on half of the bench in the polytunnel. This is working well, and we intend to install further such lines during 2019. Additionally, drip irrigation lines were installed in the area used to stand out the large potted plants during the summer months. This area is split into three rows, only one of which has had irrigation installed. There was a low water pressure issue which meant that the entire irrigation system could not be run at the same time without installing a costly pump. The row of drip irrigation was split into two halves, each of which could be run separately. Also, the polytunnel irrigation was run separately. These issues will be of importance to resolve if we succeed in installing drip irrigation to the other two rows of large potted plants. Installing an irrigation system proved timely since the summer of 2018 was both long and hot, which meant time saved watering. We decided against combining fertigation with the irrigation system and instead have continued to do this manually and in the same manner. A new trial bed for Proteaceae was created at the nursery during the summer of 2018, which has allowed us to plant out many of the plants in 1L pots as well as several more mature specimens. A range of other Fynbos species were planted alongside the Proteaceae. We are in the process of creating another trial bed for Proteaceae which should be ready for planting by the time the risk of frost is over. A sand bed and cold frame for the cultivation of dwarf bearded and Oncocyclus Iris was also installed. Sales of these plants have assisted the finance of the nursery. We will also be looking to increase our range of bearded iris to secure longer term financial security for the wider project. Budget During the period April 2018 to April 2019 Outgoings Rent £480 Electricity £72.84 Sundries £1730.83 Irrigation £180.66 Total Expenditure £2464.33 Donations £10 Royal Horticultural Society bursary prize £500 Plant sales £998.55 Total income £1508.55 Personal investment £955.78 Germination and mortality At the date of the production of this report germination for the 2019 season was well underway and will be reported on in the 2019 report. The emphasis for the 2019 season is on species whose seeds are distributed by ants (Myrmecochory) such as Leucospermum spp., Spatalla spp., Serruria spp., Mimetes spp., Paranomus spp. and Sorocephalus spp. Historically, Proteaceae species that rely on myrmecochory have proven difficult to germinate. Most of the published information regarding germination has been obtained by experimenting with Leucospermum spp. seeds. The other genera do sometimes germinate using these methods but germiantion rates tend to be lower and sometimes non-existant. Seeds of Mimetes spp. and Paranomus spp. are very similar to those of Leucospermum spp. morphologically, having an eliasome that surrounds the seed. The morphology of Spatalla spp. and some Sorocephalus spp. seeds, however, is quite different. The eliasome in these genera is only found at one end of the seed. The seeds of Spatalla spp. are also considerably smaller and are hairy. Having spoken to Louise Nurrish, previously Proteaceae horticulturist at Kirstenbosch National Botanic Garden, South Africa, it seems she had some success with Spatalla spp. using a similar method to Serruria spp., however published methods for germinating Serruria spp. give little information and also warn that germination rates are low. The method which has shown to work best for Leucospermum conocarpodendron is: 1. Remove the eliasome and scratch off the next secondary seed coat. 2. Heat the dry seeds using an incandesent lamp in a wooden box to between 40C and 60C for between 15 mins and 1 hour and then immediately put in room temperature (18C) water. 3. Soak seeds for 24 hours in H2O2 and either smoke water or GA3 for 24 hours. 4. Sow on moist fine bark and give day night temperature fluctuation of 5C-20C. In previous years we have used 12 hours at 20C and 12 hours at 5C but this year we will try using 16 hours at 20C and 8 hours at 5C. If this fails we intend on reversing the times so that it is 16 hours at 5C and 8 hours at 20C. South African horticulturist, Robbie Thomas has had success with 14 hours at 6C and 10 hours at 26C. We may try this in the future. It should be noted that trials with hot water rather than dry heat (DH) work less effectively. Trials with hot water on Mimetes arboreous, M argenteus, M. capitulatus, M. chrysanthus, M. pauciflorus, M. stokoei, Orothamnus zeyheri only resulted in germination of 1 M. pauciflorus seed, which subsequently died. It should also be noted that the best germination batch of Leucospermum conocarpodendron was heated to 40C for one hour and soaked in smoke and H202 for 48 hours. Many seeds practically exploded when they were dropped into the smoke water and were assumed to have been destroyed, as the embryo was exposed, but actually 7 of 11 seeds germinated, including the exploded seeds. A trial with M. arboreus where 13 seeds sank and one floated had 60C DH for 10 mins and then 40C DH for 30mins and only smoke water for 24 hrs was used. This resulted in 3 seeds germinating. Two of these are now 2 years old and just over a foot tall. For Leucospermum winteri, which has considerably smaller seeds than L. conocarpodendron, DH to 45C for 15 mins and using GA3 and smoke water (not H2O2), seems to be working (>25% germination rate) with germination already having taken place just 25 days after sowing. A full update on this will be found in the 2019/20 report. We have not yet managed to germinate Spatalla, Sorocephalus, Serruria or Paranomus. Previous attempts with these genera have only used smoke water and eliasomes were not removed. For Spatalla and Sorocephalus, we are now trying the following: Remove eliasome, soak for 24 hrs in smoke water followed by 36 hours in GA3. Seed shape seems to be an indicating factor in the selection of viable Spatalla seed and this will be discussed later in this report in the section ‘Art and Science’. For Mimetes and Paranomus, we are trying: Removal of eliasome and second seed coat if there is one, 60C DH for 15 mins followed by 40C DH for 45 mins, soak in smoke and GA3 for 24 hours each. A high proportion of species from these genera are considered threatened in the wild. It is therefor of importance for their future conservation that their germination and subsequent cultivation is better understood. Sowing batch Number sown treatment Germination Germination rate % number RT001.01 10 50C hot water for 30 10% 1 mins, 26 hours smoke water, 24 hours h2o2 RT001.02 43 flash fried then into 0% room temp water, 24hrs smoke, 24 hrs h2o2 RT001.03 9 60C DH for 10 mins 0% 0 and 40C DH for 30mins, smoke water for 48 hrs, h2o2 for 48hrs RT001.04 11 40C DH for 1 hours, 63.63% 7 then room temp Smoke water for 48 hrs, h202 for 48 hrs. Table1 Treatments used for germination of Leucospermum conocarpadendron. Germination rates - 2015 – 2018 inc. Over the three-year period from winter 2015 to the end of 2018 a total of 662 seedlings across 55 species of South African Proteaceae have been germinated. Of these, the majority germinated within a period of between 12 days and 8 weeks, with the shortest period being for Leucadendron rourkei and the longest for Protea pruinosa. Just three species have exceptional times from sowing to first germination with 66 days for one sowing batch of Protea cryophila, 173 for a second sowing batch of P. cryophila and 214 days for Mimetes arboreus. As has been published in previous reports, this data allows the sowing and germination process to become considerably more streamlined especially when considering when to remove and ‘end’ batches of un-germinated seed. It is also important to understand the time over which seed germinates and our findings have shown that with a day/night temperature change of 15 degrees the majority of seed that germinates does so over a period of between 0 (all seed germinating on the same day) and 26 days, with this process taking up to 56 days, in only 5 cases has it taken longer.
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