DOCSLIB.ORG

Ocean Distribution of the American Shad (Alosa Sapidissima) Along The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ocean Distribution of the American Shad (Alosa Sapidissima) Along The 440 Abstract—We examined the inciden- Ocean distribution of the American shad tal catches of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) taken during research (Alosa sapidissima) along the Pacific coast cruises and in commercial and rec- reational landings along the Pacific of North America coast of North America during over 30 years of sampling. Shad, an intro- William G. Pearcy (contact author)1 duced species, was mainly found over 2 the shallow continental shelf, and Joseph P. Fisher largest catches and highest frequency Email address for contact author: [email protected] of occurrences were found north of 1 College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences central Oregon, along the coasts of Oregon State University Washington and Vancouver Island, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 and in California around San Fran- cisco Bay. Migrations to the north off 2 Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies Washington and Vancouver were seen Hatfield Marine Science Center during spring to fall, but we found Oregon State University no evidence for large-scale seasonal Newport, Oregon 97365 migrations to the south during the fall or winter. The average weight of shad increased in deeper water. Sizes were also larger in early years of the study. Most were caught over a wide range of sea surface temperatures American shad (Alosa sapidissima), ing the data provided for the Pacific (11–17°C) and bottom temperatures the largest member of the family Clu- coast by Petersen et al. (2003) and (6.4–8.0°C). Abundance of shad on the peidae, is a euryhaline, anadromous Leggett and Whitney (1972). We com- continental shelf north of 44°N was fish native to the east coast of North pare similarities in distributions and highly correlated with counts of shad America, where it ranges from Florida seasonal migrations along the Pacific at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River in the same year. Counts were to the Bay of Fundy. American shad coast with those along the Atlantic negatively related to average weights undertake extensive ocean migrations coast of North America. and also negatively correlated with along the east coast of North America American shad were first intro- the survival of hatchery coho salmon to the north in the summer, and south duced to the Pacific coast of North (Oncorhynchus kisutch), indicating in the fall and winter, before returning America from the eastern United that survival of shad is favored by to natal rivers in the spring to spawn. States in 1871. About ten thousand warm ocean conditions. Examining Adults usually spend 3–6 years in shad from the Hudson River were the catch during research cruises and the ocean before returning to spawn released into the Sacramento River commercial and recreational landings, in natal rivers. Juveniles migrate after shipment across the country in we concluded that American shad downstream in the fall, but some may 8-gallon (31.3-L) milk cans by the along the Pacific coast have adapted to the prevailing environmental con- reside in estuaries more than a year California Fish Commission (Green, ditions and undertake only moderate (Talbot and Sykes, 1958; Walburg 1874). Several other shipments were seasonal migrations compared with and Nichols, 1967; Leggett, 1973). made between 1871 and 1881 (Smith, the long seasonal migrations of shad According to tagging studies, their 1896). Shad migrated rapidly to the along the Atlantic coast of North extensive ocean migrations, of some- north and south. They were intro- America. We suggest that the large times thousands of kilometers during duced into the Columbia River, and spawning populations in the Columbia one season, are closely correlated the Willamette and Snake rivers, in River and San Francisco Bay areas with 13–18° sea surface isotherms 1885 and 1886 (Skinner, 1962; Craig explain most of the distributional fea- (Leggett, 1973; Leggett and Whit- and Hacker, 1940). However, shad tures along the Pacific coast. ney, 1972) and 7–13°C bottom tem- had appeared in the Columbia River peratures (Neves and Depres, 1979). several years before these introduc- Little is known about the ocean life tions, and this occurrence indicated of American shad (hereafter referred the rapid movements of fish planted to as “shad”) along the west coast of earlier in California (Welander, 1940; North America, although long mi- Oregon Fish Commission, 1951). Shad grations, like those in the Atlantic, eventually were found in British have been postulated (Leggett and Columbia in 1891, and later as far Manuscript submitted 1 April 2011. Manuscript accepted 22 July 2011 Whitney, 1972; Moyle, 1976; Peters- north as Alaska and as far south as Fish. Bull. 109:440–453 (2011). en et al., 2003). We examine recent Baja California (Hart, 1973). They catches of American shad along the have been reported as far west as The views and opinions expressed Pacific coast of North America from Kamchatka, Russia, but established or implied in this article are those of the author (or authors) and do not necessarily research surveys, 1977–2008, as well spawning populations there are not reflect the position of the National Marine as from landings of shad by commer- known (Chereshnev and Zharnikov, Fisheries Service, NOAA. cial or sport vessels, thus expand- 1989). Pearcy and Fisher: Ocean distribution of Alosa sapidissima along the Pacific coast of North America. 441 Adult and juvenile shad have been reported in ma- the catch averaged 362 to 1800 t and then declined. In ny bays and estuaries along the west coast of United 1957 the commercial fishery in the bay was closed and States from Grays Harbor, Washington, to San Fran- there now exists only a sport fishery (Skinner, 1962; cisco Bay, California (Emmett et al1). Their distribution Moyle, 1976). in inland and coastal waters along the Pacific coast is Shad were first reported in British Columbia in 1891; known mainly from fishery landings. Large commercial small numbers were caught between 1914 and 1946 catches of shad have been made in rivers in Oregon, in fresh water. They were also reported from several Washington, and California. A fishery existed in the regions in the ocean along the coast (Carl et al., 1959), Columbia River, as well as in Oregon coastal streams but according to McPhail (2007), there is no evidence in the early 1900s. Landings in other rivers (Siuslaw, of reproduction in British Columbia. Umpqua, Smith, Coos, and Coquille) in Oregon, where Our objectives were to document the distributional shad spawned, averaged 192 metric tons per year (t/yr) patterns of American shad along the Pacific coast of during 1962–72 (Mullen and Conover2). The fishery in North America and to compare these patterns with the Umpqua River landed an average of 180 t annually those known from the Atlantic coast. after 1923 (Skinner, 1962). Each of these rivers appar- ently supported its own spawning run of shad, although some recoveries of tagged fish have been reported in Materials and methods other rivers (Mullen3). In the Columbia River, counts of shad passing Bonneville Dam to spawn during May American shad were captured incidentally in both through July have increased greatly over the past 70 pelagic and benthic research surveys from 1977 through years because of the completion of dams and creation 2008 from California to British Columbia, as well as in of large reservoirs, from fewer than 17,000 before 1960 commercial and recreational fisheries. National Oce- to over 2–5 million after 1990 (www.cbr.washington. anic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Alaska edu/dart/, accessed November 2010). Several hundred Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) triennial bottom trawl thousand shad are landed annually by commercial and surveys from 1977 to 2004 provided extensive data on sport fisheries in the Columbia River (Petersen et al., shad catches. Nor’eastern trawls (with 27.4-m head-rope 2003). Adults are even found in the Snake River above and 12.7-cm mesh in the body, 9-cm mesh in the codend Lower Granite Dam, 600 km from the ocean (Quinn and a 3.2-cm stretch mesh liner) were fished during and Adams, 1996). However, the major spawning areas the day at about 5.6 km/h for one half hour and from for shad in the Columbia River are thought to be below depths of 55 to 500 m during the months of May through Bonneville Dam where large numbers of juvenile shad September, 1977–2004 (Stauffer, 2004). Cruises began are found in the estuary (Cleaver, 1951; Oregon Fish during different months of the year, beginning in Cali- Commission, 1951; Hamman, 1981; Petersen et al., fornia and progressing northward to Vancouver Island. 2003). In Washington, breeding populations of shad are Shad were also caught by the Northwest Fisheries known from Puget Sound, the Chehalis River, and Wil- Science Center (NWFSC) in bottom trawls (Aberdeen- lapa Bay (Wydoski and Whitney, 2003; Emmett et al.1). style high-opening net, 26-m head rope, 3.8 cm liner In California, large runs of shad migrate into the in the codend), fished during the daytime to depths Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta to spawn where of 55–1280 m at a nominal tow duration of 15 min on juvenile shad have been collected. Smaller runs are the bottom at 4.0 km/h, mainly from late May to late found in the Klamath, Eel, Salinas, and Russian rivers July (early cruise) and again from late August to late (Skinner, 1962; Allen et al., 2006; CDFG4). The shad October (late cruise), 2003–08. The trawl surveys were fishery in the San Francisco Bay area peaked in 1917 conducted according to a random-stratified sampling when over 2500 t were landed. Between 1918 and 1945 design (Keller et al., 2008).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • North America Other Continents
    Arctic Ocean Europe North Asia America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Africa Pacific Ocean South Indian America Ocean Oceania Southern Ocean Antarctica LAND & WATER • The surface of the Earth is covered by approximately 71% water and 29% land. • It contains 7 continents and 5 oceans. Land Water EARTH’S HEMISPHERES • The planet Earth can be divided into four different sections or hemispheres. The Equator is an imaginary horizontal line (latitude) that divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, while the Prime Meridian is the imaginary vertical line (longitude) that divides the earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. • North America, Earth’s 3rd largest continent, includes 23 countries. It contains Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, all Caribbean and Central America countries, as well as Greenland, which is the world’s largest island. North West East LOCATION South • The continent of North America is located in both the Northern and Western hemispheres. It is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. • It measures 24,256,000 sq. km and takes up a little more than 16% of the land on Earth. North America 16% Other Continents 84% • North America has an approximate population of almost 529 million people, which is about 8% of the World’s total population. 92% 8% North America Other Continents • The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of Earth’s Oceans. It covers about 15% of the Earth’s total surface area and approximately 21% of its water surface area.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Populations, Behavior, and Seasonal Dispersal of Bald Eagles in Northwestern Illinois
    WINTER POPULATIONS, BEHAVIOR, AND SEASONAL DISPERSAL OF BALD EAGLES IN NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS WILLIAM E. SOUTHERN s a result of efforts by Bent (1937)) Broley (1952)) Herrick (1924, A 1932, and 1933), Imler (1955)) and others, numerous data on the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus Zeucocephalus) are available. Little of the published information, however, pertains to the winter habits of the species or to winter population dynamics and seasonal movements. Between 27 November 1961 and 1 April 1962, at the Savanna Army Depot, Carroll and Jo Daviess counties, Illinois, my assistants and I spent 232 hours observing and attempting to trap eagles. Additional time was devoted to other aspects of the project (making and setting traps, securing bait, etc.). On several occasions we spent the entire daylight period in the area. The study area extended for 14 miles along the Mississippi River and its backwaters and sloughs, which were proliferated with islands (Fig. 1). Most of the slightly rolling terrain bordering the river was covered by deciduous forest. The trees along a portion of the main channel had been thinned to the point that the area (between points 1 and 2, Fig. 1) resembled a park. The study area represented only a small part of the habitat suitable for eagles near Savanna; however, it probably had the greatest abundance of food and, there- fore, eagles (we observed only four outside the Depot; three of these during spring dispersal). The concentrations reported during our study were larger than those reported elsewhere in the state. My objectives were to record behavior, live-trap, color-mark, and determine the movements of Bald Eagles during the winter and early spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Shad in the Schools, NC
    Attachment 1 Food Web Activity Student Sheet Background Information: Shad in the Schools, N.C. The coastal rivers and shallow marine environments along the coast of North Carolina are home to complex ecosystems. Within these freshwater and saltwater ecosystems there is an intimate relationship between many different producers and consumers. These produces and consumers create an interconnected food web. Each organism is dependent on clean water, oxygen, and healthy riparian corridors on the lands adjacent to these waters. The disruption of just one component of any food web can disturb all living things, including humans. American shad, a member of the herring family, is one species of fish that plays a critical role in the river and near shore shallow marine ecosystems of North Carolina. Shad are an anadromous species, meaning they live in the ocean but return to the rivers of North Carolina in the spring to spawn, or reproduce, each spring. This means that shad serve as a food source for many animals living in both inland freshwater and marine environments. Predators of shad include other fishes such as striped bass and king mackerel, bald eagles, bottlenose dolphin, and humans. Bald eagles have evolved to raise their young at the same time that anadromous fishes, such as shad, return to the rivers to spawn so that the young eaglets will have a plentiful food source. This evolutionary trait highlights the connectivity that can be found within food webs. Bald Eagles can be viewed now through a new technology, web cams. To see eagles that feed on herring near North Carolina, view http://www.friendsofblackwater.org/camhtm2.html.
    [Show full text]
  • Predator/Prey Interactions, Competition, Multi
    Current understanding of trophic dynamics In the Mid-Atlantic Bluefish diets, Mid Atlantic and Southern New England, NEFSC surveys 100% All others All Flatfish 90% Unid fish Unid Unid fish Unid fish Unid fish Scup 80% Scup Unid fish Scup Bluefish Butterfish Bluefish 70% Mackerel Bluefish Butterfish Butterfish Hakes 60% Loligo Drums Butterfish Unid Squid Ocean pout Round herring 50% Butterfish Ctenophores Menhaden Loligo Loligo Loligo 40% Loligo Unid Squid Round herring Illex Bay anchovy Unid Squid Unid Squid Silver anchovy Round herring Round herring 30% Bay anchovy Menhaden Unid herring Bay anchovy Menhaden Bay anchovy Striped anchovy 20% Silver anchovy Unid anchovies Bay anchovy Striped anchovy Unid anchovies 10% Striped anchovy Unid anchovies Sand lances Unid anchovies Sand lances Sand lances Sand lances 0% 1977-86 1987-96 1997-2006 2007-2013 Food web models partition mortality 100% 90% 80% If Pred > F, 70% Pred Re-evaluate 60% constant M 50% 40% Proportion of total Mortality total Proportion of F 30% 20% 10% Proportion of total mortality total of Proportion 0% Longnose skate P. Halibut W. Pollock Squids Gaichas et al. 2010 Fishing Predation Other Link et al. 2008. The Northeast U.S. continental shelf Energy Modeling and Analysis exercise (EMAX): Ecological network model development and basic ecosystem metrics. Journal of Marine Systems 74: 453-474 Intermediate tactical multispecies models An intermediate-complexity tactical ecosystem assessment tool combines: Standard stock assessment Ecosystem considerations • Structured population
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Catfish Management Strategy August 2020
    Invasive Catfish Management Strategy August 2020 A team from the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries uses electrofishing to monitor invasive blue catfish in the James River in 2011. (Photo by Matt Rath/Chesapeake Bay Program) I. Introduction This management strategy portrays the outcomes of an interactive workshop (2020 Invasive Catfish Workshop) held by the Invasive Catfish Workgroup at the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Rice Rivers Center in Charles City, Virginia on January 29-30, 2020. The workshop convened a diverse group of stakeholders to share the current scientific understanding and priority issues associated with invasive catfishes in Chesapeake Bay. The perspectives shared and insights gained from the workshop were used to develop practical, synergistic recommendations that will improve management and mitigate impacts of these species across jurisdictions within the watershed. Blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) are native to the Ohio, Missouri, Mississippi, and Rio Grande river basins, and were introduced into the Virginia tributaries of Chesapeake Bay in the 1960s and 1970s to establish a recreational fishery. These non-native species have since spread, inhabiting nearly all major tributaries of the Bay watershed. Rapid range expansion and population growth, particularly of blue catfish, have led to increasing concerns about impacts on the ecology of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. 1 Chesapeake Bay Management Strategy Invasive Catfish Blue and flathead catfishes are long-lived species that can negatively impact native species in Chesapeake Bay through predation and resource competition. Blue catfish are generalist feeders that prey on a wide variety of species that are locally abundant, including those of economic importance and conservation concern, such as blue crabs, alosines, Atlantic menhaden, American eels, and bay anchovy.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future
    Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future As more and more states are incorporating projections of sea-level rise into coastal planning efforts, the states of California, Oregon, and Washington asked the National Research Council to project sea-level rise along their coasts for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, taking into account the many factors that affect sea-level rise on a local scale. The projections show a sharp distinction at Cape Mendocino in northern California. South of that point, sea-level rise is expected to be very close to global projections; north of that point, sea-level rise is projected to be less than global projections because seismic strain is pushing the land upward. ny significant sea-level In compliance with a rise will pose enor- 2008 executive order, mous risks to the California state agencies have A been incorporating projec- valuable infrastructure, devel- opment, and wetlands that line tions of sea-level rise into much of the 1,600 mile shore- their coastal planning. This line of California, Oregon, and study provides the first Washington. For example, in comprehensive regional San Francisco Bay, two inter- projections of the changes in national airports, the ports of sea level expected in San Francisco and Oakland, a California, Oregon, and naval air station, freeways, Washington. housing developments, and sports stadiums have been Global Sea-Level Rise built on fill that raised the land Following a few thousand level only a few feet above the years of relative stability, highest tides. The San Francisco International Airport (center) global sea level has been Sea-level change is linked and surrounding areas will begin to flood with as rising since the late 19th or to changes in the Earth’s little as 40 cm (16 inches) of sea-level rise, a early 20th century, when climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Blood Proteins in Herring
    FiskDir. Skr. SET.HavUi~ders., 15: 356-367. COMPARISON OF PACIFIC SARDINE AND ATLANTIC MENHADEN FISHERIES BY JOHN L. MCHUGH Office of Marine Resources U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. INTRODUCTION The rise and fall of the North American Pacific coast sardine fishery is well known. Oilce the most important fishery in the western hemisphere in weight of fish landed, it now produces virtually nothing. The meal and oil industry based on the Pacific sardine (Sardinoljs caerulea) resource no longer exists. The sardine fishery (Fig. 1A) began in 1915, rose fairly steadily to its peak in 1936 (wit11 a dip during the depression), maintained an average annual catch of more than 500 000 tons until 1944, then fell off sharply. Annual production has not exceeded 100 000 tons since 1951, and commercial sardine fishing now is prohibited in California waters. A much smaller fishery for the southern sub-population developed off Baja California in 195 1. The decline of the west coast sardine fishery gave impetus to the much older menhaden (Breuoortia tyranlzus) fishery (Fig. 1B) along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Fishing for Atlantic menhaden began early in the nineteenth century. From the 1880's until the middle 1930's the annual catch varied around about 200 000 tons. In the late 1930's annual landings began to increase and from 1953 to 1962 inclusive re- mained above 500 000 tons. The peak year was 1956, with a catch of nearly 800 000 tons. After 1962 the catch began to fall off sharply, reach- ing a low of less than 250 000 tons in 1967.
    [Show full text]
  • Essential and Toxic Elements in Sardines and Tuna on the Colombian Market
    Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B Surveillance ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tfab20 Essential and toxic elements in sardines and tuna on the Colombian market Maria Alcala-Orozco, Prentiss H. Balcom, Elsie M. Sunderland, Jesus Olivero- Verbel & Karina Caballero-Gallardo To cite this article: Maria Alcala-Orozco, Prentiss H. Balcom, Elsie M. Sunderland, Jesus Olivero-Verbel & Karina Caballero-Gallardo (2021): Essential and toxic elements in sardines and tuna on the Colombian market, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1926547 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2021.1926547 Published online: 08 Jun 2021. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tfab20 FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS: PART B https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2021.1926547 Essential and toxic elements in sardines and tuna on the Colombian market Maria Alcala-Orozco a,b, Prentiss H. Balcomc, Elsie M. Sunderland c, Jesus Olivero-Verbel a, and Karina Caballero-Gallardo a,b aEnvironmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; bFunctional Toxicology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; cJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The presence of metals in canned fish has been associated with adverse effects on human health. Received 15 January 2021 The aim of this study was to evaluate risk-based fish consumption limits based on the concentra­ Accepted 2 May 2021 tions of eight essential elements and four elements of toxicological concern in sardines and tuna KEYWORDS brands commercially available in the Latin American canned goods market.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline of Atlantic Cod – a Case Study
    The Decline of Atlantic Cod – A Case Study Author contact information Wynn W. Cudmore, Ph.D., Principal Investigator Northwest Center for Sustainable Resources Chemeketa Community College P.O. Box 14007 Salem, OR 97309 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 503-399-6514 Published 2009 DUE # 0757239 1 NCSR curriculum modules are designed as comprehensive instructions for students and supporting materials for faculty. The student instructions are designed to facilitate adaptation in a variety of settings. In addition to the instructional materials for students, the modules contain separate supporting information in the "Notes to Instructors" section, and when appropriate, PowerPoint slides. The modules also contain other sections which contain additional supporting information such as assessment strategies and suggested resources. The PowerPoint slides associated with this module are the property of the Northwest Center for Sustainable Resources (NCSR). Those containing text may be reproduced and used for any educational purpose. Slides with images may be reproduced and used without prior approval of NCSR only for educational purposes associated with this module. Prior approval must be obtained from NCSR for any other use of these images. Permission requests should be made to [email protected]. Acknowledgements We thank Bill Hastie of Northwest Aquatic and Marine Educators (NAME), and Richard O’Hara of Chemeketa Community College for their thoughtful reviews. Their comments and suggestions greatly improved the quality of this module. We thank NCSR administrative assistant, Liz Traver, for the review, graphic design and layout of this module. 2 Table of Contents NCSR Marine Fisheries Series ....................................................................................................... 4 The Decline of Atlantic Cod – A Case Study ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Mediterranean Small Pelagics Are Not Due to Increased Tuna Predation
    1 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Achimer 2017, Volume 74, Issue 9, Pages 1422-1430 http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0152 http://archimer.ifremer.fr http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00371/48215/ © Published by NRC Research Press Prey predator interactions in the face of management regulations: changes in Mediterranean small pelagics are not due to increased tuna predation Van Beveren Elisabeth 1, *, Fromentin Jean-Marc 1, Bonhommeau Sylvain 1, 4, Nieblas Anne-Elise 1, Metral Luisa 1, Brisset Blandine 1, Jusup Marko 2, Bauer Robert Klaus 1, Brosset Pablo 1, 3, Saraux Claire 1 1 IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la MER), UMR MARBEC, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP171, 34203 Sète Cedex France 2 Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Hokkaido University, N12 W7 Kita-ku, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan 3 Université Montpellier II, UMR MARBEC, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP171, 34203 Sète cedex, France 4 IFREMER Délégation de l’Océan Indien, Rue Jean Bertho, BP60, 97822 Le Port CEDEX France * Corresponding author : Elisabeth Van Beveren, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Recently, the abundance of young Atlantic bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus) tripled in the North-western Mediterranean following effective management measures. We investigated whether its predation on sardine ( Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus) could explain their concurrent size and biomass decline, which caused a fishery crisis. Combining the observed diet composition of bluefin tuna, their modelled daily energy requirements, their population size and the abundance of prey species in the area, we calculated the proportion of the prey populations that were consumed by bluefin tuna annually over 2011-2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Case 22190: Development Agreement for 11 Osprey Drive, Shad Bay
    P.O. Box 1749 Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3A5 Canada Item No. 7.1.2 Halifax and West Community Council July 8, 2020 TO: Chair and Members of Halifax and West Community Council Original Signed SUBMITTED BY: Kelly Denty, Director of Planning and Development DATE: February 25, 2020 SUBJECT: Case 22190: Development Agreement for 11 Osprey Drive, Shad Bay ORIGIN Application by KWR Approvals Inc. LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY Halifax Regional Municipality Charter (HRM Charter), Part VIII, Planning & Development. RECOMMENDATION It is recommended that Halifax and West Community Council: 1. Give notice of motion to consider the proposed development agreement, as set out in Attachment A, to permit 16-units of senior citizen housing at 11 Osprey Drive, Shad Bay, and schedule a public hearing; 2. Approve the proposed development agreement, which shall be substantially of the same form as set out in Attachment A; 3. Contingent on the approval of the proposed Development Agreement substantially in the same form as set out in Attachment A, approve, by resolution, the discharge of the existing development agreement, as shown in Attachment B of this report; and 4. Require both the development agreement and the discharge agreement be signed by the property owner within 120 days, or any extension thereof, granted by Council on request of the property RECOMMENDATION CONTINUES ON PAGE 2 Case 22190: Development Agreement 11 Osprey Drive, Shad Bay Community Council Report - 2 - July 8, 2020 owner, from the date of final approval by Council and any other bodies as necessary, including applicable appeal periods, whichever is later, otherwise this approval will be void and obligations arising hereunder shall be at an end.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume III, Chapter 6 American Shad
    Volume III, Chapter 6 American Shad TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.0 American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) ........................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 6-1 6.2 Life History & Requirements...................................................................................... 6-1 6.2.1 Spawning Conditions ........................................................................................... 6-2 6.2.2 Incubation ............................................................................................................ 6-2 6.2.3 Larvae & Juveniles .............................................................................................. 6-2 6.2.4 Adult..................................................................................................................... 6-2 6.2.5 Movements in Fresh Water.................................................................................. 6-3 6.2.6 Ocean Migration.................................................................................................. 6-4 6.3 Population Identification & Distribution .................................................................... 6-4 6.3.1 Life History Differences....................................................................................... 6-4 6.3.2 Genetic Differences.............................................................................................. 6-4 6.4 Status & Abundance
    [Show full text]