第 30 卷 第 9 期 农 业 工 程 学 报 Vol.30 No.9 2014 年 5月 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering May 2014 201

·土地整理工程· Evaluation of ecological effect in land use planning using ecosystem service value method

Feng Yingbin1, He Chunyan2, Yang Qingyuan2※, He Jian2 (1. College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; 2. School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China)

Abstract: Environmental protection could promote ecological environment into a virtuous circle. The following measures had being taken recently to improve ecological environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Area: Yangtze River shelterbelt was being built, small watershed soil erosion was being controlled, the farmland was being returned to forest and grassland, agro-ecological engineering was being carrying out. Besides the State Council has formally given an official to the Follow-up planning of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area on June 15th, 2011, which has required to enhance ecological environment construction and protection of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and focused to solve three issues which are improving the social economical development of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, reducing the frequency that geological disasters happened, and protecting ecological environment. This paper took Yunyang county of Chongqing, where was located at the hinterland of the Three Reservoir Area, as a case study and constructed correction coefficients of ecosystem service value in view of multi-functionality in land use among different land-use types based on the basis of Costanza’ theories and ecosystem service value coefficient set by Xie Gaodi. And then quantitative analysis was being used to evaluate ecological effect of ecological barrier zone in land use planning from the perspective of ecosystem service value and landscape pattern. The results could be shown in the following aspects: 1) Ecosystem service pattern, forest is of primary importance while cultivated land, garden, grassland are supplementary, of Yunyang county’ ecological barrier zone would be initially established in 2020. 2) Ecosystem service value in ecological barrier zone could be raised rapidly by land use planning guided by ecological functional construction, which also could strengthen the ability of ecological barrier zone to adjust the climate, conserve water and soil, and maintain biological diversity. The total ecosystem service value of ecological barrier zone in Yunyang county would be rising from 1.552 billons in 2010 to 1.998 billons in 2020, and average annual change rate would reach to 2.87%. 3) The ecosystem service value, especially its regulation service value and supporting service value, of ecological barrier zone in Yunyang county has shown an obvious spatial diversity. The ecosystem service value of Modao River Basin has been rising largest, and followed by Pengxi River Basin, and the ecosystem service value of Yangtze River has been maintained in a steadily increased, while little change has happened in Changtan River Basin. 4) According to the ecological effects analysis, practical guidance was designed to promote policy makers to evaluate and optimize land use pattern and spatial structure for land use planning. It should clarify the adjusting direction of land use structure through the evaluation of land-use structure adjustment among different land-use types and analysis of ecological effect produced by land structure adjustment, and then would achieve the goal of improving the scientific decision-making level in land use planning and ecological protection. Key words: land use; planning; ecology; ecological effect; evaluation; ecological barrier zone doi：10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.09.025 CLC number: F323.22 Document code: A Article ID: 1002-6819(2014)-09-0201-11 Feng Yingbin, He Chunyan, Yang Qingyuan, et al. Evaluation of ecological effect in land use planning using ecosystem service value method[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2014, 30(9): 201－211. (in English with Chinese abstract) 冯应斌，何春燕，杨庆媛，等. 利用生态系统服务价值评估土地利用规划生态效应[J]. 农业工程学报，2014，30(9)： 201－211.

and socio-economic development, high spatial 0 Introduction heterogeneity has been existed in land use patterns, Due to regional differences of natural resources land-use structure, and land-use intensity, therefore, land use is multifunctional[1]. There is a growing interest in the science of landscape functions and its Received date：2013-08-19 Revised date：2014-03-28 ecosystem services especially since the release of the Foundation items：special fund for land and resources scientific research in the public interest of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China millennium ecosystem assessment. The functions of (201311006) land use could be divided into five categories, and Biography：Feng Yingbin (1982－), male, majored in land resources management, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, those are economic, social, cultural, ecological and Chongqing, 400715, China. Email: [email protected] productive functions[2]. The concept of ecosystem ※Corresponding author：Yang Qingyuan (1966－), female, Ph.D., majored in land resources management, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest services has become main stream in environmental University, Chongqing, 400715, China. Email: [email protected]

202 农业工程学报 2014 年 planning and management at all levels of decision- preparation work of the Follow-up implementation making[3]. The approach to evaluate the ecological planning of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. effect of land use change, especially for the important Currently, the concept of the ecological barriers has ecological processes, is the hot point in the analysis of no common understanding, while the understanding of land use change[4]. Ecological assessment and the basic functions of ecological barrier is the same. economic optimization could be combined to design a Ecological barriers should include filtering, buffering, sustainable land use scenario for some special areas partitions, shelter, water conservation, aesthetics and where are with a significant reservoir of biodiversity[5]. other mental functions; meanwhile the ecological With the fast growth of urbanization, losses have been barrier can protect and improve the ecological occurred in some regions’ natural ecosystems and environment of surrounding areas[13]. The ecological ecosystem services, like the Gulf of Mexico, therefore, barriers zone has covered the areas ranging from it is necessary to analyze land use changes and 175m in altitude flooded lines extend up to the first calculate the value of these changes in terms of lost ridge line, which is the core area of the Three Gorges ecosystem services[6]. Chinese Law of Environmental reservoir Area of China[14-15]. Accordance with the Impact Assessment has obligated the environmental land use oriented ecological function of the Ecological impact assessment on land use planning, which is a Barrier Zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the programmatic document that influences the types and district and county governments organized the land size of the ecosystem services through the changes of ecological functions construction project planning the land use structure and pattern, especially in many (2011-2020 years) of the Ecological Barrier Zone of ecological barrier zones, such as in the Three Gorges Three Gorges Reservoir Area, as the special planning Reservoir Area[7-9]. Sloping cultivated land is widely of the total land use planning, which was distributed in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, where is co-ordination arrangement the overall land use with high mountains and steep slopes, and food activities of the Ecological Barrier Zone. This paper production from sloping cultivated land is over 50 took Yunyang county, where is located at the percent of the whole food production in Three Gorges hinterland of the Three Reservoir Area, as an example Reservoir Area in China, meanwhile sediment came to evaluate the ecological effect of Yunyang county’ from sloping cultivated land reaches to 60 percent of ecological barrier zone in land use planning based on total sediment, which is the main source of soil the multi-functionality of land-use, and then provided erosion in Three Gorges Reservoir Area[10]. The goal scientific decision-making to regional ecological of environmental protection in Three Gorges construction and land use planning. This study would Reservoir Area is to improve ecological environment enrich the methodology of environmental impact into a virtuous circle by taking the following measures: assessment on land use planning, and gave reference Yangtze River shelterbelt was being built, small to related researches. watershed soil erosion was being controlled, the farmland was being returned to forest and grassland, 1 Overview of study area and data sources agro-ecological engineering was being carried out and 1.1 Overview of study area [11] so on . Biodiversity conservation, soil conservation, Yunyang county of Chongqing, where is located water conservation and nutrient retention functions in 108°24'-109°14'E, 30°35'-31°26'N, is the hinterland have been the dominant functions of land use in [12] of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Yangtze River ecologically fragile areas . On June 15 th, 2011, the and four tributaries, which are separately Pengxi River, State Council has formally given an official to the Tangxi River, Modao River and Changtan River, are Follow-up planning of the Three Gorges Reservoir making the whole county into following spatial Area, which has required to enhance ecological pattern, which is named as Five River and Six Plates. environment construction and protection of Three The mountains, valleys and hills are the main Gorges Reservoir Area, and focused on solving three landform types in Yunyang county (Fig.1). issues which are improving the social economical 2 development of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, The total area of Yunyang county was 3 649 km reducing the frequency that geological disasters and 40 towns were governed in 2010. Meanwhile the happened, and protecting ecological environment. total population of Yunyang county was 133.56 Executive office of Three Gorges Project Construction million, including 112.05 million agricultural Committee, as a high-level decision-making populations, so Yuyang county was one of the most management agency of the State Council Three populous counties of the Three Gorges reservoir Area Gorges Project Construction and Relocation, had in China, what is more, the GDP of Yunyang county produced the planning outline of Follow-up was 8.576 million Yuan. And it was a state-level implementation and officially launched the poverty-stricken county, for example, the per capita

第 9 期 冯应斌等：利用生态系统服务价值评估土地利用规划生态效应 203 disposable income of urban residents was only 12,520 population scales and food production, come from the Yuan, while the per capita disposable income of rural Statistical Yearbook of Yunyang county in Chongqing households was 4,418 Yuan. 28 towns, accounted for (2011). 70 percent of total towns, of Yunyang county were 2 Research methods located in the ecological barriers zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and the land area was 692.94 2.1 Principles of land use structure adjustment in km2, only accounting for 18.99% of the total area of ecological barrier zone the whole county. About 20.29 km2 areas were urban According to the dominant function and land, which were mainly located at Shuangjiang town, suitability evaluation of land use in Yunyang county’ Renhe town and Panlong town of Yunyang county. ecological barriers zone, the study thoughts would Therefore, the land scale of ecological barrier zone of obey the following principles: 1) Dry farmland, which Yunyang county, which was used to ecological slope is over 25°, should be adjusted into woodland or construction, was 672.65 km2 excluding above urban garden through the sloping land conversion program; land. 2) Shrub land and other wooded land should be adjusted into woodland by taking the measures of seeding or replanting; 3) Scattered grassland in woodland should be adjusted into woodland by seeding; 4) Idle village construction land should be changed into cultivated land, garden, forest land based on local conditions; 5) Barren land should be developed into woodland by the method of seeding. 2.2 Landscape indicators The methods of landscape ecological evaluation, such as index assessment method and ecosystem services value method, are employed in ecological effect evaluation of land use planning. The landscape Fig.1 Location of study areas ecological index, applied into ecological effect evaluation of land use planning, can be highly 1.2 Data sources concentrated landscape pattern information and Land-use data in this study comes from land-use reflected the composition and spatial configuration of database of ecological barriers zone in Yunyang landscape features[16-17]. Indicators, like patch density county of Chongqing in 2010 that is coded by remote (PD), average patch area (APA), the largest patch sensing map through human-computer interaction, and index (LPI), dominance index (DO), Shannon’s the map scale is 1:2000. Based on Chinese land-use diversity index (SHDI), Shannon’s evenness index classification (GB/T 21010-2007), it can divide the (SHEI), are selected in this paper to study landscape land-use types of ecological barriers zone into seven ecological changes of land use planning in Yunyang categories, which include cultivated land, garden, county’ ecological barriers zone from morphology, woodland, grassland, water and water conservancy distribution, diversity and other aspects[18]. land, construction land, and other land. Especially, the 2.3 Ecosystem service value and it’s correction cultivated land can be subdivided into paddy field, dry coefficients farmland, and the forest land can be subdivided into Meanwhile, the main study thought of reflecting the woodland, shrub land, and other woodlands. ecological effect of land use change is to evaluate Generate DEM from topographic maps(1:2000) of the changes of ecosystem services value in land use ecological barriers zone in Three Gorges Reservoir planning change though the proportional relationship Area based on the platform of software Arcgis9.3, and of the ecosystem services value[19]. This paper would intersect land use map with DEM layer, it can divide evaluate ecosystem service value changes of land use the slope of dry farmland into three levels: less than planning in Yunyang county’ ecological barriers zone 15°, among 15°-25° and over 25°. The patterns and based on Costanza’ study theories and ecosystem scales of urban industrial construction land and village service value coefficient set by Xie Gaodi. Two construction land come from land use planning of formulas are used in this evaluation[20-21]: Yunyang county in Chongqing from 2006 to 2020 and ESV = A ×V （1） urban planning of the Yunyang county in Chongqing ∑ kck from 2007 to 2020. And socio-economic data, such as RC=−×[()ESVttckt+11 CV] + （2）

204 农业工程学报 2014 年

Where, ESV stands for ecosystem services value， study through expert scoring method[22-23]. It determines

Yuan; Ak stands for the area of each land-use type in that correction coefficients of paddy field and dry 2 the study area, hm ; Vck stands for per unit ecosystem farmland’ ecosystem services value are 1.0 and 0.8; services value coefficients of each land-use type in the the value correction coefficients of woodland, shrub study area; R stands for the contribution rate of one land land and other woodland are separately 1.4, 1.0 and use type of ecosystem services value to the total value of 0.6; the value correction coefficients of garden is the regional ecosystem services; Ct+1 and Ct respectively average of the forest’s and farmland’s; the value stand for the area of a certain land-use type at terminal correction coefficients of construction land is 0; and and base year; ESVt+1 stands for the total value of value correction coefficients of other land is the [24] ecosystem services at terminal year in study region. average of the desert’s and grassland’s . The grain 2 In order to reflect the difference of each land-use production of the Yunyang county was 4 368 kg/hm type’ ecosystem services value under different cover in 2010 and the grain average price was 2.00 Yuan/kg. situation objectively, and make further efforts to Considering economic value provided by the natural understand the ecosystem services value change trend ecosystems without labor input was one seventh of [25] of each different land-use type and its planning current paddy field’ economic value , the economic 4 adjustment in Yunyang county’ ecological barriers value of each ecosystem services value was 0.1248×10 zone, this paper would use the table for reference, Yuan in Yunyang county’ ecological barriers zone. which is per unit area ecosystem services value in Combined with correction coefficients of subdivided China that Xie Gaodi had revised in 2007, and revise land-use types, such as paddy field, dry farmland, the final value based on Yunyang county’ real woodland, shrub land and other woodland and so on, conditions, and then set value coefficient of different different land-use types’ ecosystem service value in land-use type of woodland referenced to Su Xiaoling’ per unit can be shown in the Table 1. Table 1 Ecosystem service value of different land-use types in Yunyang county’ ecological barrier zone 104Yuan·hm -2 Providing services Regulating services Supporting Services Cultural services Land use types Food Production of Gas Climate Hydrological Waste Keep the Maintaining Provide aesthetic Total production raw materials regulation regulation regulation Treatment soil biodiversity landscape Paddy field 0.1248 0.0487 0.0899 0.1211 0.0961 0.1735 0.1835 0.1273 0.0212 0.9861 Dry farmland 0.0998 0.0389 0.0719 0.0968 0.0769 0.1388 0.1468 0.1018 0.0170 0.7887 Garden 0.0830 0.2103 0.3145 0.3145 0.3033 0.1941 0.3426 0.3451 0.1404 2.2478 woodland 0.0577 0.5207 0.7548 0.7111 0.7146 0.3005 0.7024 0.7880 0.3634 4.9132 Shrub land 0.0412 0.3719 0.5391 0.5079 0.5104 0.2147 0.5017 0.5629 0.2596 3.5094 Other woodland 0.0247 0.2231 0.3235 0.3048 0.3063 0.1288 0.3010 0.3377 0.1558 2.1057 Grassland 0.0537 0.0449 0.1872 0.1947 0.1897 0.1647 0.2796 0.2334 0.1086 1.4565 Water 0.0661 0.0437 0.0636 0.2571 2.3425 1.8533 0.0512 0.4281 0.5541 5.6597 Other land 0.0281 0.0250 0.0973 0.1055 0.0992 0.0986 0.1504 0.1416 0.0693 0.8150

Huge changes would have happened in each land 3 Results and analysis use structure and pattern of Yunyang county ecological 3.1 Analysis of land use structure adjustment in barrier zone during the period of 2011-2020. The ecological barrier zone paddy field, being one of the main source of food According to the adjustment thoughts of land use production in rural area, in ecological barrier zone structure and combined with field survey analysis, the have been terraced, so the adjustment of paddy field paper makes an adjustment of land use structure on structure is to develop ability of water conservancy the platform of ArcGIS 9.3, and makes balance table facilities and improve production level of paddy field of land use planning structure in Yunyang county and ability to resist nature disasters. To reduce the ecological barrier zone (Table 2). This paper has influence of soil erosion on dry farmland, it would discussed ecological effect of land use planning based adjust dry farmland (1 240.75 hm2) into woodland, on the multi-functionality of land use, and then made which slope is over 25° located in the Yunyang an evaluation of the rationality of land use planning, county’ ecological barrier zone; adjust shrub land which could have an effective attempt to make a (2 775.15 hm2) and other woodland (1 361.64 hm2) quantitative research on regional ecological function into woodland taking measures of prohibition, seeding of land-use structure and pattern adjustment. and planting forestation; adjust 8 183.79 hm2 grassland

第 9 期 冯应斌等：利用生态系统服务价值评估土地利用规划生态效应 205 into woodland, which are suitable for grazing; adjust of other land would be decreased by 683.69 hm2 in 256.42 hm2 idle village construction land into dry 2020. Huge changes would have been happened in the farmland (149.64 hm2), garden (8.76 hm2), and structure and pattern of forest, especially the area of woodland (98.02 hm2) through reclamation; adjust woodland would be increased to 14,343.04 hm2, and 683.69 hm2 grassland into woodland that are suitable the ratio of woodland, shrub land and other for woodland planting. Though above planning woodland would be adjusted from 48.55%, 36.82%, adjustment, the area of dry farmland in Yunyang and 14.63% in 2010 to 73.18%, 19.68% and 7.14% county’ ecological barrier zone would be decreased by in 2020, and it would initially establish a pattern of 1,091.11 hm2, the area of grassland would be forest land use that is woodland is of primary decreased by 88,183.79 hm2, the area of construction importance while shrub land and other woodland land would be decreased by 256.42 hm2 and the area are supplementary. Table 2 Structural balance of land use planning (2011-2020 years) of ecological barrier zone in Yunyang county hm2 Net Adjusted to other land use types in the planning period Decreased 2020 Land use 2010 changed during the years types years areas Paddy Dry Shrub Other Construction Other during the Garden woodland Grassland Water period areas field farmland land woodland land land period Paddy field 3 568.62 − 0 0 0 − 0 − 0 − 0 0 0 3 568.62 Dry farmland 16 172.89 0 − 0 1 240.75 0 − 0 − 0 − 1 240.75 -1 091.11 15 081.78 Garden 1 852.48 0 0 − 0 0 − 0 − 0 − 0 8.76 1 861.24 woodland 13 549.70 0 0 0 − 0 − 0 − 0 − 0 14 343.04 27 892.74 Shrub land 10 275.06 0 0 0 2 775.15 − 0 − 0 − 0 2 775.15 -2 775.15 7 499.91 Other 4 081.70 0 0 0 1 361.64 0 − 0 − 0 − 1 361.64 -1 361.64 2 720.06 woodland Grassland 12 058.09 0 0 0 8 183.79 0 0 − 0 0 0 8 183.79 -8 183.79 3 874.30 Water 813.84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 − 0 0 0 0 813.84 Construction 3 107.39 0 149.64 8.76 98.02 0 0 0 0 − 0 0 -256.42 2 850.97 land Other land 1 785.33 0 0 0 683.69 0 0 0 0 0 − 683.69 -683.69 1 101.64 Increased during the − 0 149.64 8.76 14 343.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 − − − period

3.2 Verification of structural adjustment other land had decreased greatly in the Yunyang According to land-use change surveys in 2012 county’ ecological barrier zone during 2010-2012 from the administration of state land, resources and years. Meanwhile, the woodland had increased housing of Yunyang county, it is known that the land significantly. However, there was a point of view that use structure adjustment of ecological barrier zone in the annual average changes rates of shrub land, other Yunyang county is reasonable (Table 3). The woodland and other land during 2010-2012 years were activities called “Green Yangtze River, Chongqing slower than the planning period. It has shown that the Action” were launched by the people's Government of trend of land use change is complicated and it should Chongqing in 2009. Due to the forestation activities in focus on the land use structure adjustment in the Yangtze River Basin, the paddy field, grassland and future. Table.3 Land use changes of ecological barrier zone in Yunyang county during 2010-2012 years 2010 years areas 2012 years areas 2020 years areas Annual average changes rates in Annual average changes rates in Land use types /hm2 /hm2 /hm2 2010-2012 years/% 2010-2020 years/% Paddy field 3 568.62 3 568.62 3 568.62 0 0 Dry farmland 16 172.89 16 146.30 15 081.78 -0.08 -0.01 Garden 1 852.48 1 852.48 1 861.24 0 0 woodland 13 549.70 14 412.45 27 892.74 3.18 0.11 Shrub land 10 275.06 9 883.36 7 499.91 -1.91 -0.03 Other woodland 4 081.70 3 937.97 2 720.06 -1.76 -0.03 Grassland 12 058.09 11 842.25 3 874.30 -0.90 -0.07 Water 813.84 813.84 813.84 0 0 Construction land 3 107.39 3 057.92 2 850.97 -0.80 -0.01 Other land 1 785.33 1 749.91 1 101.64 -0.99 -0.04

206 农业工程学报 2014 年

3.3 Analysis of landscape indicators changes would cause dry farmland’ PD in 2020 lower than between the years of 2010 and 2020 in ecological 2010’s, dry farmland’ APA, SHEI and SHEI increased barrier zone in 2010, while dry farmland’ DO would be increased. From comparative analysis of the land-use The patch numbers and area of woodland would be landscape indices of Yunyang county’ ecological comparably larger, because shrub land, other barrier zone between the year of 2010 and 2020, it woodland, grassland, construction land and other land shows that landscape patterns of paddy fields, waters would be transformed into woodland. Therefore, the and water conservancy land remain unchanged due to PD, SHDI, and SHEI of shrub land, other woodland, those structures which would have been adjusted in grassland, construction land and other land would the planning period. During the period of planning, have a large decrease in Yunyang county’ ecological 1,240.75hm2 over 25° dry farmland would be barrier zone in 2020, while these APA, LPI and DO transformed into woodland, which average patch area would be increased compared with 2010. In 2020, the (APA) is 0.1870 hm2; 149.64 hm2 idle village area and number of woodland patch would be construction land would be transformed into dry respectively increased by 14,343.04 hm2 and 41052, it farmland, which average patch areas is only 0.0249 is shown that the patch PD of woodland in 2020 hm2. Because the number of woodland patch are 6634, would be over three times of 2010, and the SHDI, which is transformed from dry farmland, while the SHEI of woodland would be got further improvement, number of dry farmland patch are 6002, which is while the APA, LPI of woodland would have a large reclaimed from idle village construction land, and it reduction (Table 4). Table 4 Landscape pattern indices of Yunyang county’ ecological barrier zone in 2010and 2020

Patch density Average patch area The largest patch index Dominance index Shannon’s diversity Shannon’s evenness -2 2 -1 Types (PD)/(a·hm ) (APA)/(hm ·a ) (LPI) (DO) index (SHDI) index (SHEI) 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020

Paddy field 0.5202 0.5202 0.1020 0.1020 0.0032 0.0032 2.1468 2.1468 0.1558 0.1558 0.0677 0.0677

Dry farmland 1.2161 1.2067 0.1977 0.1858 0.0021 0.0023 1.9599 1.9674 0.3427 0.3352 0.1488 0.1456

Garden 0.1199 0.1253 0.2297 0.2209 0.0099 0.0098 2.2037 2.2033 0.0989 0.0993 0.0430 0.0431

Woodland 0.2853 0.8956 0.7060 0.4630 0.0101 0.0049 1.9798 1.9376 0.3228 0.3650 0.1402 0.1585

Shrub land 0.3071 0.0406 0.4975 2.7442 0.0101 0.0138 2.0156 2.0580 0.2870 0.2446 0.1246 0.1062

Other woodland 0.1413 0.0190 0.4295 2.1268 0.0134 0.0201 2.1325 2.1729 0.1700 0.1297 0.0738 0.0563

Grassland 0.3977 0.3549 0.4508 0.1623 0.0053 0.0003 1.9945 2.1382 0.3081 0.1644 0.1338 0.0714

Water 0.1527 0.1527 0.0792 0.0792 0.0119 0.0119 2.2492 2.2492 0.0534 0.0534 0.0232 0.0232

Construction land 0.4668 0.3078 0.0990 0.1377 0.0039 0.0042 2.1605 2.1686 0.1420 0.1340 0.0617 0.0582

Other land 0.3107 0.3051 0.0854 0.0537 0.0098 0.0011 2.2063 2.2352 0.0963 0.0673 0.0418 0.0292

3.4 Analysis of ecological service value of little changes of ecosystem services value has been in ecological barrier zone in land use planning dry farmland, garden, other woodland and other land. According to the Formula (1) and Formula (2) in And at the same time, nothing has been changed in the this paper, it can calculate the ecosystem service value areas of paddy field and water that leads to the changes changes of various land use types and its contribution of their ecosystem services value are 0. Because in the ratios during the planning period in Yunyang county’ planning period, large number of dry farmland would ecological barrier zone(Table 5). From Table 5, it can have been adjusted into woodland though the measures be known that the total ecosystem service value in of closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, and large Yunyang county’ ecological barrier zone would be number of shrub land and other woodland would have raising from 1.552 billons in 2010 to 1.998 billons in been adjusted into woodland, therefore, woodland’s 2020, and average annual change rate would reach to ecosystem service value contribution rate will reach 2.87%, it shows that the land use planning can 68.58 percent, and it would be built a ecosystem develop the ecosystem service value of ecological service pattern that forest is of primary importance barrier zone rapidly. From the ecosystem services while cultivated land, garden, grassland are value contribution rates of various land use types, supplementary in ecological barrier zone in 2020.

第 9 期 冯应斌等：利用生态系统服务价值评估土地利用规划生态效应 207

Table 5 Ecosystem service value of Yunyang county’ ecological barrier zone in 2011-2020 year 2010 years 2020 years 2011-2020 years Types Values/104Yuan Contribution rates/% Values/104 Yuan Contribution rates/% Changes/104 Yuan Annual average changes rates/% Paddy field 3 518.39 2.27 3 518.39 1.76 0 0 Dry farmland 12 756.24 8.21 11 895.62 5.95 -860.62 -0.67 Garden 4 163.74 2.68 4 183.43 2.09 19.69 0.05 Woodland 66 571.58 42.87 137 040.94 68.58 70 469.36 10.59 Shrub land 36 059.16 23.22 26 320.07 13.17 -9 739.09 -2.7 Other woodland 8 594.57 5.53 5 727.45 2.87 -2 867.12 -3.34 Grassland 17 561.66 11.31 5 642.63 2.82 -11 919.03 -6.79 Water 4 606.09 2.97 4 606.09 2.3 0 0 Other land 1 454.94 0.94 897.77 0.45 -557.17 -3.83 Total values 155 286.37 100 199 832.39 100 44 546.02 2.87

Make a comparative analysis of ecosystem protection and biological diversity maintenance, services value changes between 2010 and 2020 in would be between 2 percent and 3 percent. The food Yunyang county’ ecological barrier zone (Table 6), it production in ecological barrier zone would have a can be seen that providing services, regulating slow rise due to large number of dry farmland services, supporting services and cultural services of returning to woodland (Table 6). It shows that it the whole ecosystem and nine subdivided types would should transfer rural population in Yunyang county’ have a great upgrade during the planning period. ecological barrier zone though ecological immigration Annual average change rates of ecosystem services program, and construct water conservancy facilities to value of following four aspects, which are separately develop the quality of cultivated land, and then realize raw materials production, gas and climate regulation, food production in conformity with the growth of rural aesthetic landscape provision, would be all over 3 population. Meanwhile, complete the construction of percent, while annual average change rates of pollution treatment facilities ecological system to ecosystem services value of following three aspects, develop rural living conditions. which are separately hydrological adjustment, soil Table 6 Ecosystem service function changes in Yunyang county’ ecological barrier zone among 2011-2020 Types of Subdivided types of ecological Values in 2010 year Values in 2020 year The changes in 2011-2020 years Annual average change rates ecological barrier zone /104 Yuan /104 Yuan /104 Yuan /% barrier zone Providing Food Production 4 270.07 4 382.52 112.45 0.26 services Raw materials Production 13 601.93 19 308.55 5 706.62 4.20 Gas regulation 21 635.97 28 851.06 7 215.09 3.33 Regulating Climate regulation 21 424.39 28 031.02 6 606.63 3.08 service Hydrological regulation 22 696.50 29 411.14 6 714.64 2.96 Waste Treatment 13 696.93 15 670.91 1 973.98 1.44 Supporting Soil protection 23 244.55 28 968.84 5 724.29 2.46 Services Biodiversity maintenance 23 994.65 31 160.13 7 165.48 2.99 Cultural Aesthetic landscape provision 10 721.38 14 048.22 3 326.84 3.10 services Total 155 286.37 199 832.39 44 546.02 2.87

3.5 Spatial diversities of ecological effect of ecosystem services value, such as Gaoyang town, ecological barrier zone in land use planning Guling town, Longjiao town, where are located in the In order to clarify the spatial differentiation of hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. While the ecosystem services value in Yunyang county’ small changes have been in some other towns’ ecological barrier zone during 2011-2020 years, it can ecosystem services value, such as Shuikou town, calculate the ecosystem services value changes and Shuanglong town and Yanping town, where are these annual changes rates taking town as a unit located in the end of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. during the planning period. From Table 7, the Specially, the land use types are all paddy fields in ecosystem services value has been changes among Piaocao Town’ ecological barrier zone, so nothing has 0-4 576.37 million in each town during the planning been changed during 2011-2020 years, and the change period. Huge changes have been in some towns’ of ecosystem services value is 0. Hydrological

208 农业工程学报 2014 年 adjustment, soil protection and biological diversity services and total services in Yunyang county’ maintenance are the dominant functions of ecological barrier zone, so it can be known the ecosystem in ecological barrier zone. From value adjustment of the land use structure and pattern can changes of adjusting services and supporting services improve the whole ecosystem services value in each town, high consistence has been in value significantly, especially the value of adjusting change trend among adjusting services, supporting services and supporting services. Table 7 Spatial distribution of ecosystem service value of ecological barrier zone during 2011-2020 year in Yunyang county Ecosystem services value Values of regulating and supporting service Names Changes in 2011-2020 years / Annual average Changes in 2011-2020 years/ Annual average 104 Yuan change rates /% 104 Yuan change rates/% Bayang Town 820.97 2.52 654.43 2.47 Baoping Town 2 064.89 1.86 1 634.18 1.81 Fengming Town 874.18 1.85 694.99 1.80 Gaoyang Town 4 576.37 2.87 3 641.74 2.80 Guling Town 4 329.28 2.77 3 433.34 2.69 Hongshi Town 1 553.86 2.39 1 233.01 2.33 Huangshi Town 1 004.11 1.86 802.99 1.83 Jiangkou Town 1 407.27 3.69 1 121.57 3.60 Longdong Town 2 382.10 3.16 1 890.19 3.08 Longjiao Town 3 006.19 3.42 2 387.07 3.33 Nanxi Town 2 862.57 2.39 2 276.18 2.33 Nixi Town 304.15 5.25 239.89 4.99 Panlong Town 1 474.44 2.50 1 176.89 2.44 Piaocao Town 0 0 0 0 Ping’an Town 612.30 3.64 487.23 3.54 Pu’an Town 2 465.86 5.63 1 954.80 5.43 Xixia Town 1 210.50 1.68 963.41 1.64 Quma Town 1 896.97 4.23 1 501.51 4.08 Renhe Town 1 437.96 3.41 1 148.72 3.34 Shuangjiang Town 1 163.95 2.07 931.83 2.04 Shuanglong Town 49.29 1.93 39.37 1.88 Shuikou Town 0.41 0.21 0.33 0.21 Wailang Town 334.72 1.36 265.80 1.32 Xinjing Town 2 549.91 5.86 2 017.57 5.64 Yanping Town 195.09 1.11 155.01 1.09 Yanglu Town 3 304.03 5.13 2 622.83 4.95 Yun’an Town 1 002.02 2.03 799.07 1.99 Yunyang Town 1 662.65 2.62 1 326.19 2.56 Total 44 546.02 2.87 35 400.14 2.79

Use SPSS software to make a hierarchical cluster which average change rate more than 5 percent analysis of spatial differentiation of the ecosystem (Fig.2).The ecosystem service value of Modao River services value based on the principle of the squared Basin has been rising largest, and followed by PengXi Euclidean distance measures in the Yunyang county’ River Basin, and the ecosystem service value of ecological barrier zone. According to the annual Yangtze River has been maintained in a steadily average change rate of the total ecosystem services increased, while little change has happened in value, even adjusting and supporting services value in Changtan River Basin and Tangxi River Basin. The each town during the planning period, it can be results have shown that the ecological restoration land divided into four types: basic stability type, which in Modao River Basin and Pengxi River Basin would annual average change rate less than 2 percent; slow be much more than the Yangtze River, Changtan raising type, which annual average change rate less River Basin and Tangxi River Basin during the than 3 percent while more than 2 percent; steadily planning period due to the slope and other natural raising type, which average change rate less than 5 factors. Besides, it is also indicated that Modao River percent while more than 3 percent; fast raising type, Basin and Pengxi River Basin are the most important

第 9 期 冯应斌等：利用生态系统服务价值评估土地利用规划生态效应 209 regions to make land ecological construction in ecosystem service value in ecological barrier zone can Yunyang county. be raised rapidly by land use planning guided by ecological functional construction, which also can strengthen the ability of ecological barrier zone to adjust the climate, conserve water and soil, and maintain biological diversity. 2) In 2020, woodland’s ecosystem services value contribution rate will reached 68.58 percent by taking the measures of sloping land conversion program and closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation. And it would build an ecosystem services pattern that forest is of primary importance while cultivated land, garden, grassland are supplementary in ecological barrier zone. Meanwhile, the ecosystem service values, especially Fig.2 Spatial diversities of ecosystem service value in its regulation service value and supporting service Yunyang county’ ecological barrier zone value, of ecological barrier zone in Yunyang county 4 Discussion have shown an obvious spatial diversity due to regional differences of natural resources and socio- The ecological effect evaluation of land use economic development. planning is a necessary part of land use planning 3) According to the annual average change rate implementation. This paper, guided by land ecological of the total ecosystem services value, even adjusting construction, constructs correction coefficient of and supporting services value in each town during the ecosystem services value in different land-use types planning period, it can be divided into four types: based on Costanza’ study theories and ecosystem basic stability type, slow raising type, steadily raising service value coefficient set by Xie Gaodi, and then type, fast raising type. And the ecosystem service makes a quantitative research on ecological effect of value of Modao River Basin has been rising largest, land use planning in ecological barrier zone from the and followed by Pengxi River Basin, and the aspects of ecosystem service value and landscape ecosystem service value of Yangtze River has been pattern. This analysis focuses on the ecological maintained in a steadily increased, while little change construction in the adjustment of land-use structure has happened in Changtan River Basin. and pattern, but pays little attentions on regional 4) Land use planning not only affects ecosystem composite land use and man-land harmonious properties, but also influences ecosystem functions development. Meanwhile, the ecosystem services and services directly. According to the ecological value coefficient of different land-use types, such as effects analysis, practical guidance could be designed construction land and other land, should be fully to promote policy makers to evaluate and optimize considered because of the difficulty of value measure, land use pattern and spatial structure for land use composition of driving factors and one-sidedness of planning. evaluation criteria in land management practice[26]. Therefore, it should make deep understandings of [References] mechanism and driving factors of ecological effect of [1] Zhen Lin, Wei Yunjie, Xie Gaodi, et al. Regional land use changes, and evaluate ecological effect of analysis of dynamic land use functions in China[J]. Acta structure adjustment in different land types, and then Ecologica Sinca, 2010, 30(24): 6749－6761. make further efforts to clarify the adjusting direction [2] Fleskens L, Duarte F, Eicher I. A conceptual framework of land use structure, develop ecosystem services for the assessment of multiple functions of agro- ecosystems: A case study of Tra’s-os-Montes olive value in land use planning and improve scientific grocer[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2009, 25(1): 141－ decision-making level in ecological protection. 155. 5 Conclusions [3] de Groot R S, Alkemade R, Braat L, et al. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values 1) During the planning period, the total in landscape planning, management and decision ecosystem service value of ecological barrier zone in making[J]. Ecological Complexity, 2010(7): 260－272. Yunyang county would be rising from 1.552 billons in [4] Peng Jian, Wsng Yanglin, Zhang Yuan, et al. Land use 2010 to 1.998 billons in 2020, and average annual change and its ecological effect in the acetone of change rate would reach to 2.87%. It shows that northwest of Yunnan Province, China: A case study of

210 农业工程学报 2014 年

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第 9 期 冯应斌等：利用生态系统服务价值评估土地利用规划生态效应 211

利用生态系统服务价值评估土地利用规划生态效应

冯应斌 1，何春燕 2，杨庆媛 2※，何 建 2 (1. 西南大学资源环境学院，重庆 400715；2. 西南大学地理科学学院，重庆 400715)

摘要：基于土地利用多功能性，以生态服务价值系数为基础，构建不同土地利用类型生态服务价值修正系数。以地处三峡库 区腹心地带的重庆市云阳县为例，从生态系统服务价值以及景观格局视角定量估算三峡库区生态屏障区土地利用规划生态效 应。结果表明：至 2020 年云阳县三峡库区生态屏障区初步构建一个以“林地为骨架，耕地、园地、草地为补充”的生态系 统服务格局；以土地生态功能建设为导向的土地利用规划能够快速提升生态屏障区生态系统服务价值，增强屏障区调节气候、 保持土壤、维护生物多样性等方面能力，云阳县三峡库区生态屏障区生态系统服务总价值从 2010 年的 15.53 亿元提升到 2020 年的 19.98 亿元，年均变化率达到 2.87%；云阳县三峡库区生态屏障区生态系统服务价值及其调节服务和支持服务价值表现 出显著地空间分异特征，其中磨刀溪流域生态系统服务价值提升幅度最大，澎溪河流域次之，长江沿岸生态服务系统价值保 持稳定增长，而长滩河流域变化不大；磨刀溪流域和澎溪河流域是规划期内云阳县生态屏障区土地生态功能建设的重点区域。 同时，通过评估不同土地利用类型结构调整及其产生的生态效应，进一步明确了云阳县生态屏障区各流域土地利用结构优化 调整方向，提升了土地利用规划和生态保护实践工作科学决策水平。 关键词：土地利用；规划；生态；生态效应；评估；生态屏障区