An Environmental History of Ancient Greece and Rome Lukas Thommen Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00216-6 - An Environmental History of Ancient Greece and Rome Lukas Thommen Index More information

Index

Academy, Plato’s 44, 129 Antoninus Pius 114 acanthus 93 Aosta 74 Achelous 6, 27 Apennines 70, 129 Actaeon 46 Aphrodite 46 aediles 96, 104, 108, 128 Apicius 100 Aegaleus 37–8 Apollo 24, 44, 86 Aegean Sea 19, 35–6, 51, 62 Apollonia 26 Aemilius Scaurus, M. 96 apples 33, 43, 83, 93, 136 Aesop 47 apricots 93 agora 22, 38, 57 Apulia 80 Agricola 132–3, 136 aqueducts 57–8, 106–11, 121, 138 Agrileza 35–6 Argolis 26, 37 Agrippa 94, 108–9 Aristophanes 37, 47 Aigeira 22 Aristotle 25, 32, 41, 47, 57, 60–1 air 5, 15, 29–30, 56, 59–60, 106 Armenia 93 pollution 62, 122, 128, 138, 142 Arpinum 129 Alban Hills 96, 106, 129 Artemis 46 Alcinous 43 Asclepius 46 Alcman 34 Asia Minor 4, 19, 24, 26–7, 40, 62, 114, 121 Alexander the Great 21, 23–4, 44, 58 astynomoi 58 Alexandria 24–5, 44, 95, 111, 115, 130 Atalanti 26, 60 Aljustrel 122 Athena 43, 46, 57 Allga¨u 87 Athenians 35, 40–1, 50–1, 58 Alpheios 26 Athens 5, 21–2, 34–7, 39–40, 43–4, 57–8, 62, Alps 74, 77 75, 130 Amastris 112 atomism 29 Ambarvalia 76 Attica 21, 35–7, 39, 50, 62–5 Amphipolis 40 Augsburg 73–4, 102 Amphitrite 56 Augst (Augusta Raurica) 71, 73–4, 112 Anaxagoras 56–7, 59 Augustus 70, 74, 76, 79, 92, 94, 96, 101, 104–5, Anaximander 21, 53, 56, 59 108–10, 114 Anaximenes 59 auspices 45 animals 2, 12, 29, 31–2, 34, 40, 45–8, 55, 60, 74–5, Avernus Lake 129 77, 80, 82, 85, 95–7, 127, 136, 142 aviaries 95, 130 Anio 106–7, 110 antelopes 97 Babylon 24, 42 Anthony 53, 108 bacon 99–100 Antigonos Monophthalmos 40 Baiae 74, 116, 129 Antioch 24, 44, 114 Balkans 19–20, 37 Antiphon 59–60 barley 34–5, 50–1, 82, 99, 136 Antonine Wall 132, 135 Basilicata 26, 87

180

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00216-6 - An Environmental History of Ancient Greece and Rome Lukas Thommen Index More information

Index 181

beans 33, 51–2, 94, 99 Claudius 69, 110–11, 132 bears 95–6 clay 54, 57, 62, 94, 135 bee-keeping 80 pipes 57–8, 106, 113 beech 37, 87 clear-cutting 2–3, 41, 77, 86 beer 99 see also deforestation bees 47, 97 clearing 2, 37, 40–1, 71, 76, 84, 86–7, 135–6 beets 82, 99 Cleopatra 53, 108 birds 30, 45, 47 climate 3, 5, 10–11, 15, 17, 25, 30, 33, 58, 135–6 Black Sea 19, 22, 35, 51, 86, 93, 141 Cloaca Maxima 106 blood 46–8, 51–2, 56, 60 coal 13, 138 boar 33, 47, 95, 97 basin 104, 127 Boeotia 30, 34, 58 coast 15, 19, 26, 28, 96, 114, 135, 138, 140 Boscoreale 115–16 Coblenz 71, 112 boxwood 93 Colchester (Camulodunum) 138 bread 51, 53, 98–100, 102 colonate, coloni 84 wheat 99, 136 colonisation, colonies 19, 22–4, 40 Britain 62, 70, 85, 121, 132–40 Colophon 50 bronze 23, 47, 62 Columella 77, 79, 81, 93 Bronze Age 26, 31, 37, 135 construction 62, 79, 86–7, 104–5, 115, 127, 130–1 Bruttium 87 timber 9, 13, 15, 39–40, 71, 86–7 bulls 30, 46–7, 96 see also dams; terraces; villas Copaı¨s, Lake 58 cabbage 93, 99, 136 copper 62, 121, 136 Caesar, Julius 75, 94, 96, 101, 104, 109, 127, Corinth 26, 39 129, 132, 136 corn 77, 100, Caesarea 111 mash (puls) 99 camels 45 Corsica 70, 86 Campania 69, 81, 114–15, 118–19, 129 crafts 9, 33, 138 canals 109, 111–12 craftsmen 54, 81, 124 Caria 6, 114 Crassus 104, 124 Carrara 121 cress 93 carrots 93, 136 Crete 19, 37 Cartagena (New Carthage) 121–2 crocodiles 95–6 Carthage 120–1, 128–9 cucumbers 93 Cassius Dio 110 Cumae 23, 116, 129 catastrophes 8–9, 61, 105, 115, 118–19 Cycladic islands 62 see also disasters; hazards Cyclops 60 Cato 77, 81, 93, 100, 129 Cyme 26 cats 95, 97 cypress 37, 86, 93 cattle 33, 45, 69, 79–83, 95, 136 Cyprus 19, 40, 62 Caucasus 86 cedar 37, 40, 86 Damascus 99 celery 82 dams 26, 58, 109, 111 centaurs 46 Danube 20, 70–1, 87 cereals 33, 35, 45, 50–1, 53, 79–82, 93, 98, 101–2, 136 dates 99 Ceres 29, 76 Dea Dia 76 channels 33, 57, 91, 110, 124, 130 deer 33, 45–7, 95 Charaka 35 deforestation 26, 40–1, 135 charcoal 2, 13, 37, 54–5 see also clear-cutting cheese 50–1, 98–100 Delos 26 cherries 83, 93, 136 Delphi 22, 75 chrysanthemums 93 Demeter 2, 29, 52 Cicero 75, 124, 129–30 Demetrius of Calliatis 60 cisterns 57–8, 64 Demetrius of Scepsis 60 Clanis 110 Democritus 29, 59

182 Index

Diodorus 60 fir 38, 40, 87 Dionysius I 40 fire 9, 15, 29, 40, 46, 54, 56–7, 59–60, disasters 8, 76, 109, 117, 119 70, 86, 103–6, 114–15, 118–19, 124, see also catastrophes; hazards 141–2 disease 52, 63 firefighting 104–5 see also illness firewood 39, 127 dogs 45–7, 127, 136 first-fruits 29, 51 domestication 12–13 fish 45, 51–3, 98–100, 112, 130 Domitian 96, 132 ponds 53, 95, 130 donkeys 47, 75, 95 sauce (garum) 99–100, 136 doves 97 fishermen 53 drainage 22, 58, 74, 109, 112, 121, 135–6 floods 8, 26, 41, 56, 78, 84, 86–7, 89, 109–10, 112, ditches 22, 57, 106, 112, 128 135, 141 drought 29, 58, 141 Flora 76 flowers 43, 50, 90, 93, 136 eagles 46, 55 forest 2–3, 29, 37–41, 62–3, 71, 77, 80, 85–9, 121, earthquakes 15, 27, 59–61, 103, 114–15, 117–18, 141 133, 135–6, 142 Ebro 20, 27 forum Boarium 69 Echinades 6, 27 forum Romanum 69, 103, 106 ecology 6–7, 12–14 fountains 57, 91, 130 Egnatius Rufus, M. 104 foxes 47 Egypt 3, 23–4, 33, 42, 46, 70, 75, 79, 95–6, freedmen 105, 110–11 99–100, 111, 119, 121, 130 Frontinus 110 Elba 121 fruit 33, 50, 76, 80, 82, 94, 98–9, 136 elephants 45, 95–7 gardens (orchatoi) 43 Eleusis 22, 39 trees 39, 43, 90, 93 elks 96 Fucine Lake 111 elm 39 Fulvius Lippinus, Q. 130 emeralds 86 Fulvius Nobilior, M. 96 Emerita Augusta 111 Empedocles 29, 56–7, 59, 61 Gaia 54, 60 England 83, 131, 135 Galen 50 entrails 45, 122 gardeners 43 environment 1–6, 29–30, 76, 78, 130, 138, 140–2 gardens 42–4, 80, 82, 90–4, 106, 129–30, 142 environmental determinism 5, 11, 29 garlic 99 Ephesus 27–8, 31 Gaul 23, 85, 99, 111, 136 Epicurus 32, 44 geese 95 epidemics 16, 106, 112, 119 Germany 71–3, 83, 85, 87–8, 112 Eratosthenes 21, 25 giants 60, 119 Eridanos 58 giraffes 95–6 erosion 2, 23, 40, 63, 89, 135, 142 gladiators 51, 95 Etna, Mount 20, 60–1 Glanum (Saint-Re´my-de-Provence) 112 Etruria 23, 69, 87, 121 goats 33, 45–6, 80, 95 Etruscans 70–1 gold 62, 86, 121, 136, 138 Euboea 39, 60 Gordian III 96 Euphrates 20, 70 Gracchus, the Gracchi 81, 100 granite 121 fallow 33, 79–80 grapes 33, 43, 82, 93, 99, 119, 136 farmers 21, 33, 35, 81, 84 see also vines farming 15, 19, 24, 34, 71, 76–7, 80, 82, 133 grasses 81, 87 farmland 2, 22–3, 34–5, 80, 82, 86–7, 130 Greenland ice 25, 122 fauns, Faunus 85–6 groves, sacred 2, 24, 42, 44, 85 fertiliser 9, 79–80 figs 33, 43, 51, 71, 93–4, 136 Hadrian 94, 97, 111, 119, 130, 132 tree 90, 93 Hadrian’s Wall 132, 134–5

Index 183

harbours 24, 27 Kladeos 26 hazards 8–9, 106 Knidos 39 see also catastrophes; disasters Kyme, see Cumae hazelnuts 93–4 Hecataeus 21 Laconia 34 Helike 26, 60 Laertes 43 Helios 55 Larisa 58 helots 60 Larymna 26 Hephaestus 55, 60 Las Medulas 121 Heraclea 27–8 Latium 69–70, 81, 87, 112, 129 Heracles 46, 55, 61 Latmos 27 Heraclitus 31 latrines 127, 147 herbs 87, 90, 99 Laureion 62–4 Herculaneum 90, 101, 115–17, 119 laurel 93 Hermes 46 Laurentum 129–30 Hesiod 22, 31, 34 lava 61, 115, 117 Hestia 55, 103 Lavernium 129 Hieron II 40, 44 Lavinium 129 Hippocrates 5, 25, 29, 56 lead 62–3, 113, 121–2, 136 Corpus Hippocraticum 49 pipes 99, 106, 108, 110, 113 Hippodamus 23 Lebanon 20, 40, 86 hippopotamuses 2, 95–6 leeks 93 Homer 22, 31, 40, 43, 47, 57 legumes 33–4, 99 honey 34, 36, 50–1, 100 lemons 99 wine (mulsum) 98 lentils 33, 99 Horace 86, 128, 130 leopards 47, 95–6 horses 45, 47, 75, 95–6, 102 leporaria 95, 130 Huelva 121–2 Leptis Magna 26–7 hunting 33–4, 42, 45–7, 51, 85–6, 95–7, 129–30 lettuce 93 hyenas 47 Libya 23, 26–7, 95 hygiene 9, 14, 106, 127–8, 142 lilies 93, 136 Hymettus 37, 39 limes 72–3, 87 limitation (land) 71 illness 30, 50, 56 lions 46–7, 95–6 see also disease Liparian islands 60–1 Indus 21, 24 Livy 77 industrialisation 9, 12 Lollius Urbicus, Q. 132 inns 75, 94, 101–2, 138 London (Londinium) 138 inundation 110, 114 Longus 32 iron 62, 82, 121, 136, 138 Lucan 86 irrigation 33, 58, 77, 90–1, 112 Lucania 26, 87 Italy 23, 40, 69–70, 74, 79–81, 86–7, 94, 99, 114, Lucretius 76, 86 121, 128–9 Lucullus 94 ivy 93 Lyceum 44 Lycia 31, 114 Jason of Pherai 39 Jesus Christ 53 macchia 37, 41 Jupiter 69, 76, 119 Macedonia 23–4, 39–40, 70, 86 Juvenal 127–8 Maecenas 94 maple 37 karst 3 marble 35, 38, 62, 86, 121–2, 136 Kenchreai 26 Marius 129 Kepos 44 Marseilles (Massilia) 23 Kerameikos 22, 43 Martial 93, 119 Kithairon 37–8 Marzabotto 74

184 Index

meadows 29–30, 84, 88 Oplontis 115–16 Meander 6, 23, 27–8 Oracula Sibyllina 119 meat 34, 45, 51–2, 54–5, 97–100 Orontes 24 Me´rida (Emerita Augusta) 111 Orphics 52 Messenia, Messenians 34, 51 Ostia 26, 69, 101–2, 105 metal 2, 9, 23, 35, 62, 113, 122, 136, 138 overexploitation 2, 80, 89 Metapontum 23, 26 Ovid 86, 122 meteorology 25, 57 owls 46 metics 21 oxen 45, 75, 81, 83 Miletus 6, 21, 23, 27–8 oysters 99 milk 45, 98 mills 13 Pan 46, 85 Minerva 86 Pandora 55 mining 2–3, 13, 36, 39, 62–5, 77–8, 86, 121–3, panthers 46, 95–6 137, 142 Paradeisos (paradeisos) 42, 44, 130 Minotaur 46 Parmenides 25 Misenum 116–18 Parnassus 75 Monte Testaccio 99 Parnes 37 mules 45, 74–5, 95, 127 Paros 62 Museion 24, 44 Passau 71 myrtle 37, 86, 93 pasture (land) 2, 33–4, 41, 70–1, 81, 84, 86 Myus 27 Pausanias 6, 27 peaches 93 Naples 75, 119, 129 peacocks 95 nature 1–6, 29–32, 42, 44–7, 49–50, 56, 76–8, 85, pears 33, 43, 83, 93 93–4, 97, 123, 130, 141–2 peas 33, 136 Naumachia 94, 109 Peloponnese 19, 22, 26, 37, 58, 62, 115 Naxos 62 Peloponnesian War 36, 39, 58 Near East 23–4, 31, 42, 44, 46, 71, 111 Pentelikon Mountains 37–8, 62 Nebuchadnezzar II 42 Pergamum 58 Neolithic revolution 12 Pericles 41 Neopythagoreans 52, 97 Persia, Persians 23, 71, 93 Nereids 56 Persian Wars 39, 57 Nero 105 Pharos 24 Nerva 110 pheasants 95 Nicomedia 114 Phlegraean Fields 60, 116 Nile 20, 27, 58, 95, 112 Phoenicia 37, 40 noise 2, 70, 127–8, 142 Piazza Armerina 97 North Sea 99 pigs 45, 47, 80, 86, 95, 136 Numidia 121 pines 37, 40–1, 86 nuts 50, 83 Piraeus 39, 50 nymphs 29, 42, 56, 130 plants 6, 31–2, 43–4, 76–7, 82, 93, 136, 142 Plato 31–2, 40–1, 44, 50, 57, 129 oak 37–8, 40–1, 71, 84, 86–7 Pliny the Elder 5, 8, 78, 85–6, 92–3, 97, 112, 114, oats 136 117–18, 122 oil 13, 34, 36, 50–1, 71, 79, 93, 98–100, 104 Pliny the Younger 81, 112, 115, 117–18, 129 see also olives plums 83, 99, 136 Okeanos 19, 55–7 Plutarch 51, 97 oleander 37, 93 Po 20, 27, 70, 86, 111–12 olives 33–4, 86, 98, 136 polis 4, 21–2, 33, 141 trees 36–9, 43, 50, 79–81, 90, 93 Polybius 90, 93, 100 see also oil pomegranates 99 Olympia 23, 26, 75 Pomona 76 Olynthus 50, 58 Pompeii 90–3, 101, 111–12, 114–17, 119 onions 93, 99 Pompey 94, 96, 129

Index 185

Pontine marshes 112 shorelines 26, 77 poplar 86 shores 3, 94, 129–30 poppies 136 Sicily 23, 40, 70, 79, 97 Porphyrius 97 Sierra Morena 20, 121–2 porphyry 121 Sila Forest 87 ports 24, 26–8, 39, 69–71, 138 silt, siltation 6–7, 15, 23, 26–8, 41 Poseidon 56, 59–60 Silvanus 85–6 Posidonius 60 silver 35, 62, 121, 136 poultry 45, 80, 95 Siphnos 62 Praeneste 129 slaves 21, 34, 50, 63, 81, 84, 96, 100, 104, 108–10, Priene 6, 28 122, 136 Prometheus 54–5, 57 smoke 2, 54, 118, 127–8 Propertius 76 snakes 46–7, 93, 95 Ptolemy II 95 Socrates 50 Pythagoras, Pythagoreans 47, 52, 97 Solon 34 Sophocles 30 rabbits 47 Spain 23, 62, 70, 79, 111, 118, 122 radishes 93 Sparta, Spartans 34, 36, 38–40, 51, 60 rain 5, 29, 82, 112 spelt (wheat) 82, 136 rams 46–7 Sphacteria 40 rats 136 spices 52, 71, 99 reafforestation 71, 86 springs 29, 56, 94 recycling 2, 9 Stabiae 115–19 red beets 82 Statius 77, 119, 130 Red Sea 86 stench 2, 70, 106 Rhine 70–1, 73–4, 112, 136 Stoics 32, 47, 78 rhinoceroses 95–6 stone 2, 9, 133 Rhodes 60, 75, 114 quarries 62, 134 Rhone 20, 23, 27, 74, 112 Strabo 22, 63, 86, 96, 117, 129 rivers 3, 26–7, 40, 43, 70–1, 75, 77, 112, 129, 135 streets 2, 58, 74, 104–6, 112, 124, 127–8 banks 41, 69, 94, 110, 130 grid 23, 69, 74, 138 mouths 7, 15, 23, 27, 40–1, 134 Suetonius 118 rosemary 93 Sulla 96, 124, 129 roses 93, 136 sun 55–6 rye 136 sustainability 7–8, 123 Sybaris 26 Sabratha 26 symposion 50 sacrifices 45, 48, 51–2, 54, 97 Syracuse 40, 44, 58 Sallust 78, 94, 101, 130 Syria 22, 24, 37, 40, 119 salt 69, 100, 138, 146 Samos 39, 53, 57 Tacitus 71, 85, 115, 117–18, 136 Sardes 114 Taranto (Tarentum) 26, 87 Sardinia 70 Tarragona 111 sausages 99 taverns 101–2 Scipio the Elder (Africanus) 129 technology 11, 31–2 Scipio the Younger (Aemilianus Minor) 129 Tellus 76 Scotland 132, 135, 140 temenos 42 sea level 26, 135 terraces 26, 35, 42, 82, 90, 129 sediments 6, 26–7, 71, 87, 122, 135 Tertullian 120 Seleucia 24 Thales 57, 59 Semiramis 42 Thargelia 29 Seneca 8, 78, 100, 115, 128 Thasos 62 sewage, sewers 57, 106, 111–12, 127–8 Themistius 96 sheep 33, 45, 47, 80–1, 95, 136 Themistocles 57 shipbuilding 37, 39–40, 86–7 Theophrastus 6, 40, 44, 47

186 Index

thermal baths 108, 127, 130 Vertumnus 76 Theseus 46 Vespasian 114 Thessalonika 27 Vesta 103 Thessaly 39, 58, 75, 95, 130 Vestal Virgins 103 Thrace 35, 39–40 Vesuvius 20, 60, 90, 114–19 Thucydides 27, 36–7, 40, 58, 60 villas 3, 53, 71, 77, 81–4, 89–90, 94, 97, 128–31, Tiber 27, 69, 87, 94, 99, 106, 109–11 138–40 Tiberius 110, 114, 124 Vinalia 76 Tibur 129 Vindolanda 134 tigers 95–6 Vindonissa 73, 128 timber 9, 37–41, 85–9 vines 36, 90, 93–4 construction 13, 15, 71 see also grapes tin 62, 121, 136 violets 93, 136 Titus 118–19 viridarium 91 Tivoli 94, 107, 130 vivarium 53, 95, 130 toilets 124, 127 volcanoes 20, 60–1, 115, 117, 141 tourism 75 Volcanus 103 trade 22, 24, 37, 40, 69, 99, 127, 138 traffic 2, 22, 70, 127–8, 142 wagons 22, 75, 102, 127 Trajan 100, 105, 114 Wales 132, 135, 138 transhumance 34, 80 war 15, 36, 39, 45, 47, 55, 58, 80, 86, 108, trees 5, 12–13, 36–43, 50, 63, 71, 76–7, 80–1, 85–7, 129, 142 90, 93–4, 135, 142 waste 2–3, 9, 70, 106, 112, 127–8, 138, 142 Triton 46 water 5, 11, 13, 15, 29–30, 56–60, 62, 87, 98–9, tsunamis 27, 59–60, 115 106–13, 121, 127–8, 138, 141–2 Tuscany 112, 129 mains 57–8, 110–13, 138 Tusculum 129 pollution 9, 12, 58, 110–12, 138, 141–2 Twelve Tables, Law of the 90 wheat 35, 50, 71, 82, 99–100, 136 Typhon 60 wild boar 33, 47, 95, 97 Tyrtaeus 34 wind 5, 9, 13, 25, 29–31, 45, 77, 114, 117, 141 Windisch (Vindonissa) 71, 73, 120 Umbria 87 wine 50–1, 79–81, 93–4, 98–100, 126 Uranus 54, 60 wolves 47 wood 2, 11, 13, 37–41, 62, 84, 86–7, 104, 121, Vale of Tempe 130 124, 133 Varro 77, 80, 130 Wu¨rttemberg 71, 87 vegetables 43–4, 80, 82, 90, 93, 98–9, 101, 136 vegetarianism, vegetarians 47, 52, 97, 99 Xenophanes 57 Veii 70 Xenophon, 32, 39 Veline Lake 110–11 xystus 90, 129 Velitrae 129 venationes 95–6 Zeus 46, 54–5, 60 Venus 76, 86, 119 zodiac 45 Vergil 76–7, 80, 86, 97 zoology 47, 97