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Table of Contents Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview....................................................................................4 Scope and Purpose of the Assessment.....................................................................................4 Chapter Descriptions .............................................................................................................5 Methods.................................................................................................................................7 Contributors ..........................................................................................................................8 Reviewers ............................................................................................................................10 Chapter 2 Sub-basins, Ecoregions, Vegetation and Land Use .............................................12 Location and Sub-basins......................................................................................................12 Ecoregions...........................................................................................................................12 Current Vegetation...............................................................................................................15 Land use ..............................................................................................................................18 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................22 Chapter 3 Historical Conditions ...........................................................................................23 Introduction .........................................................................................................................23 Historical Climate and Geology...........................................................................................23 Early Human Inhabitants.....................................................................................................25 Pre-settlement: Early 1800s................................................................................................27 Settlement Period: 1848 – early 1900s.................................................................................31 Onset of the Modern Era: early 1900’s – present..................................................................36 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................40 Chapter 4 Channel Habitat Types........................................................................................42 Introduction .........................................................................................................................42 Methods...............................................................................................................................44 Results .................................................................................................................................45 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................47 Chapter 5 Hydrology and Water Use ...................................................................................50 Introduction .........................................................................................................................50 Factors Influencing the Flow of Water .................................................................................50 Long Tom Watershed Council 541-683-6578 1 Streamflow...........................................................................................................................52 Which Human Activities Increase Peak Flows? ....................................................................54 How Do Human Activities Decrease Peak Flows? ................................................................57 How do Human Activities Influence Low Flows? ..................................................................58 Summary of Human Impacts on Hydrology...........................................................................61 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................63 Chapter 6 Stream Channel Modifications ............................................................................66 Introduction .........................................................................................................................66 How do channel modifications affect fish and wildlife habitat?.............................................67 How did we assess channel modifications? ...........................................................................68 Historic Modifications .........................................................................................................69 Current Modifications..........................................................................................................70 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................73 Chapter 7 Riparian Zone Conditions ...................................................................................75 What is a riparian zone? ......................................................................................................75 What did riparian zones used to look like in the Watershed?.................................................75 How did we characterize current riparian zones?.................................................................77 How did we evaluate current riparian zone conditions?........................................................80 Results .................................................................................................................................81 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................85 Chapter 8 Wetland Types, Distribution and Functions .......................................................93 What are wetlands?..............................................................................................................93 What types of wetlands are in the Long Tom Watershed?......................................................93 Local Wetland Inventories....................................................................................................96 Historic Wetland Conditions ................................................................................................99 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................100 Chapter 9 Sediment Sources...............................................................................................101 What natural features in the watershed affect sediment delivery to streams? .......................101 Potential Sources of Human Caused Sediment Delivery to Streams.....................................102 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................107 Long Tom Watershed Council 541-683-6578 2 Chapter 10 Water Quality ..................................................................................................110 Introduction and Background.............................................................................................110 Water Quality Monitoring in the Basin...............................................................................113 Water Quality Conditions, 1990 to Present.........................................................................114 Watershed Summary ..........................................................................................................128 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................135 Chapter 11 Fish and Wildlife ..............................................................................................138 Introduction .......................................................................................................................138 Long Tom Watershed Fish Species .....................................................................................138 Habitat Requirements of Sensitive Native Species ...............................................................138 Fish Distribution................................................................................................................142 Wildlife ..............................................................................................................................146 Chapter 12 Watershed Condition Summary......................................................................160 Chapter Summaries............................................................................................................160 Where is more information needed? ...................................................................................167 What is the overall condition of the riparian and aquatic system?.......................................167 References ...........................................................................................................................169 Appendix A. Confidence Evaluations for each Assessment Component............................177
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