ITARP 2009 Annual Report

Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program University of Illinois @ Urbana–Champaign To Our Reader

The Illinois Transportation Archaeo- logical Research Program (ITARP) is the product of a half-century collaborative effort by the University of Illinois (UI) © 2009 by the Board of Trustees of the University of and the Illinois Department of Trans- Illinois portation (IDOT) to preserve the state’s Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program important archaeological and historic All rights reserved resources while enhancing the public’s Printed in the United States of America understanding of Illinois’ rich heritage. Initiated in 1957 by Dr. John McGregor, 2009 Annual Report and carried on by Dr. Charles Bareis at the University of Illinois, the program Editor: Wendy Smith French has grown in scope through the years and Cover Design: Linda Alexander and Corinne Carlson Formatting and Layout: Corinne Carlson today is recognized as one of the premier Illustrations: Linda Alexander, Valerie Alexander Vallese, transportation archaeology programs in Mera Hertel, and Marcia Martinho the United States. Photos: The National Stock Yards Company, Linda One of ITARP’s primary goals is to Alexander, Joe Bartholomew, Mark Branstner, Trudi Butler, disseminate information to both profes- Cathy Cunningham, Pat Durst, Jennifer Edwards-Ring, Richard Fishel, Wendy French, Laura Fry, Kris Hedman, sional audiences and the public at large. Mera Hertel, Robert Hickson, Jeff Kruchten, Steve Kuehn, Our annual report is designed to provide Mike Lewis, Dale McElrath, Marcia Martinho, Bob Mazrim, an overview of the program’s yearly activities for IDOT and UIUC administrators, the David Nolan, Susan Nolan, Jim Pisell, Dan Smith, Rose archaeological community, and the general public. The content of this report reflects Smith, Mat Terry, Wade Tharp, Steve Tieken, Val Vallese, the views of the contributors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data Sarah Wisseman, Kim Wurl, NISD, CISD, and ABSD crew members, and the unnamed who jumped into the breach presented herein and do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of IDOT. with a camera when called upon to record! The 2009 season provided the first extensive look at the archaeological resources located within the construction footprint of the new Mississippi River Bridge. This bridge Acknowledgements will create an additional link between the growing American Bottom communities and metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri. Serendipitously, the touchdown areas of the bridge in Thanks to Dr. John Walthall, chief archaeologist at the Illinois Department of Transportation, and the Illinois each state are marked by the former locations of two Mississippian period monumental Department of Transportation for their support of the sites—the East St. Louis Mound group in Illinois and the St. Louis Mound group in Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program’s Missouri. In the twelfth century A.D. these were, respectively, the second and the fourth investigations. Dr. Thomas Emerson, ITARP director largest mound groups in North America. provided guidance in the preparation of the 2009 annual The Illinois mound group was leveled by nineteenth century industrial development report, the production of which is the responsibility of the Statewide Archaeological Survey Division, under in East St. Louis that included the presence of one of the largest meat-packing centers in the direction of Dale McElrath. Thanks to all ITARP staff the world, processing over 105,000 animals per day. The mid-twentieth century collapse members who contributed summaries of division activities, of these industries created a decaying urban landscape closely resembling a devastated continuing surveys, and site investigations, as well as the wartime city. Yet underneath the modern rubble, ITARP archaeologists have found virtu- beautiful photos included in the report. ally intact remains of a large Mississippian residential neighborhood occupied during Information on obtaining additional copies of this report, as well as other ITARP publications, is available at: www. the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Over one hundred structures and many huge marker isas.illinois.edu/publications. posts, storage pits, and special use facilities have been uncovered to date. This ongoing excavation is truly a once-in-an-archaeological lifetime opportunity to explore a large section of one of the great early towns of Illinois. This year also saw ITARP staff expand their already extensive volunteer and partnership activities across the state, some of the most satisfying of which have been partnerships with like-minded groups. The discovery of Fort Johnson and Cantonment Davis, here- tofore “-lost” War of 1812 temporary fortifications near Warsaw, Illinois, was the result of joint efforts between vacationing Western Illinois Survey Division-ITARP personnel and local researchers. Our American Bottom staff has joined with the Brooklyn Historical Society to unravel the deep historical roots of this small Illinois town founded by freed slaves. Archival research and test excavations are well on their way to pinpointing the About the Cover location of the initial 1820s African-American settlement. Cooperative endeavors by Northern Illinois Survey Division staff with the Jo Daviess Conservation Foundation and Mississippian flint clay figurine kneeling female holding a shell cup. several agencies have led to the protection of the John Chapman Village and the Aiken Top left: Excavation at East St. Louis site (11S706) Mound Group and the establishment of publicly accessible archaeological preserves in within the former St. Louis National Stockyards. northwestern Illinois. An ongoing multi-year collaborative project to document private Top right: Figurine in situ at 11S706. archaeological collections from east-central Illinois partners the local Illinois Associa- Bottom left: Figurine in hand, post excavation. tion for the Advancement of Archaeology chapter and ITARP’s Central Illinois Survey Bottom right: 2009 site map of the Stockyards Tract of the East St. Louis site (11S706). Division. These are only a few of the many volunteer efforts of our staff that reach out to public and private organizations and agencies to assist in the statewide protection Photo credits: Linda Alexander, Mera Hertel, Jeff and preservation of Illinois’ endangered heritage. Kruchten (map), Mat Terry. IDOT’s historic preservation program has again had a widespread and positive impact on archaeological resources throughout Illinois. I thank all of our staff for their profes- sionalism, dedication, and commitment to the state’s heritage. It is truly humbling to work with such a dedicated group of individuals.

Director, ITARP Program Mission and Structure spectrum of sources including IDOT, UIUC, for the 27 counties between the Wabash grants, and contracts with the private sector. and Mississippi Rivers, which encompass History and Mission the archaeologically complex and rich Structure American Bottom in southwestern Illinois. The Illinois Transportation Archaeological Large, multi-year excavations and Research Program (ITARP) is the product The ITARP Statewide Survey Division, research projects are the purview of the of a five decade long cooperative effort directed by Dale McElrath, performs the Special Projects Division, coordinated by between the University of Illinois at majority of Phase I archaeological surveys Dr. Andrew Fortier. These include work Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and the and Phase II and Phase III site investigations at the East St. Louis Mound Center, the Illinois Department of Transportation undertaken in conjunction with Illinois Janey B. Goode site, and Fish Lake, all in (IDOT), created to ensure the preservation Department of Transportation projects. Six the American Bottom near St. Louis, and and protection of the state’s important regional offices carry out archaeological the Hoxie Farm site in the Chicago area. archaeological resources in A number of investigations the context of transportation related to FAP 310 and projects. As a part of the largest Mississippi River Bridge land-grant University in the projects have been underway state, ITARP is responsible for more than a decade. to the citizens of Illinois The Program Support for providing educational Division is responsible for and research opportunities program administration and in order to advance our specialist analyses that are knowledge of the state’s provided by a team comprised prehistory and history. This of paleoethnobotanists, a joint effort began under the faunal analyst, a historic direction of Dr. John McGregor archaeologist, bio- and Dr. Charles Bareis in 1957 archaeologists, GIS and with the newly formed Illinois curation specialists, a Archaeological Survey (IAS). Salisbury Research Lab network administrator, It continued into the 80s when desktop publishers, and a the IDOT statewide survey graphic designer/illustrator/ program was transferred to photographer based in the the Resource Investigation Champaign Main Office Program (RIP) within UIUC’s and satellite Neil Street Lab. Department of Anthropology. Program Support Division The recent establishment staff offer paleoethnobotanical of ITARP in 1994 was the and faunal analysis, physical direct result of IDOT’s anthropology, historical interest in developing research, digital cartographic a centralized program to production and GIS analysis, facilitate Illinois’s cultural curation and security, and resources protection efforts manuscript production, which and UIUC’s desire to expand includes editing, formatting, its public service mission graphic design, and artwork in the area of archaeology. for ITARP publication series The mission of ITARP as a joint reconnaissance and any associated site and public displays and exhibits. The program of UIUC and IDOT is: excavations throughout the state: the public outreach coordinator and senior research editor are based in the Springfield/ 1. to assist the department in the Northern Illinois Survey Division (NISD) Salibury Research Lab. Flotation labs preservation and protection of Illinois’ in Rockford handles the 16 counties south are located in Macomb and Godfrey. historic and archaeological resources, of Wisconsin, including the metropolitan The various ITARP divisions also 2. to carry out research activities that Chicago area; the Central Illinois Survey conduct long-term, large-scale, grant- enhance the educational and public Division (CISD) in Champaign deals funded archaeological research projects service mission of the University of with the 32 east-central Illinois counties and selected private work that provides Illinois, and between Chicago’s collar counties and the funding and research opportunities for 3. to promote and ensure professional Wabash River; the Western Illinois Survey UIUC students and other researchers. and public dissemination of in- Division (WISD) Macomb and Jacksonville formation regarding the prehistory Labs manage the 27 west-central Illinois and history of Illinois. counties, a region that includes the lower Paleoethnobotany Laboratory Illinois River valley; and the American The accomplishment of these goals is Bottom Survey Division (ABSD) Belleville The Paleoethnobotany Laboratory is supported and funded through a wide and the Wood River Labs are responsible located in the main offices of the Illinois

2009 Annual Report 1 Equally important to are transported to the main lab space in analysis of macrobotanical Champaign for analysis. Analysis follows remains is disseminating standardized ITARP procedures, in which the results of these analy- dried samples are passed through a 2 mm ses. Regardless of site size mesh screen, and all items retained by the or the nature of remains, a screen are identified and quantified by ma- written summary or report terial class. The fraction of the sample that is prepared for all analyzed passes through the screen is scanned under assemblages. The type of low magnification and seeds, or other infor- report submitted depends mative items, are removed, identified, and on a number of factors counted. Additionally, our staff analyzes the including: site complex- usually larger samples of carbonized plant ity and extent; number of materials that have been collected separately samples or features exca- during excavations. These “hand-collected vated; cultural affiliation; charcoal samples” can include any number whether or not further of items from large pieces of wood, through work is to be conducted; caches of nuts and even burned textile pieces. and in some instances The majority of our samples are carbonized time constraints. At mini- residues from open-air sites, but we also pro- mum, publication involves vide analysis for occasional waterlogged or preparation of a summary desiccated specimens from secure contexts. table for inclusion in the In 2009, ITARP archaeobotanists analyzed final testing report, which a total of 641 flotation samples from 14 sites is usually an Archaeologi- (Appendix, Table 6). A large number of cal Testing Short Report these were from the extensive Patrick phase (ATSR). These reports are components at the Fish Lake and Power available online so no lon- Line sites in the American Bottom region. In ger languish in the inacces- addition to flotation samples, we also ana- sible “grey literature.” For lyzed 121 hand collected charcoal samples. most sites, a more detailed A summary of reports and publications Microscopic analysis of macrobotanical sample. written report or appendix prepared in 2009 is presented in Appendix, Transportation Archaeological Research is prepared. These can be presented as part Table 7. Three of these were tables for in- Program, on the UIUC campus. The Lab of an ATSR or appear in a published vol- clusion in ATSRs. This format is typically is under the directorship of Mary Simon, ume. Very large sites are fully documented used for small sites with few features and assisted by two research archaeobotanists in report chapters in one of the ITARP for which no further work is recommended. Mary King, working full time, and Leighann publication series. The While these small data sets may not appear Calentine, working part time. Kathryn results of analyses may to have much significance, they Parker, archaeobotanist with Great Lake also be published in an are sometimes the only re- Ecosytems is employed on a contractual appropriate journal, cords we have for a certain basis. Our research focuses on the analysis among which are area or time, so provide a of plant remains from archaeological sites Illinois Archaeol- foundation for future work. of both prehistoric and historic affiliation. ogy and Midcon- Even in better-studied parts The standard analytic protocol employed tinental Journal of the state, small assem- for almost all sites incorporates both iden- of Archaeology. blages can be help- tification and quantification of macrobo- Collection, pro- ful, whether for tanicals. These basic analyses provide the cessing, and analysis supporting ex-

foundation for our work. However, research of botanical remains Squash peduncles from the Hoxie isting models goals extend beyond simple identification follow standardized Farm site, Cook County. or providing and presentation of raw data. Rather, our protocols. Most of these remains are de- new insight objective is to integrate the macrobotanical rived from flotation samples; soil samples into our un- data into the entire archaeological data set, of known volume, systematically collected derstanding of in the attempt further our understanding from well-defined cultural contexts. These people’s use of plants of the complex inter-relationships between samples are processed using water flotation in the past. Most importantly, humans and plants, whether at the biologi- to extract carbonized plant remains. In 2009, these tables detail the raw data, mak- cal, social, political, or economic levels. In float processing took place at two ancillary ing it available for future researchers. this respect, analyses of archaeobotanical “Float Labs.” One is located near Alton Written reports or chapters were com- materials provide insight into tangible Illinois and operates under the direction pleted for eleven sites this year. As detailed issues of subsistence, technology, and en- of Amanda Gifford, and one is located in in Table 7, reports include two separate vironment as well as to more ephemeral Macomb and operates under the direction of chapters written by Kathryn Parker for the issues such as belief, ritual, and exchange. Susan Nolan. Processed and dried samples Russell site. Four chapters were for sites

2 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 3 that had been completely analyzed prior more mundane assemblages. All are archaeologically in the American Bottom to 2009. Two—Tree Row and Hawkins important for understanding prehistoric outside of Cahokia-related Mississippian Hollow—are long standing chapters life in Illinois. A summary of the sites for ceremonial contexts, was present in for reports that have been in progress which analysis was completed follows: several Late Woodland features, and for several years. Ray’s Bluff (11MS526) • Identified plant materials from almost certainly was obtained from an and the French Colonial Trotier (11S861) Fish Lake Patrick phase Late Woodland upland source. sites were more recently excavated. As features were plentiful, diverse, and Botanical remains were analyzed from of December 31, the IL 29/Caterpillar dominated by seeds, especially those of two George Reeves phase features (one Plant Entrance project report (11P783, cultivated Eastern Complex food staples, structure and one pit) and from nine 11P784, and 11P786) was complete and but also the non-food specialty plant, Lindeman phase features (six structures in production. The White Bend site tobacco. The unusually high frequency and three pits). The resulting data provide (11HA938) report for IL 336, Carthage to and ubiquity of tobacco seeds reflect insights into Terminal Late Woodland Macomb was almost completed and has a a routinely harvested and processed (TLW) II human/plant relationships, projected publication date of spring 2010. agricultural crop used by residents subsistence strategies and land use Draft reports were also finished for the in social/ritual contexts. Tobacco practices at the site that differed from Fish Lake (11M0608), Russell (11MS672), also may well have been a valuable those of Patrick phase predecessors. and Powerline (11MO598) sites, all of commodity produced and traded in The high ubiquity of maize in TLW II which are located in the American Bot- exchange for goods that were locally features is an indicator of increasing tom region of southwestern Illinois. For scarce or unavailable. Other aspects prominence accorded this crop during all three, the final archaeological reports of botanical recovery hint at unique the Terminal Late Woodland. While were still in progress as of December 2009. adaptations necessitated by the remote starchy grains (primarily maygrass) The components represented in the floodplain location, and the possible were also regarded as important staples 2009 sample assemblage ranged from development of trade with upland based on feature ubiquity, Lindeman Middle Archaic through Mississippian populations. Among the anomalies seed density was much lower than that in cultural affiliation and were located noted were extreme scarcity of wood in of the George Reeves assemblage, a across the western half of the state. Some flotation samples, suggesting difficulty in possible sign of declining use. Harvest of produced copious quantities of materials acquiring sufficient fuel and construction nut masts was also much reduced based that included the exotic or unusual, material. At the same time, red cedar, a on comparisons of nutshell frequencies while others produced much smaller, tree of dry uplands, and exceedingly rare between Patrick and TLWII assemblages.

Cleaning burned cane matting from the East St. Louis site.

2009 Annual Report 3 and naturally occurring plants suggest a represented is quite different than that light accumulation of domestic refuse represented at the Fish lake site. over the inhabited area rather than a The Power Line site also contained a small deliberate inclusion of plant material Lohmann phase component. The assemblage in mortuary rituals. was equally sparse and consisted primarily • The Power Line Late of wood, with a few seeds and no nutshell. Woodland Patrick phase plant Interestingly, corn was also absent. As assemblage provides an was true for the Patrick Phase component, Carbonized wood from the Brennan Hynd interesting contrast to that Mississippian occupants were using this site, St. Clair County . from the Fish Lake site, which location on a temporary or short-term basis A Lindemann is located only .5 km to the that left behind few residues of daily eating. phase structure, south. While the 21 analyzed features • The White Bend site (11HA938) is Feature 715, was contained for the most part the same types located on a south facing bluff base terrace outwardly typical of a of plants, absolute and relative quantities of the La Moine River in Hancock County TLWII domicile in size and configuration. were considerably lower that we would and provided evidence for three Archaic However, construction materials used in predict for a Patrick phase floodplain site. period occupations extending between this building included red cedar, a wood Like Fish Lake, members of the Eastern about 5000 and 4000 B.P. The earliest type rarely found apart from Mississippian Agricultural Complex account for the Helton phase is represented by five pit ceremonial contexts. Feature 715 and other majority of identified seed taxa. However features and one buried soil horizon; the structures and pits in the same cluster also following Falling Springs phase occupation harbored a unique artifact assemblage and a comprises two pit features; and the final, partial human cranium. The inclusion of red Hemphill phase occupation consist of both cedar wood, like the special contents of this two large deep roasting pits and associated group of features, marks an area that served a midden. The plant assemblages from these ritual function for Lindemann phase people. components have similar profiles, consisting Mississippian Lohmann and Moorehead almost exclusively of abundant nutshell phase components at the Fish Lake site and wood, but with limited taxonomic were each represented by one feature. diversity. Although we recognize that Charred botanical materials were people living in western Illinois had begun recovered from a Lohmann phase pit to manipulate some common annual plant (Feature 525) and a Moorehead phase species by 4,500 years ago, there is no wall trench structure (Feature 454), which evidence for those practices from White superimposed the earlier pit. The limited Bend. Of particular interest are the two botanical assemblage consisted of wood large Hemphill phase roasting pits. Fuel dominated by hickory, willow/poplar, wood recovered from these features was and other floodplain taxa, as well as scant almost entirely red oak and was associated maize, EEC cultigens, and nutshell. The with copious quantities of burned limestone Examination of botanical remains. botanical evidence reflects non-intensive and nutshell. While nutshells are indicative use of cultivated and wild plant resources the largest part of these comprised a seed of nut mast processing, their abundance in during brief Mississippian occupations. mass of over 3,000 chenopods from pit the roasting pits is interpreted as reflecting • Identified wood, maize, and seeds Feature 16. This mass includes thin coated or their use as fuel rather than the function of from the Russell site Mississippian mortuary quasi-domesticated morphs but almost half the features. Roasting pits (or “earth ovens”) complex were comparatively sparse, (44%) have the wild seed type morphology. are deep, multi-layered facilities that are especially when compared to nut remains Excluding this mass, seeds were scarce, traditionally used for moist cooking or from this area of the site. Burned nutshell as was nutshell and wood. No tobacco steaming, neither of which are appropriate masses (mainly hickory and/or black or other specialty plants were recovered. techniques for processing masses of nuts. walnut), each greater than 25 g, were Although three structures were excavated Rather, foodstuffs that lend themselves recovered from three features, including one at Power Line, it is apparent that the type or to that kind of preparation include fleshy burial (Feature 30) and two pits (Features nature of the o c c u p a t i o n plant parts like tubers, as well as meat. In 38 and 39). Nutshell masses associated particular, they would be useful for cooking with the mortuary complex and those in aquatic tubers or fish from the nearby La Mississippian domestic contexts at the Moine River. Based site appear identical, and presumably are products of the same routine mast harvest, processing and disposal regimen and not specifically related to burial activity. Seeds and maize fragments were diffusely dispersed among features in the mortuary area. The scarcity of seeds and the mix of taxa representing crops, fruits

Squash seeds, Fifteenth Century, Hoxie Farm site, Cook County.

4 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 5 on plant remains, we can infer that the terrace was Woven Matting regularly and repeatedly Among the more unusual and exciting finds visited by Archaic groups. of 2009 is a large piece of carbonized, woven The abundance of nutshell matting, recovered from the floor of burned struc- and location on a south ture, Feature 181, at the East St Louis site in the facing terrace points to fall American Bottom. This matting is made of split occupation when nuts were cane, woven in a probable 5 over 5, twill pattern. readily available and people Twilling, or plaiting, was a common method used could take advantage of prehistorically and historically for the construc- warmth provided by the tion of mats, baskets, or similar implements and southern exposure. enjoyed widespread use across North America. • Three sites (11P783, Nonetheless, traces of the art are rarely recovered 11P784, and 11P786) were located along a large from archaeological sites in the Midwest. Although terrace in the Illinois River difficult to determine with certainty, it appears that floodplain during survey one end of the East St. Louis piece is unwoven, at the Caterpillar Plant. and, in situ, the ends appear to be draped over a Although 11P784 and 11P786 large piece of red cedar wood. However because are multi-component, at all of the piece’s fragility, it is not possible to deter- three the main occupations mine if this is a fortuitous occurrence or if the two represented date to the were somehow associated. Careful removal of poorly known, early Late surrounding dirt revealed numerous small, intact, Woodland, Myer-Dickson cane stem fragments in the adjacent soil matrix, phase (about A.D. 400– suggesting that the matting could have been a 600). The Myer-Dickson piece in progress when the structure burned. phase plant assemblages Archaeologist and textile expert, Jeff Illingworth are internally consistent and of Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst are dominated by wood and College, Erie Pennsylvania, visited ITARP on nutshell. The recovery of September 14, 2009 to examine the fragment. Dur- maygrass and squash rind, ing that time, ITARP also produced a short video albeit in very low counts, discussing the woven matting. The video, which reflects use of cultivated includes shots of the East St. Louis mat fragment, crop plants. In view of is available for viewing at http://www.isas.illinois. the plant use record for edu/public_engagement/videos.shtml. Textiles this part of the state, this and matting fragments are rarely preserved in finding conforms to prior archaeological context, particularly from open-air assumptions. However, the sites. Those that are found are the consequence of natures of the assemblages fortuitous incidences of preservation, particularly as a whole are consistent catastrophic and rapid conflagration episodes, as with interpretations of these was apparently the case for Feature 181. The sites as being short-term excellent preservation afforded in this case is also occupations. To date, these evidenced in the presence of in situ fragments three assemblages are the of wall posts, which have yet to be analyzed. only ones we are aware of The East St. Louis basketry joins textiles from that have been analyzed and the Janey B. Goode site (excavated in 2005), as reported from Myer-Dickson among the few examples of an extensive, impor- phase sites in this part of tant, but poorly represented, prehistoric industry. west central Illinois. Thus, while assemblages are not particularly notable in any respect, they mortuary context at the Brennan Hynd site. for publication, with a projected date of provide an important basis for future study. This piece was identified as white oak, but 2010. By far the most unusual and unique Most of the work done in 2009 involved its presence in a possible mortuary feature material recovered in 2009 was large piece analysis of either flotation samples or hand- remains enigmatic. Simon has continued of burned cane matting found on the floor of collected charcoal samples. As is invariably to work with the non-carbonized squash a burned structure at the East St. Louis site the case, however, we were also fortunate seeds from the Hoxie Farm site. Numeric (11S706). This work is further detailed above. to be able to work with some unique and analysis of the domesticated C. pepo seeds Public outreach remains an important unusual botanical artifacts. Included is the suggests that two or more varieties maybe part of our mission. In 2009, Dale McElrath, large, very thin and slightly curved piece represented. A manuscript detailing the Mary Simon, Alice Berkson, and others of carbonized wood recovered from a results of these analyses is in preparation completed work on the Illinois archaeology

2009 Annual Report 5 curriculum for the Illinois Master Naturalist Program. This program is offered to interested adults through the University of Illinois Agricultural Extension Center (UIUC Extension). The archaeology module will be incorporated as part of the greater Master Naturalist training program. It is an excellent way to introduce adults to the prehistory of Illinois and to the scope and importance of archaeological work in the state. Along these same lines, ITARP has renewed its overall efforts to inform and educate the general public about archaeology. To further his objective, Stripping siding from 1830s timber frame residence, Yorkville. Simon worked with McElrath in writing of the Historic Archaeology Laboratory In terms of major survey projects, the HAL two articles for the Illinois Steward, published (HAL) is the identification, evaluation, contributed background research and site quarterly by UIUC Extension. The first and documentation of historic period summary data for the recently completed article appeared in the Spring 2009 issue and archaeological resources from sites Phase I survey for the new IL 336 (FAP was entitled “Prehistoric Use of the Prairie.” distributed throughout Illinois. In this 315) corridor between Peoria and Macomb, The second, an overview of the Early Archaic capacity, the staff participates at all levels— and assisted in the ongoing US 51 corridor period in Illinois, was published in the Fall from initial historical research through survey. In addition, a number of older 2009 issue. The latter is the first in a series of project planning and implementation, projects were either completed or moved articles about Illinois culture history planned testing and evaluation, and ultimately, toward completion, including mitigation for the next several issues. The next, covering the mitigation of significant sites. reports for three pre-Civil War farmsteads. the Middle and Late Archaic, is planned for As usual, a significant amount of effort These included the Rimfire site (11GE675) the Spring 2010 issue. All these activities was expended relative to the planning in Greene County, the Frozen Ground site and programs are integral to our efforts in process, with prefield research focusing (11MG268) in Morgan County, and the educating the public about Illinois prehistory on a wide range of documentary resources, Excelsior site (11BR429) in Brown County. and the importance of archaeology. including deed and tax records, maps and In addition to our normal research atlases, county histories, and any other mandate, which is dominated by the study Historic Archaeology Laboratory sources that would provide information of archaeological deposits relating to the relevant to the development history and nineteenth century agrarian development Under the direction of Mark Branstner, resultant archaeological sensitivity of of Illinois, this season marked a significant and with the assistance of Lauren Bridges specific project areas. These data provide extension of our work into areas that and Wade Tharp, the primary mission the foundation for the initial survey efforts have been only rarely addressed—the and ultimately, for archaeology of standing structures and the interpretation urban archaeology of the far more recent past. of all results, from Building on our recent work with the Phase I survey discovery and documentation of the ca. 1830 through Phase timber-framed DeBaun house in Madison III mitigation County, similar methods were applied to efforts, with more another early structure in northern Kendall than 200 new County. Historically documented as one survey projects of the earliest frame structures in the town u n d e r t a k e n of Yorkville, controlled demolition of this during the 2009 ca. 1830 residence revealed a surprisingly field season, as complex construction history, one that well as continuing began with a relatively small 1½ story coordination with timber frame structure, but reached its ongoing research ultimate expression as a far more elaborate efforts throughout two-story upright-and-wing residence the state of Illinois. of the Classical Revival period. Later in Early Nineteenth Century Staffordshire pitcher fragment, DeBaun site, Madison County.

6 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 7 Hog Capital of the Nation: The Rise and Fall of the East St. Louis Stockyards

Opened in 1873 and incorporated as National City, Illinois in 1907, the Saint Louis National Stock Yards represented one of the largest livestock processing facilities in the world. At its peak, the facility encompassed 650 acres, employed more than 10,000 workers, and had the ability to process 25,000 cattle, 25,000 sheep, 5,000 horses and mules, and 50,000 hogs daily, fully justifying is status as Hog Capital of the Nation. Abandoned in 1997, the last vestiges of the complex will soon be replaced by the new I-70 Mississippi River Bridge. While the physical remains of the stockyard add little to our understanding of its operations through time, its construction— and in particular, the addition of several feet of fill to the overall area—inadvertently preserved extensive and highly significant deposits relating to the previous Native American settlement of the site. By the end of 2009 field season, at least 566 prehistoric features have been excavated including posts, large post pits, pits, hearths, and 111 typical Missippian structures. Expansion of the archaeological investigations into the surrounding neighborhoods has the revealed the presence of more than 100 features that reflect the lives of the area’s working class residents, witha particularly strong emphasis of the period ca. 1880–1930.

Cattle pens ca. 1910 JFK campaign at the stockyards ca. 1960 Current excavations

the same season, a similar “excavation” architectural significance relating to the regional venues. Of these, perhaps the of the second DeBaun residence—a stockyards remained extant, mitigative most significant were a series of papers Classical Revival I-house presumably excavation of the surrounding working covering ITARP’s recent work at the dating to the 1840s—revealed a very similar class neighborhoods has revealed extensive ca. 1830–60 DeBaun farmstead site development history, with a much smaller deposits relating to their presence, from the (11MS2258) in northern Madison County, 1½ story timber-framed residence at its core. late nineteenth century through at least the which were presented at the Annual Meeting If our interest in standing structure 1930s. As of the close of 2009, more than of the Society for Historical Archaeology in archaeology is generally consistent with 80 trash pits, privies, cisterns, wells, and Toronto, Canada; the Symposium on Ohio the focus on Illinois’ pre-Civil War history, cellars have been excavated. It is expected Valley Urban and Historic Archaeology at ITARP’s recent work in association that these deposits, and additional deposits Ball State University in Indiana; and the with the site of the old East St. Louis to be excavated in 2010, will provide a new Conference on Illinois History in Springfield. Stockyards represents something of a and perhaps unique glimpse into the daily Professional publications included departure. Founded in 1873, the stockyards lives of another segment of Illinois’ under- an Illinois Antiquity article summarizing evolved into one of the largest livestock documented working class population. ITARP excavations and recoveries at the processing facilities in the United States, In addition to the incidental research work ca. 1815–30 Buckmaster homestead site employing more than 10,000 workers at undertaken in 2009, Branstner presented (11MS2254) in Madison County and con- its peak. While little of archaeological or a number of papers at both national and

2009 Annual Report 7 tributions to the archaeology section of an Illinois Master Naturalist curriculum guide. Outreach activities included a presentation at the local chapter of the Illinois As- sociation for the Advancement of Archaeology (IAAA) and continued cooperation with the ITARP-sponsored testing of the War of 1812 Fort Johnson site. The latter resulted in a joint presentation at the Midwest Ar- chaeological Conference in Des Moines, Iowa.

Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials (ATAM)

The Program on Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials (ATAM), an archaeological science program, is a division of ITARP primarily funded by UIUC and directed by Dr. Sarah Wisseman. Research continued in the areas of sourcing pipestone, experimental archaeology, and analyses of ancient materials. Pottery-working tools and ceramic reproductions. Our pipestone project focused on tracing the use of Minnesota catlinite in International Symposium on Archaeom- diffraction work by Mauro Sardela of the different parts of the Midwest, especially etry held in Siena, Italy in May 2008. Materials Research Labortory at UIUC Iowa, and tracking down additional quar- Experimental archaeology work with detected high silica content, which means ries of carvable rock. Publications were Alexey Zelin (ITARP Special Projects) that the clay turns glassy (and warps) at completed (to proof stage) on Iowa red included making and testing tiles and relatively low temperatures. Wisseman pipestones from Oneota villages (with rods from clay obtained from the Sartorius also completed an article on corn and Rich Fishel), quarry usage (in a sympo- site (11HA360) in Hancock County and lime processing for Illinois Archaeology. sium proceedings volume for the Imple- firing them to various temperatures to With Dale McElrath, we tested a sooty ment Petrology Group of York, England), determine the cause of warping of ceramic deposit inside a Prairie Lake phase pipe and an electronic proceedings for the materials recovered from the site. X-ray from the Missouri-Pacific #2 site (11S46) for the earliest tobacco use in North Amer- ica. Dr. Lucas (Zhong) Li and Alexander V. Ulanov in the Metabolomics Center (Biotechnology and Chemistry, UIUC) extracted a tiny sample for GC-MS (gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy), an analytical technique used to identify organic residues from antiquity; however, they were unable to detect nicotine. Outreach activities included a presentation on “Writing and Communi- cating your Research” by Wisseman at the Undergraduate Research Symposium sponsored by the Provost’s Office in February 2009 and working with Central High School intern Allie Huber during the spring semester through the Educa- tion to Careers Program (Champaign Public Schools). Huber toured ITARP facilities, studied and wrote a paper on PIMA spectroscopy, and completed a hands-on project replicating Greek black and red ceramics under Wisseman’s su- pervision. Wisseman also participated in a public workshop on mummies at Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis of soot residues in 3,000 year old pipe. the Spurlock Museum in August 2009.

8 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 9 Pottery Workshop On November 11, 2009, ATAM and ITARP co- and graduate students to “think like a potter” and Participants then experimented with variety of sponsored a very successful event with Joan Molloy produce round-bottomed pots using bowl-shaped surface impressions using simple tools (twined Slack, a potter, tile maker, and teacher. Slack, who molds and body parts (for example, elbows and knees). fiber, cord-wrapped sticks, sharp-pointed twigs, directs the Riverrun Center for the Arts in northern After making the base of each pot, the clay was shells, etc.) and burnishing their pots with smooth Wisconsin, is an expert on making replicas of North allowed to partially dry before adding coils to form the pebbles. After following Slack’s suggestion to American prehistoric pottery (http://www.riverrunarts. shoulders and rims. Each coil was merged with the one further enhance some pots with a red iron-oxide com). Slack presented a full-day workshop that below by smoothing with shell scrapers and fingers wash, Sarah Wisseman and several eager ITARP combined slide shows of construction and decorating until the joins were invisible. Participants discovered volunteers helped fire the class pots in Wisseman’s techniques from around the world interspersed with that the combination of a mold-formed base and a backyard, using sawdust to create a reducing hands-on pottery-making sessions. Slack encouraged coiled top is a much more efficient way to produce environment. This method produced variegated ITARP archaeologists and UIUC Anthropology faculty quantities of handmade pottery than using coils alone. colors and marked sooting patterns on the pottery.

ATAM’s biggest event of the year was Diversity and Complexity across the Mid- coordination with Laura Kozuch for the an all-day workshop with Wisconsin pot- continent (see accompanying article). Preservation Working Group (UIUC). ter, Joan Slack, presented to enthusiastic Photography completed during 2009 A large back-lit poster was created for participants from ITARP and the UIUC An- included but was not limited to Hoxie the Greater Rockford Regional Airport thropology Department (see article above). Farm large and small ceramics, seeds, corn Shumway Site Exhibit by Mike Lewis and kernels, and a shell paddle; logs from the Linda Alexander. A third oversized poster Production Brennan Hynd site; dog burials from the was created for IDOT Career Day 2009 Crawford Farms site; the Robert Reber (Springfield) by Linda Alexander and Production manager, Mike Lewis, private lithic collection; a selection of Tree Corinne Carlson and detailed the scope and staff members—including photog- Row site projectile points; a selection of of work and responsibilities at ITARP. rapher/illustrator, Linda Alexander, Cass site lithics; the Janey B. Goode site In February 2009, ITARP received a and production coordinators, Sarah fabric mat; the Rhodes site historic collec- request from the Chicago Rockford Inter- Boyer, Corinne Carlson, and Angie Pat- tion; Buffalo Chip site ceramics; and the national Airport to create an interpretive ton—comprise the Production staff. Fish Lake site lithic material (inclusive). display in their terminal to highlight Two thousand nine saw the publi- Graphic design in 2009 included three archaeological work done at the airport. cation of approximately seven IDOT major posters. The Production Division The setting of the Rockford airport, at compliance reports, Illinois Archaeology created a large poster for the Public En- the confluence of the Kishwaukee and (vol. 21), the 2008 ITARP Annual Report, gagement and Technology Showcase held Rock Rivers, has an over 8,000 year history as well as the completion of the highly at the Illini Union. This was designed by of human habitation. It’s rich aquatic and anticipated publication Archaic Societies: Linda Alexander and Corinne Carlson in terrestrial resources attracted the region’s

2009 Annual Report 9 the War of 1812, located near modern-day Warsaw, Illinois. Archaic Societies These videos provide an opportunity for ITARP to share Diversity and Complexity with the public excavations in across the Midcontinent progress and the resulting find- ings in a more accessible format. ITARP continues to distrib- During 2009, the long awaited Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity ute IAS and ITARP publica- across the Midcontinent saw its debut. This exhaustive look at chronologies tions through journal ads, the and cultures in the midcontinent during the Archaic period is the direct ITARP website, and regional result of statewide overviews, presented by over 40 regional experts and archaeological conferences. In specialists at the Urbana Archaic Conference held at the Levis Faculty 2009, publications were sold Center on the UIUC campus in December, 2004. The best testimonial we at the IAS Annual Meeting in can find for the volume is provided by Gary Dunham, editor for the State Springfield, Illinois and the University of New York Press, who advertises the volume as follows: Midwest Archaeological Confer- ence in Iowa City, Iowa. In Sweeping and detailed, this long awaited volume is an indispensable addition, ITARP started dis- guide to the Archaic period across the midcontinent. Archaeologists tributing the newly reprinted Discover Illinois Archaeology, throughout the region share the latest excavation results and analytical published by the IAS and the perspectives to reveal and reinterpret the worlds of those Native peoples Illinois Association for Advance- who lived there for some 9,000 years (up to about 3,000 years ago). Of ment of Archaeology (IAAA). particular concern is the establishment of relative and absolute chronologies for the Archaic period, the relation- The Illinois Cultural Re- ships between the artifacts left behind and the peoples who made and used them, and the changing interactions source Management Document between cultures, climate, and landscape. Archaeologists offer useful, up-to-date overviews of Archaic societies, Archive Project is managed and maintained by the Illinois assessment of stratigraphic sequences, and detailed discussions of finds and interpretations from the Missis- Transportation Archaeological sippi and Ohio river regions and the Great Lakes. Comprehensive and accessible, this landmark book is a must Research Program (ITARP), a for anyone wanting to understand a crucial but little-understood period in North America’s prehistory. joint intergovernmental program of the Illinois Depart- ment of Transportation (IDOT) earliest hunters and gatherers and later In 2009, ITARP extended public out- and the University of Illinois (UIUC). mound building and farming peoples. reach efforts by incorporating video into The CRM Document Archive Project When airport expansion was under- the production schedule. Short videos Database went live in March of 2009, taken in the mid-1990s archaeological evi- are available via our website. Addition- posting 12,693 documents. These archi- dence of both native and Euro-American ally, a YouTube channel was created to val documents contain certain restricted occupation was identified. Excavations host longer videos. These videos are an information on archaeological site discovered native campsites as well as the effective way to communicate ITARP’s locations which could endanger these 1830–50s pioneer home site of the Shum- commitment to preserving historic and resources if made public. Consequently, way family. The Shumways went on to cre- archaeological ate one of the largest North American seed resources while companies in the early twentieth century. educating the This archaeological research brought ex- public about citing new insights into native and Euro- these efforts. American history in north-central Illinois. Short videos The airport exhibit, entitled Progress were made of and Preservation, contained a large back- a visiting ana- lit poster of Shumway images created lyst who exam- by Mike Lewis and Linda Alexander. ined prehistoric They also designed a display of arti- matting recov- facts from the Shumway site: thimbles, ered from the needles, buttons, tea cups, chinaware, East St. Louis utensils, projectile points, gun flints, site. Video pro- pottery, and clay pipes. Robert Mazrim, duction work ITARP outreach coordinator, created began on the the text and selected the artifacts. This investigations exhibit provided significant informa- at Fort Johnson, tion with supportive visuals about life an early 1800s in the early days of Winnebago County. fort built during Illustrating bottles for the upcoming volume, “Bottled in Illinois: The Embossed Bottles and Bottled Products of Early Merchants from Chicago to Cairo, 1840–1880.”

10 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 11 access to the archive is restricted to software relating professional archaeologists who meet to electronic data appropriate state and federal standards. collection equip- By the end of 2009 over 17,000 ment (Trimble and documents have been scanned Sokkia) and Quick for inclusion in the database. Terrain Modeler A three-year computer upgrade plan software for use was completed in 2009. Computers that in LiDAR (Light were five years or older were replaced D e t e c t i o n a n d with new Apple iMacs. The previous two Ranging) derived years (2007, 2008) computers at ITARP terrain visualiza- main offices in Champaign, American tion. We also assist Bottom, and the Western Illinois Survey with field collec- Divisions were upgraded. This final tion of spatial data year computers were replaced at the through use of Northern Illinois Survey Division and the GPS receivers and Springfield Research Office. In addition, Electronic Total computers and a printer were installed Stations. The elec- at the new Salisbury Research Lab. tronic field data is integrated with Cartography other site and/ or project-specific ITARP’s Cartography/GIS Lab, under data (feature maps, the direction of Mike Farkas and with the ROW plans, aerial assistance of Coren Buffington, provides photography, re- spatial, cartographic, GIS, and site model- mote sensed data) ing support to the program. Located in the to create site- and main program office on the UIUC campus, project-specific GIS Video recording. the Cartography Lab houses three PC databases. This is used in the spatial (PNS). Projects received by the Statewide workstations, two large format digitizing analysis of sites and projects and to Survey Division are summarized and for- tablets, and a large format scanner. Our create figures for use in publications. warded to the GIS Lab where an informa- primary software is ESRI’s ArcGIS 9.3 We also have a heavy involvement in tion packet is generated specific to each application suite along with proprietary the IDOT Project Notification System project. This consists of project location

Tribal Consultation Workshop

Consultation with local communities, federally recognized tribes, and other interested parties is an important part of the Section 106 compliance process of the National Historic Preservation Act. Over the past decade IDOT and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have actively consulted on transportation projects with federally recognized tribes, including the Illinois (Peoria), Ho-Chunk, Kickapoo, Potawatomi, and others that ceded lands in Illinois to the federal government nearly two centuries ago. There are, however, a number of tribes that did not historically cede lands who believe they have ancestral connections to the state. In November 2008, a tribal consultation workshop was held to address issues of interest to these tribes; a follow-up workshop was held during July. The primary goal of this workshop was to develop a Memorandum of Understand (MOU) that would guide Section 106 tribal consultation in Illinois. Invitations were extended to more than two dozen tribes, and ITARP staff provided organizational and logistical support for the workshop. Participants in the workshop included staff from ITARP, IDOT, FHWA, the Illinois State Historic Preservation Office, and the Illinois State Museum in addition to representatives from nine tribes: Absentee Shawnee, Ho-Chunk, Iowa (of Kansas and Nebraska), Kaw, Kickapoo (of Kansas), Osage, Ponca, Pokagon Band-Potawatomi, and Sac-Fox (of Oklahoma). The workshop concluded with a draft MOU that is currently being finalized. Another product of the tribal consultation workshop was the creation of a computerized project notification system. The Project Notification Systems (PNS)— created after the first workshop for IDOT and FHWA by ITARP with technical assistance from UIUC—has become a key component of the consultation process in Illinois. The system is a web-based, interactive method of communicating with the tribes that allows the tribes to obtain project information as soon as it is available to IDOT engineers. Furthermore, it allows tribe members to immediately transmit any concerns they might have to IDOT. The PNS was used in 2009 to post more than 250 IDOT projects. At the workshop, the PNS was accepted by all in attendance as the standard method of project notification, and since the workshop, it has proved to be an extremely effective means of tribal consultation, attracting the attention of Departments of Transportation across the U.S. One of the major concerns of tribes has been the protection and preservation of burial mounds and cemeteries. Most Illinois mound sites were reported in the 1930s and 1940s and have not been revisited since. As part of the new tribal consultation process, when feasible, native mortuary sites located within two miles of IDOT projects will be revisited to ensure that the sites are not to be impacted by IDOT projects, that their locations are correctly reported, and that their current condition is documented. This good faith effort by IDOT has demonstrated to the tribes that IDOT is being proactive in its protection of sites of importance to its former native inhabitants.

2009 Annual Report 11 The GIS/Car- to visualize landforms and terrain and to tography Lab also identify subtle features of the landscape, provides program- especially burial mounds and other ar- wide access to the chaeological modifications to the landscape. state archaeological Continuing progress was made with site file database the scanning of oversized field maps. This (IAS database). creates digital archival copies of our col- The archaeologi- lection of archaeological field maps and cal sites database will help ensure the continued preserva- is maintained and tion of these invaluable maps by using provided to ITARP the digital copies for research while the by the Illinois State originals remain in our curation facilities. Museum (ISM). Over 800 maps were scanned this past year. Once received by The Lab maintains the program’s electron- ITARP, the data ic mapping equipment, specifically, elec- is formatted into tronic Total Stations and GPS receivers and county-specific GIS data-loggers. The Lab developed a system projects for use by for sending highly accurate GPS-mapped ITARP staff. We also archaeological site locational data to the house and maintain ISM, thereby bypassing the need to digi- the Illinois Inventory tize the data and eliminating the inherent of Burial Sites (IIBS). introduction of spatial error. To date, ITARP The Cartography/ is the only organization supplying such GIS Lab created precise data to the state site files inventory. this spatial database during 2003– Curation 04. As the name implies, it contains Curator Dr. Laura Kozuch and a staff the locations and of seven manage ITARP collections. The other attribute data curator’s responsibilities include all as- of known archaeo- pects of collections management, with logical burial and the attendant creation and maintenance mound sites located of databases, policy writing and imple- within the state of mentation, and the preparation of grant Digitizing archaeological site map. Illinois. This data- applications. The Charles J. Bareis Docu- set is continually ments Collection, a repository of Cultural maps and a summary of nearby mortuary- updated and now contains over 3,100 Resource Management related documents related archaeological sites (contained in records. As part of the PNS system, ITARP and other archaeological resources, is the Illinois Inventory of Burial Sites). This field crews revisit known IIBS sites and also under the purview of Curation. information is then uploaded to the PNS update the master database with cur- The Curation Division provides guid- for access by tribal representatives, ITARP rent conditions and status of each site. ance and seeks advice from profes- field archaeologists, and other IDOT staff. During 2009, we began to investigate sional conservators regarding ITARP We also manage the PNS, its tribal and LiDAR technology and data sources to deter- collections, including the preservation agency contacts and all communication mine their utility to ITARP. This technology of perishables; oversees transfers of sent by or received relating to the PNS. shows great promise in assisting our ability large volumes of collections from other

LiDAR overview of Aiken Bluff landscape, Jo Daviess County (left); LiDAR images of bird effigy and linear mounds, Aiken Bluff, Jo Daviess County (right).

12 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 13 linois was accepted from the Sailor family in 2009. This donation will enhance understanding of the prehistory of a lesser- known part of the state. Curation personnel deal with all requests to view and handle artifacts, photographs, documents, and library materials that ITARP

stewards. In 2009, a total of 123 hours were spent on collections use by staff, outside researchers, and outloans. An exhibit request procedure was created to formalize ITARP staff involvement in exhibits planned with other institutions. Collections specialist and lithic anayst, Stephanie Daniels, cataloged more than 800 volumes into the Chares J. Bareis Docu- ments Collection, which houses more than 22,000 items. Daniels has spearheaded the digital document project since 2005 and has overseen the digitization of a variety of photographic and written documents, including slides from FAI-270 investigations undertaken in the 1970s and 1980s, documents and photos from the Fisher, Crawford Farm, and Cahokia sites, dissertations, and journal and newspaper articles. Cre- ation of a digital database w i l l greatly fa- c i l i t a t e a c c e s s t o a n d use of these

Re-housed Cahokia collections (above); shell effigy, Eleventh to Thirteenth Centuries, Sawmill Mound, important images. A total of 715 oversized Cahokia (top right); earspool, Eleventh to Thirteenth Centuries, Powell Mound, Cahokia (middle right). documents (mostly maps) were cataloged and housed. institutions; maintains and stores collections, using appropri- Kim Wurl handles the enormous backlog of documents gener- ate methods and containers; and monitors storage areas with ated by archaeological projects from the 1970s through the 1990s. respect to access, security, and proper environmental conditions Nearly 45,000 documents, including the large collection from the to reduce pest and water damage, mold, and ultraviolet risk. Historic Sites Survey, were processed and entered into the document This many-faceted job ne- cessitates cataloging old collections and re-housing them, especially if they have been stored in acidic paper bags (more information related to re-housing is found on page 14 of this report). Many important collections stored at ITARP were obtained in the early twentieth century, such as those from the Cahokia, Utica, Fisher, and Anker sites. Apropos this issue, Kozuch wrote a successful National Endowment for the Humani- ties (NEH) grant in 2008 to catalog and re-house ITARP’s large Cahokia collection. (see accompanying article.) Curation staff handles the accession of private donations. A collection of Iroquois County artifacts from northeastern Il- Preparing vessel for photography, Nineth Century A.D., Range site, St. Clair County . continued on page 15 2009 Annual Report 13 Cataloging and Re-Housing Cahokia Collections National Endowment for the Humanities Grant

In 2008, ITARP received a $111,000 grant from NEH context and artifacts from mounds being destroyed; to help catalog and re-house its Cahokia collections. (2) archaeological field schools; and (3) highway This two-year grant pays for two-thirds of all salvage excavations undertaken in the related costs including materials and staff 1960s-80s as part of IDOT construction salaries. ITARP houses approximately projects. These irreplaceable 550 boxes (981 ft3) of Cahokia collections. collections are from renowned The famous Cahokia site has mounds, plazas, and habitation worldwide importance areas, many of which have been and has been widely destroyed by modern development, acclaimed by its recognition and include such unique artifacts as as a UNESCO World Heritage site the fenestrated shell gorget, the Birger (http://www.whc.unesco/org/en/list/198), Figurine, the Sponemann Figurine, acknowledgement on the National Register of the Grossman celt cache, the Cahokia Historic Places (http://www.cr.nps.gov/worldheritage/ point cache, and six ceramic shell cup effigies. Charles J. Bareis Collections cahokia.htm), and as a National Landmark. ITARP also houses Cahokia collections generated During its heyday in the twelfth century A.D., Cahokia Moorehead Collections by the UIUC from 1960 to 1991. Excavations in the encompassed approximately five square ITARP has most of the Cahokia collections 1960s and 1970s were cooperative efforts among three miles. The site possessed a planned from Warren K. Moorehead’s excavations major institutions, the University of Illinois, the Illinois layout and included many complex in the 1920s. He excavated portions of State Museum, and Southern Illinois University, with architectural features. More than 100 Edwards Mounds, Harding Mound (AKA funding from a National Science Foundation grant, earthen mounds dotted the Cahokia Rattlesnake Mound), Sawmill Mound, IDOT, and UIUC field schools. Professor Charles Bareis environs. Of these, the ca. 100 ft. tall Stock Yard Village, Tippett’s Mound, was well known for training budding archaeologists, Monks Mound is the largest earthen James Ramey Mound, and Jesse Ramey and his Cahokia field schools became a standard mound in North America. Calendrical Mound. It was largely Moorehead’s efforts in the field. In addition to work at Cahokia, Bareis devices commonly called woodhenges, with the Illinois legislature that led to the also directed all the highway salvage archaeological consisting of upright wooden posts set creation of Cahokia Mounds State Park. projects in Illinois during his 36 year tenure. in circles similar to the standing stones In 1930 and 1931 Powell Mound at at Stonehenge, were erected. A wooden Cahokia was destroyed for landfill (Fowler Grant Highlights stockade was constructed around the central 1997:158). At the urging of Moorehead, Paul The grant will increase the visibility of ITARP ceremonial district about A.D. 1200. Cahokia was A. Titterington, Thorne Deuel, and A. R. Kelly were • to the public, resulting in an increased abandoned some 100 years later in the 1300s. there to observe the destruction. The portion of land on number of requests to view and research The University of Illinois (UI) has been involved which Powell Mound once stood was Cahokia collections. in Cahokia archaeology since the acquired by the Archaeological • Cahokia collections will be re-housed 1920s, and these excavations Conservancy in 2007. Very little according to modern standards for the have produced the collections of the once 40 foot high mound care of archaeological collections, the that are now curated at ITARP. now remains. ITARP houses most applicable of which is 36 CFR Part The collection sources include: artifacts gathered during this 79, “Curation of Federally-Owned and (1) privately- and UI-funded destruction of Powell Mound, as Administered Archaeological Collections.” excavations in the 1920s through well as artifacts from Charles H. • Artifacts will be re-housed from acidic paper 1930s to either conduct research Bareis’s later excavations of areas beneath Powell bags into re-closeable polyethylene bags. investigations (“expeditions”) or to rescue the Mound done with the help of UIUC field schools. • The artifact catalog is an item-by-item inventory, except for bulk artifacts such as bags of soil samples or chert flakes. • Descriptions of archived field notes, photos (year-by-year), and each project investigator will be available for download (in PDF format). • Photographs of notable artifacts will be online as a thumbnail with the database entry. • Kozuch, Daniels, and Lewis will present a paper about at the project at the Society for American Archaeology annual meeting in April 2010. • Additional personnel (three full-time and two part-time) were hired to implement the Cahokia project. • As of December 2009, 420 of the 550 artifact boxes are complete. • The project is running smoothly, the database is up and running and it will be complete in December 2010.

Artifacts: Mound 20 beaker (top); hooded water bottle (center); Mound 51 human foot effigy (bottom) 14 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 15 database this year. She also re-housed and inventoried artifacts transferred to ITARP from the Lab of Anthropology (UIUC). Kozuch is also a member of the UIUC Preservation Working Group, a committee dedicated to the preservation of the campus’ heritage collections with a strong commitment to public engagement (for more information regarding PWG, see page 30).

Faunal Laboratory

ITARP faunal analyst, Steve Kuehn, is responsible for the identification, analysis, and interpretation of prehistoric and historic faunal assemblages from sites across Illinois. In addition to the preparation of faunal reports based on his analyses, Kuehn maintains and continues to develop the ITARP faunal comparative collection at ITARP’s Neil Street Lab facility. Faunal material (consisting of bone, teeth, antler, fish scale, mollusk shell, and eggshell) is recovered from a variety of archaeological sites and can provide important information on diet, animal exploitation strategies, habitat and resource availability, seasonality, and butchery practices. Faunal assemblages were analyzed and reports submitted for numerous sites investigated by ITARP archaeologists. Most of the Bison scapula and bone and antler implements, Twelfth Century A.D., Orendorf site, Fulton County (above); wolf canine pendant, Nineth Century A.D., Bluff Road site, Monroe County (below). work done for the Western Illinois Survey Division (WISD) was associated with Ar- were included in the diet, reflecting a (11SC1134) and Rockwell Village (11MN236) chaic and Woodland sites. Kuehn completed broad-based faunal exploitation strategy. sites. Dobey contains large quantities of river his analysis of the Hemphill, Helton, and A series of Weaver occupation house- mussels and fish, along with deer, smaller Falling Spring phase faunal remains from holds at 11HA360 and 11HA949 produced mammals, birds, turtles, and similar the White Bend site (11HA938). Despite mar- over 4,500 pieces of bone and shell. The taxa consistent with a Weaver ginal preservation, deer, dog/coyote, musk- amount of faunal material recovered varies occupation. The Havana-age rat, raccoon, beaver, pocket gopher, tree between households, but deer and aquatic assemblage from Rockwell Vil- squirrel, painted turtle, softshell turtle, and resources (especially fish) are ubiquitous. lage is rife with fish remains, freshwater drum remains were recognized. Overall a range of taxa is represented, especially species from A final report on the Weaver faunal as- demonstrating the broad-based faunal ex- backwater lake habitats, as semblages from 11HA360 and 11HA949 ploitation strategy characteristic of other, well as mussel shell and was completed in 2009. Deer and aquatic larger Weaver sites in west-central Illinois. bones from waterfowl, resources, especially fish, were heavily Analysis of the Mary Craig (11PK1567) small and medium-sized utilized but as at other Weaver sites in west- faunal assemblage continued in 2009, with mammals, turtles, and deer. central Illinois, a an array of fish remains recovered, along Numerous large and small range of animals with the bones of deer, turtle, duck, faunal assemblages from the

Perforated turtle beaver, and mink. A final report American Bottom Survey Divi- shell, Nineth Century on this single component Late sion (ABSD) were examined in A.D., Fish Woodland La Crosse phase 2009. Identifications are currently Lake site, Monroe assemblage should be com- underway for the Brennan Hynd site County. pleted in 2010. Small fau- (11S1492) and several Mississippian ham- nal assemblages from lets excavated in the Sauget Industrial Park 11P783, 11P784, and project area in St. Clair County, Illinois. Fish 11P786 were analyzed predominate in the Sauget site assemblages, and summary tables with relatively little deer bone recovered. forwarded to the Further study of the Sauget Industrial Park WISD Lab. Kuehn assemblages should provide important data also began the analy- on faunal exploitation at rural Mississippian sis of faunal mate- settlements in the American Bottom. Speci- rial from the Dobey men identifications were completed for the 2009 Annual Report 15 ITARP—North To Alaska! Archaeologists Dr. Kris Hedman and Steve Kuehn Lillie (11MS662) and Sponemann (11MS517) took their expertise on sites, with a full analysis anticipated for 2010. the road this summer Fish and deer remains predominate in both as they participated in assemblages, with a moderate amount of the excavation of a Late bird bone also found at the Sponemann site. Pleistocene hunting Analysis of the Late Woodland Pat- camp in northwestern rick phase fauna from the Fish Lake site Alaska, the Raven Bluff (11MO608) was completed in 2009, and the site (DEL402), under the results presented in a Fish Lake symposium aegis of the Bureau of at the annual Mid- west Archaeological Land Management (BLM). Conference. Over 10,000 pieces of Situated on a bedrock rise bone, shell, and fish scale were on the treeless landscape recovered, including a large north of the Brooks Range, quantity of worked bone and shell the Raven Bluff site was artifacts. Numer- ous awls and discovered by Bill Hedman (BLM-Central Yukon site. The 24-hour sunlight made for optimum working perforating tools, decorated and Field Office Archaeologist) in 2007. Initial testing conditions, with field days lasting 10–12 hours. Weather plain shuttles, a fish gorge, at the site recovered Paleoindian microblades and conditions varied considerably from near-freezing to worked turtle shell, antler billets, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) bones radiocarbon uncomfortably warm temperatures, with occasional and flintknapping tools have been dated to 10,000 years ago. Faunal remains high winds and abrupt, heavy rainstorms. Abundant identified. The Fish Lake fauna also are incredibly uncommon at sites in this part of flora and fauna was encountered; delicious blueberries contained several unusual finds. Alaska and in particular from sites of this antiquity. and bearberries covered the tundra like a carpet. Brown A dog burial contained femora Before heading into bears, muskoxen, with cut marks on the medial the bush, several days a r c t i c f o x e s , surfaces, near the pelvis, which were spent in Fairbanks various raptors, might represent evidence for undergoing training and other animals ritual castration at or around in aviation safety, w e r e s i g h t e d , the time of death. Nearly thirty bear awareness and but the teeming passenger pigeon wing bones, encounter procedures, mosquitoes were r e p r e s e n t i n g at least nine and firearm safety. the most common individual birds, were recov- Doing archaeology by far. Clouds of ered from a single feature at Fish north of the Arctic Circle these pesky insects Lake and are interpreted as presented a number of were troublesome, representing fans or some type of challenges not typically but the generally low decorative items. Fish and deer encountered while temperatures and dominate both assemblages, working in Illinois. The breezy conditions with a variety of aquatic turtles, nearest villages and kept them tolerable. waterfowl, marsh and terrestrial roads were several hundred miles away, so all During the 2009 excavations, the base of a fluted birds, medium and small- personnel and equipment had to be transported in projectile point was recovered—one of the few from sized mammals, and shellfish via small planes and a helicopter. The crew camped Alaska found in association with datable material. Lithic and snails incorporated into on a gravel bar on the Kivalina River, near the site. artifacts were ubiquitous, with large amounts of chert the diet. Aquat- ic resources One-person tents were provided in addition to several debitage, microblades, bifaces, and groundstone tools were of singular importance, larger kitchen and supply tents. A portable electric fence recovered. The faunal assemblage, currently under but forest, forest-edge, and around the kitchen structure kept any curious bears analysis by Kuehn, contains primarily caribou bones, prairie taxa were also utilized. at bay, although everyone was cautious while walking but some bird elements were also identified. Many of T h e N o r t h R i d g e a n d through the willow thickets between the camp and the the caribou and large-sized mammal remains display South Ridge assemblages at cut marks and evidence of Fish Lake differ in several re- breakage associated with spects. Deer (including fawns) marrow extraction. Based w e r e m o r e heavily relied on the results thus far, the upon on the South Ridge, Raven Bluff assemblage while fish procurement was will prove to be very more intense on the North significant in understanding Ridge. There a r e a l s o Late Pleistocene faunal differences in the types of exploitation in Beringia. fish consumed by the inhab- Future investigations at itants. Catfish and bullhead remains account the site will undoubtedly for about half of all fish in both assemblages, recover important data but on the South Ridge sunfish account for on Paleoindian life in nearly thirty percent and suckers ten percent northwestern Alaska. while on the North Ridge sunfish comprise

16 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 17 Shell pendant, Nineth Century, A.D., Bluff Road site, to ca. 1700–30. Component 2 dates to ca. reveals some evidence of trauma as well as Monroe 1760–80 and represents occupation by the indications that they served as pack animals, County . French-Canadian Hamelin family. Both used to transport items between settlements. faunal assemblages have an interesting Analysis of the Cahokia Tract 15B faunal mix of traditional game resources and in- material, part of a larger research project troduced domesticated taxa. Deer remains under the direction of Dr. Tim Pauketat are plentiful, and along with black bear, (UIUC Department of Anthropology), elk, bison, cattle, and swine demonstrate continued into 2009. The assemblage con- that large mammals contributed signifi- tains nearly 25,400 pieces of bone and shell cantly to the diet. Other mammals identi- recovered during salvage operations in 1960. fied include timber wolf, cougar, beaver, As the feature and ceramic analyses have raccoon, and opossum. Bird remains further progressed, revisions were required in only demonstrate the mix of domesticated and the association of fau- five wild taxa eaten by the site inhabitants, nal remains with p e r - with chicken, teal, mallard, Canada goose, c e n t great blue heron, trumpeter swan, pas- and suckers senger pigeon, turkey, and greater prairie twenty- eight percent. In chicken bones identified. Fish were of addition, drum and gar are better repre- lesser importance in the diet, with some sented in the North Ridge assemblage. use of larger gar, buffalo, and river catfish Distinctions were also noted in bird ex- indicated. The dietary practices at Jarrot ploitation, with terrestrial birds more com- Nordique and Trotier are a reflection of the mon in the North Ridge assemblage and more intimate, fluid relationship between waterfowl and marsh birds more common the Native American, French, and métis v a r i o u s c o m p o - in the South Ridge assemblage. While diet populations in colonial French Cahokia. nents identified at the site. and the resulting faunal material is greatly Kuehn continued his analysis of fau- The majority of animal remains a r e influenced by local resource availability, nal material found in dog coprolites associated with the Terminal Late Woodland the Fish Lake evidence suggests that other from the Janey B. Goode (JBG) (primarily Merrell and Edelhardt phases) unknown factors can be a significant factor site (11S1232). In the future, faunal and Late Mississippian (later Moorehead in dietary choice and faunal exploitation. material from human copro- and Sand Prairie phases) components. A The Bluff Road site (11R579) faunal lites will also be examined as limited amount of Early Mississippian analysis was completed in 2009. Over part of a long-term research proj- (Lohmann and early Stirling phases) and 20,000 remains were identified in the Late ect directed by Dr. Andrew For- Stirling-Moorehead (later Stirling and early Woodland Patrick phase habitation, pro- tier. In addition, Kuehn has Mississippian phases) fauna was also pres- viding new insight on faunal exploitation begun analyzing some of the ent. Fish remains dominate the Terminal patterns in the southern American Bottom. many dog burials identified at Late Woodland assemblage, with catfish The Bluff Road inhabitants relied heavily the JBG site. This and bullheads most common. Various on fish, deer, and a variety of other aquatic research will bass, sunfish, suckers, bowfin, stur- resources (waterfowl, aquatic mammals, provide impor- geon, gar, pike, white bass, and drum turtles, shellfish, and crayfish). A large tant new insight remains were also identified. Numer- quantity of worked bone and shell was re- on the daily ous waterfowl and marsh bird bones covered, including several awls, flintknap- lives of dogs in were identified, further demonstrating ping tools, a probable wolf canine pendant, Woodland com- heavy use of nearby aquat- a shell pendant, and a worked phalanx munities. Gar, i c resources. The from cup-and-pin game. In comparing the bowfin, catfish/ L a t e Fish Lake and Bluff Road assemblages, bullhead, and it appears that while faunal exploitation frog/toad re- patterns were similar, some variation mains have been reflecting local resource availability and identified in the abundance is evident between these sites. coprolite sam- Faunal material from Historic Native ples, suggest- American and French Colonial compo- ing that the JBG nents at the Jarrot Nordique site (11S1741) dogs obtained continued to be analyzed in 2009. The at least some data obtained are very similar to that food through from another French Cahokia site, Trotier scavenging of (11S861), which was analyzed in 2008. The discarded food- Component 1 assemblage at Nordique stuffs. Examina- is associated with the Historic Illinois tion of the dog (Cahokia and Tamaroa bands) and dates skeletal remains

Awls, Nineth Century A.D., Bluff Road site, Randolph County (above); canid femur with cut marks, Fish Lake site, Monroe County (top right); bone awl, Nineth Century A.D., Fish Lake site, Monroe County (page 16). 2009 Annual Report 17 Mississippian assemblage is characterized Late in 2009, Kuehn began a reanalysis of by Julie Bukowski (physical anthropolo- by fish and deer elements, but a broad-based faunal material recovered during Langford’s gist, ABSD), Mary Hynes (bioarchaeology faunal exploitation strategy is evident. Other investigations at the late prehistoric Fisher curation specialist) and John DiMaggio taxa identified include elk, beaver, musk- site (11WI5) in Will County. Paul Parmalee (lab technician). Student employees this rat, otter, goose, swan, duck, cormorant, prepared a preliminary analysis of the ver- year included Jenna Mortenson, Alyson turkey, turtle, and freshwater and marine tebrate and mollusk remains in 1962, but Rhode, Doreen Dong, and Dana Beehr. The mollusk. The subsistence patterns seen in no detailed report has ever been produced. primary mission of ITARP Bioarchaeology the Tract 15B assemblage are consistent The complete analysis of this material will is to perform the responsibilities outlined with those evident in other assemblages undoubtedly provide important insight in the Human Skeletal Remains Protection from Cahokia, with some variability that on Fisher diet and procurement behavior. Act (20 ILCS 3440 et seq.). These duties in- warrants further examination. Possible fac- Kuehn submitted and published sev- clude the excavation, technical analysis, and tors responsible for these differences might eral articles in 2009, and presented two reporting of human remains falling under include sample size, differential preserva- papers at the 2009 Midwest Archaeological the Program’s responsibilities. In addition, tion, recovery methods, contextual issues Conference in Iowa City, Iowa. He also we are involved in collaborative research (e.g., elite versus non-elite households; participated in a number of outreach projects both within ITARP/UIUC and with normal consumption versus ceremonial or activities at local schools, giving talks on researchers at other institutions. Results of ritual feasting; disposal issues), variations zooarchaeology and faunal exploitation. these projects are presented at professional in the control and distribution of food The ITARP Faunal Laboratory was on the conferences and in peer reviewed journals. resources, seasonality and resource avail- road this summer, with Steve Kuehn joining Public outreach is encouraged, and physical ability, and the procurement of faunal Dr. Kris Hedman on a trip to northwestern anthropologists frequently give presenta- resources for non-food use, among others. Alaska. Kuehn and Hedman participated in tions to schools, clubs, various archaeologi- The Tree Row (11F53) faunal analysis the excavation of a Late Pleistocene hunting cal societies, and other general public groups. was completed early in 2009. A range of camp, the Raven Bluff site (DEL402), under One significant change to the ITARP fauna was identified, with deer and fish the aegis of the Bureau of Land Management. Bioarchaeology Division in 2009 was the interpreted as the primary food resources. A hiring of a full-time bioarchaeology collec- reliance on backwater lake, pond, and creek Bioarchaeology tions specialist. Electronic files and digital resources is indicated. The Late Archaic photographs are now continually monitored inhabitants consumed waterfowl and marsh The ITARP Bioarchaeology/Osteology and are available to the bioarchaeolo- birds, black bear, bison, mussels, and other Program is under the direction of Dr. Kristin gists via the Neil Street Lab server and in mammals as well. Several dog burials also M. Hedman and Eve A. Hargrave, assisted site folders for use during their analysis. were identified. The Tree Row data provide important information on late Holocene subsistence adaptations in the central Illinois River valley, an area not well represented with regard for Archaic faunal material. Analysis of the faunal remains from the Mississippian Orendorf site (11F1284) in Fulton County, Illinois continued in 2009. Completion of this report, incorporating preliminary studies of the deer, bird, and fish remains published in 1981, will prove to be an important contribution to our understanding of Mississippian faunal exploitation in the Spoon River area of the Central Illinois River Valley. Kuehn and other ITARP staff members working on the Orendorf project will be presenting preliminary reports on their research in an Orendorf symposium at the 2010 Society for American Archaeology Conference in St. Louis. The Faunal Lab conducted additional studies of the Late Pleistocene mastodon and turtle remains from the Andrew Farm Local- ity (11A1578) in Adams County, Illinois. The probable butchery marks, first noted by project director Steve Tieken, were examined in greater detail and Kuehn began to assemble the micrograph images so they can be sent to outside experts for their consideration. Excavation in Bioarchaeology Laboratory.

18 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 19 (ISM) in Springfield in compliance with Russell Site HSRPA guidelines (20 ILCS 3440 et seq.). ITARP has begun the process of reassess- The Russell site was excavated by ITARP- ing the status of known burial sites located in ABSD personnel for a private development in the vicinity of current IDOT archaeological the fall of 2006 (ITARP Project Log #06157). projects; many of these sites have not been During the investigations, 70 prehistoric features revisited or reevaluated for more than 50 were identified, including 51 features from a years. The status of these sites (e.g., looted, Moorehead phase occupation and Late Woodland destroyed, plowed down) is then updated Mund phase pit features. The Moorehead in the Illinois Inventory of Burial Sites. In occupation consists of four wall-trench structures 2009, Bukowski and Alleen Betzenhauser and 38 pit features arranged around an open area. conducted a survey of known mortuary North of the courtyard, a mortuary complex was identified sites located within a two mile radius of an with eight features. An additional burial feature was also Illinois Route 162 improvements project near located in the southeastern corner of the occupation. Glen Carbon (ITARP Project Log #09029). Human remains were recovered from three The survey radius extended along Illinois rectilinear pit features within the mortuary complex, Route 157, encompassing the well-known and from the isolated burial feature. The human bluff top sites of Kane Mounds, Hill Prairie remains were excavated in accordance with Mounds, St. Elizabeth Mound, Peter Station the Illinois Human Skeletal Remains Protection Mound, Sepmeyer Cemetery, Holsinger Act (20 ILCS 3440, 17 Ill. Admin. Code 1470), Cemetery, and Keller Mounds. Most of the under a permit issued by the IHPA (IHPA sites had been either previously destroyed HSRPA #2006-98). Two of the rectilinear pits or mitigated; extant mounds were relocated are primary burials of adult individuals. Isolated at only three sites. Recent borrow activity remains from a neonate were recovered from the at one of these mounds had impacted buri- third rectilinear feature, and fragmentary remains were als and resulted in the exposure of human also recovered from the isolated burial feature. Within the remains on the eroding bluff face. Upon mortuary complex, the rectilinear burial features superimpose discovery, the IHPA was notified and met two larger rectangular features, identified as possible charnel structures or mortuary-processing areas. with the landowner to discuss preservation. One of the primary burials was identified as a young adult female, semi-flexed on the right side. Bukowski, along with several other ITARP Near the pelvis, an intact vessel was recovered. Fragmentary human remains of a neonate and an staff members, assisted in the documenta- older adult, and a complete valve from a mussel shell were found inside the vessel. The other primary tion of the remaining mound limits and burial is that of a young adult male in an extended position. The mortuary activities at the Russell human remains as well as the collection of site are reminiscent of the nearby Kane Mounds (for example, vessels with mussel shell spoons), the disturbed human remains. The remains but attributes unique to the Russell site, such as charnel/processing areas and the proximity of the were transported to the Illinois State Mu- mortuary complex to the occupation, indicate that a degree of social individuality was maintained. seum for analysis by Dawn Cobb (Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act coordinator). Ongoing assessments of such sensitive Original paper files are being reviewed and In 2009, isolated human remains were archaeological sites by ITARP crew will be documents are being scanned for place- recovered from the basin fill of a Lohm- an important component of discussions ment into the updated ITARP Osteology ann phase single-post structure within about site preservation throughout Illinois. database, creating a searchable/sortable the Exchange Avenue Extension project Osteological analyses were completed repository of information backing up our area of the East St. Louis (11S706/5) site. for several IDOT-related sites, as well as for paper file system. The ITARP Osteology These fragmentary, disarticulated elements collections recently transferred, donated, database is being reworked to operate represent commingled remains of at least or on loan to ITARP for research purposes. more efficiently with data collection and four individuals (neonate, infant, child, These include Souffle de Caverne (11R579), information storage (and other databases), adult) that were redeposited in the house Grossman (11S1131), Lonely Woman and the Neil St. Lab Material Tracking data- basin fill. They do not appear to represent (11S697), East St. Louis (11S706/5), Cahokia base constructed this past year allows for an intentional burial. One of the recovered 15B (11MS2), Reilley (11MS27), Trotier more efficient tracking of material location elements is a permanent maxillary central (11S861), Tena Dey (11MS769), West Mound and project status. These implementations incisor that has been culturally modified. (11MS76), Booker T. Washington/Stookey have greatly facilitated the management The tooth is filed on the occlusal edge and (11S19/20), Caterpillar, Renchville, and of paper, electronic, and photographic ground on the lingual surface. Faint traces of McDougal-Hartmann mounds (11P5/787) records related to skeletal collections, as red pigment (ochre?) are present on the la- of the Dickison South Mound Group. well as the organization and processing bial crown surface. In North America, tooth Osteological analyses are in progress for of skeletal materials and the production modification is almost exclusive to Missis- Hofstetter (11S693), Cahokia SubMound of ITARP skeletal reports, all of which en- sippian sites in the American Bottom. The 51 (11S34/2), Cahokia-Fingerhut (11S34/7), able ITARP Bioarchaeology staff to more analysis and report for these remains were Cahokia-Gems (11MS2/1), Janey B. Goode efficiently complete analyses, conduct re- completed and the skeletal remains were (11S1232), and Brugger Mound (11JD84), search, and finish reports and publications. transferred to the Illinois State Museum Pittsburg Lake (11S440), Neteler Mound

2009 Annual Report 19 individuals of diverse social position in Cahokian society. The majority of sites included in this study are currently on loan from UIUC’s Department of Anthropol- ogy. Cahokia Tract 15B was on loan from the Illinois State Museum, Springfield. ITARP was granted permission from these institutions to collect bone and enamel samples for molecular-level analysis for inclusion in an ongoing study of subsistence, health, and social/biological variability of native populations. The samples collected will be used for stable isotopic analysis of bone collagen and apatite, and enamel apatite, to address questions of dietary variability between individuals and populations, both through time and between presumed distinct social groups; analysis of strontium ratios of enamel to identify possible non-local individuals and evidence of population movement and interaction; and to pro- Measuring remnants of Keller Mounds, Madison County (above); vide collagen for AMS dating of specific “Enamel pearl” on molar, Eighteenth–Nineteenth Century A.D., Trotier site, French Cahokia (bottom right). individuals and burial events allowing (11MN2) of the Havana Mound Group, linois. An important focus of these studies establishment of tight temporal control and Fisher Mounds 5, 6, and 7 (11WI5). has been the role of maize in the diets of used for defining chronological shifts This year saw the production of a new late prehistoric populations in this region. in diet, health, and mortuary practices. report series—ITARP Skeletal Reports. This Past research has shown that although Results of ITARP stable isotope research limited distribution series is designed maize consumption was significant for adds to a growing database of isotope specifically to document human remains all Illinois Mississippian populations, data already available from several late from unregistered graves in compliance osteological and isotopic analyses indicate prehistoric sites in the Midwest, specifi- with the Human Skeletal Remains Protec- significant chronological, ethnic, regional, cally those in the American Bottom and tion Act (20 ILCS 3440). Burial excavations, and sex-based differences in diet, as well Upper Illinois River valley, as well as skeletal analyses, and report completions as status-related differences in the qual- data available from Late Prehistoric-Early are conducted in accordance with HSRPA ity of the diet, namely in the amount and Protohistoric sites in the Midwest and (20 ILCS 3440 et seq.). Reports were com- nature of the protein consumed. ITARP Great Lakes region of the US and Canada. pleted during 2009 for Russell (11MS672), researchers have continued to explore In addition to diet, we are interested Brennan-Hynd (11S1492), Lonely Woman the cultural and biological ramifications in investigating questions of population (11S697), and West Mound (11MS76). of such variation. In addition to stable movement and interaction. Strontium and Skeletal Reports and/or articles are pend- isotope and AMS data, we have begun ancient DNA (aDNA) may provide infor- ing publication for Centreville (11S332), to explore the potential application of mation on these issues. This information Reilley (11MS27), Trotier (11S861), Tena strontium isotopes and ancient DNA will also be used in comparisons with iso- Dey (11MS769), Booker T. Washington/ (aDNA) analyses to these questions. topic and genetic data derived from other Stookey (11S19/20), Souffle de Caverne In 2009, we began work on two large Midwestern regions to address questions (11R579), and Drda (11S32). Upon comple- research projects that involve the osteo- about migration tion of each report, all human remains and logical and molecular level analysis of skel- into and out of copies of associated documentation for etal remains from two Middle Woodland the American a site are transferred to the Illinois State sites—the Dickison South Mound Group Bottom as well Museum (ISM) in Springfield, in accor- and Neteler Mound of the Havana Mound as migrations dance with the HSRPA and programmatic Group—as well as from Guy Smith Farm, of people from agreements between IDOT, ITARP, and Rose Mound, and 18 late prehistoric loca- the American ISM. In 2009, human remains represent- tions within the boundaries of the Cahokia Bottom into ing 23 sites were transferred by ITARP Mounds site. The Cahokia sites include o t h e r l a t e to ISM and several additional sites are Fingerhut, Gems, Tract 15B, Powell prehistoric re- being prepared for transfer in early 2010. Mound, Sawmill Mound, and Mounds 18, gions such as Over the last two decades, ITARP bio- 19, 20. The Middle Woodland sites include the Central Illi- archaeologists have conducted systematic elaborate mound inhumations, as well as nois River valley osteological examinations, stable isotopic central tomb primary and secondary buri- and Wisconsin. analyses and AMS dating of prehistoric als, while the Cahokia sites include mound Strontium isotope and proto-historic human remains from Il- and non-mound burials and represent ratios in bone and

20 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 21 and other sites currently under human remains is done without removal study will allow researchers from the ground. Thorough analysis of large to begin compiling a regional curated collections will provide the baseline database focusing on the data necessary to better interpret the more genetic relationships be- limited osteological data obtained from tween groups inhabiting expedient and more limited examinations. different archaeological ITARP bioarchaologists presented sites throughout Illinois. results of their research at the Society for American Archaeology meetings in April 2009 and at the Midwest Archaeology Confer- ence in October 2009. They also authored t o o t h or co-authored papers for publications enamel re- in Radiocarbon, the Journal of Archaeol- flect the geology, soils, and water of the ogy Sciences, and Illinois Archaeology. region from which resources consumed by Bioarchaeology staff assists students a given individual were obtained, and is from UIUC’s Department of Anthro- incorporated into tissues through the foods pology through supervising under- consumed with little if any fractionation graduate and graduate osteological in strontium ratios as the isotope moves research projects and providing analy- up the food chain. Strontium isotopes of sis space for visiting researchers. In enamel have been used increasingly to 2009, we worked with Jenna Mortenson identify possible non-local individuals in (Grossmann site), Alyson Rhode (aDNA several prehistoric populations, includ- of Hoxie and Tract 15B), Sara Otten (Rich- ing a few in the Midwest. Recent work by land Complex sites), Doreen Dong (Drda Hedman provides preliminary baseline site), and Aimee Carbaugh (Fingerhut Cem- strontium values for the American Bottom The im- etery). Several former and current graduate and surrounding regions based on archaeo- portance of com- prehen- students have been involved in the pedestal logical fauna that suggest measurable and sive studies such as this is further stressed excavations and analysis of skeletal remains significant differences in strontium isotope because these skeletal collections, curated from Grossman, Haliday, and Pfeffer sites ratios are present across the Midwest in many cases for over 80 years, have never under the direction of Hargrave. Excava- study region. Strontium isotope ratios been fully described or documented. The tions of these Richland Complex sites were may allow the identification of non-local excavation of large mortuary sites is largely conducted as part of archaeological field individuals within the Tract 15B population. a thing of the past, since current archaeologi- schools in the American Bottom directed by ITARP is also collaborating with Dr. Ripan cal practices stress preservation over excava- Dr. Tim Pauketat, UIUC. Dong, in collabora- Malhi, UIUC Department of Anthropology, tion, and increasingly the documentation of tion with Hedman and Hargrave, complet- to extract ancient DNA (aDNA) from several late prehistoric sites including 12 Cahokia Tract 15B and the Hoxie site. A Fingerhut Cemetery number of studies over the past 15 years Bone Collagen 13C 11 have resulted in the successful extraction of ancient DNA from North and South American prehistoric human remains 10 co

and have addressed such issues as: (1) N 15

the genetic composition and timing δ 9 of the original Amerindian migration into the Americas, (2) the relationship 8 12 Fingerhut Cemetery between mortuary behavior and kinship 11 Bone Apatite 13C as defined through genetic similarities, 7 and (3) the genetic relationships within ‐20 ‐19 ‐18 ‐17 ‐16 ‐15 ‐14 ‐13 ‐12 ‐11 ‐10 ‐9 ‐8 and between regional populations 10 δ13 to address issues such as migration, Cco co 9

trade, marriage patterns, and social N 15

hierarchy. To date, with the exception δ of Napier’s (2000) study on Mound 72 8 from the Cahokia Mound Center, very little research has been conducted us- 7 ing ancient DNA to identify the genetic ‐12 ‐11 ‐10 ‐9 ‐8 ‐7 ‐6 ‐5 ‐4 ‐3 ‐2 ‐1 13 composition of populations inhabiting δ Cap the late prehistoric American Bottom. If

successful, results from Hoxie, Tract 15B, Results of bone collagen and bone apatite analyses of Fingerhut samples, Cahokia (above); Mississippian jar fragment, Centreville site, St. Clair County (top).

2009 Annual Report 21 Knife blade, Duckhouse site (above); Several magazine and faience, Gammon site (below left), both Eighteenth Century, French journal articles on Cahokia. our French studies will appear in ed a the coming months. manuscript summarizing the results of Mazrim has com- her recent reanalysis of skeletal material pleted a new, large- from the Terminal Late Woodland Drda Salisbury Research Laboratory scale publication site (11MS32). Drda was excavated in 1977 focusing on the French by Illinois State University archaeologists The Salisbury Lab is an ITARP satel- domestic resources and the materials were later transferred to lite research facility located in Salisbury, of Illinois. At Home ITARP. Dong’s reanalysis included a re- Illinois and managed by Robert in the Illinois Coun- assessment of the number and age of indi- Mazrim, ITARP outreach coordina- try 1730–1800: viduals represented in an ossuary feature tor. The Lab has begun producing French Colonial Do- and incorporates recently obtained stable short video summaries of various mestic Site Archaeol- isotope data and an AMS collagen date. projects, old and new. Mazrim ogy in the Midcontinent Results from the isotope analysis indicate happened to be on hand when a presents excavation little/no maize consump- remarkable Mississippian figurine data from several tion; the radiocar- was discovered at the East St. IDOT sponsored bon results place Louis site and produced a excavations (such these remains short video summary that as Jarrot Nordique, well within the is currently being expanded Old Village Peoria, Terminal Late by Production personnel Ghost Horse, and Woodland period at ITARP’s Champaign Of- Trotier sites), as well (A.D. 900–1050), j u s t fice. Also of interest is older as the research exca- prior to the rise of the Cahokian video footage, shot on now- vations of the French polity. Carbaugh’s analysis of dental re- extinct formats, which is being Colonial Heritage mains from the Fingerhut Cemetery, an digitized for future projects. Project (including early Mississippian cemetery within the The Salisbury Lab produced the Duckhouse and larger Cahokia site excavated by Charles images and content for the new Gammon sites). The Bareis in the 1960s, will form the basis for “Progress and Preservation” study also incorporates her Senior Honor’s thesis. The information exhibit at the Chicago Rockford the results of Margaret on dental health and age gathered by Car- International Airport, which Kimball Brown’s recent baugh, combined with recent osteological highlighted archaeological salvage work at Prairie du Rocher and older, and stable isotope data from Fingerhut, investigations undertaken in unpublished data from the Laurens site. will provide valuable insight into social advance of airport expansion, Finally, the volume presents an exhaustive and temporal relationships at Cahokia. as well as artifact images from synthesis of all of these sites, resulting in the The ITARP Bioarchaeology Lab also our new nineteenth century first large-scale desk reference for French provides space to Dana Beehr, a gradu- comparative collections for domestic archaeology in the midcontinent. ate student in Anthropology at UIUC the 2009 Archaeology Awareness completing her dissertation research. Week poster. Other outreach Illinois Department of projects include lectures on our Transportation recent French Compliance Projects colonial excavations for audienc- IDOT Project Review es at Prairie du Rocher, Cahokia, ITARP received 277 requests for Phase I and at the annual archaeological survey from IDOT in 2009. meeting of the More than 16,000 acres were surveyed in Center for French conjunction with projects located in 81 Colonial Stud- counties throughout the nine IDOT districts. ies in St. Louis. Highway and bridge improvements Mazrim also col- comprised the preponderance of projects laborated with (ca. 70%), while approximately one-quarter Dr. Michael Wi- were borrows. The remainder of survey ant on a French- requests were for a variety of projects, themed bus tour including airport expansion, bike and for the Illinois Historic glass and ceramic research collections (above); multi-use path development, drainage French fiole from private collection (center) and French wine bottle fragments (top right), Eighteenth Century. State Museum. improvements, and wetlands.

22 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 23 total of 47 projects that requested survey of 9,283 acres were completed; these included 38 (81%) in District 1, seven (15%) in District 2, and two (4%) in District 3. A total of 99 sites were recorded: 48 prehistoric, 22 mixed component prehistoric/historic, and 29 historic. Phase II testing was conducted at the Kinsley Tenant House (11MH482) and Bottlemy site (11MH495) in McHenry County, the Nativity (11WI3584) site in Will County, and 11RI739 in Rock Island County. During the year 19 sites (12 mound groups, 6 cemeteries, and 1 isolated burial) were revisited to contribute updated information to the Illinois Inventory of Burial Sites (IIBS). All of these sites were within District 1; 14 were destroyed, three were partially intact, and two were intact.

District 1

Caton Farm-Bruce Road-Oak Street Jar fragment, Statewide Survey Office, Champaign. Various Alignments, Will County A total of 236 projects were resolved Paula Bryant, Pete Geraci, Ed Jakaitis, This is a road construction project, in 2009. Phase I survey was completed and Melissa Baltus. Graphic artist, Marcia connecting Bruce Road at US 30 to IL 7 at for 226 projects, and final survey reports Martinho, was involved in a series of Cedar Road (ITARP Project Log #06149 recommending clearance with no additional illustrations, photography, and report and #07016). The project area is primar- work were submitted to IDOT. Other preparation for several ITARP offices. Crew ily located in the uplands east of the Des projects were cancelled (six) or superseded members Amanda Douglas, John Hicks, Plaines River along the drainage divide by updated projects (three). A feasibility Brittany Jackson, Stephen Jankiewicz, between Fraction Run and Spring Creek study was also completed. Caleb Kestle, Khristin Landry, Ellen Powell, and includes a major crossing of the Des Approximately 425 archaeological sites Ryan Raeder, Jake Rieb, Nicole Roth, Mike Plaines River. A total of 1,400 acres were that differed in size, complexity, and age Salerno, David Smith, and Eric Vane helped included in the survey, 1,200 (86%) of which were investigated in 2009. Sites ranged with all aspects of survey, testing, and have been subjected to Phase I survey. The from isolated projectile points recovered artifact processing along with ASSR and remaining 200 acres, encompassing three during pedestrian survey to large habitation ATSR preparation. The year’s work included previously recorded sites (two prehistoric sites with intact cultural features, whether a number of surveys and testing projects. A and one historic), were not accessible at the the remains of prehistoric wall-trench structures and storage pits or historic house foundations, wells, and privies. Investigative techniques ranged from surface collection and documentation of small nondiagnostic artifact scatters to mitigative excavations of sites potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. At year’s end, some projects remained to be surveyed, some had sites recommended for further examination, and/or some required a final report.

Ongoing 2009 Investigations— Statewide Survey Divisions

Northern Illinois Survey Division

In 2009, Phil Millhouse and Paula Porubcan supervised work at the Northern Illinois Survey Division (NISD) in Rockford, Illinois with the assistance of crew chiefs Well remnant, Nineteenth Century, Nativity site, Will County. 2009 Annual Report 23 testing to determine their eligibility for listing on the NRHP. Avoidance of the three historic cemeteries was also recommended.

Interstate 55 at Lorenzo Road and IL 129, Will County This project traverses terrace and upland areas adjacent to the Kankakee River, just southeast of where it joins with the Des Plaines River (ITARP Project Log #09197). Construction is planned around an I-55 interchange and an area to the west, compris- ing approximately 2,000 acres set for future development of the Ridge Port Logistics Center. Phase I survey is currently in progress with 786 (33%) of the project’s 2,385 acres investigated to date. Thus far, seven new sites (two historic and five prehistoric) and nine isolated find spots (eight prehistoric Excavation, Bottlemy site, McHenry County. and one historic) have been identified. Three time of the survey. NISD archaeologists extensions and interchanges to improve previously recorded sites within the survey revisited 11 previously recorded sites access to O’Hare International Airport area have not yet been revisited. Currently, (six prehistoric and five historic), identi- from the west (ITARP Project Log #09105). five of the 10 sites will be recommended for fied 36 new sites (32 prehistoric and four The project area is situated within the Phase II testing in order to determine their prehistoric/historic), and recorded 60 heavily urbanized uplands drained by eligibility for the NRHP. Phase I survey isolated finds (57 prehistoric, one pre- Salt, Higgins and Willow Creeks. A total will continue during the spring of 2010. historic/historic, and two historic). A of 6,651 acres (99% of the project total) total of 21 sites (20 prehistoric and one was subjected to Phase I survey. The re- Thorn Creek Bicycle Trail, Cook County prehistoric/historic) have been recom- maining 11 acres is a secure parcel within This project includes construction of a mended for Phase II testing to determine airport property that was not accessible. bike path through the Cook County For- their eligibility for listing on the NRHP. One new historic site, one isolated historic est Preserve District from 183rd Street/ find, and one isolated prehistoric find Cottage Grove Road to 26th Street/Euclid Elgin-O’Hare Expressway, Cook were located. In addition, 18 previously Avenue (ITARP Project Log #09058). It and DuPage Counties recorded sites were revisited and three is situated in terrace and upland areas Survey was undertaken for construc- historic cemeteries were evaluated. No adjacent to Thorn Creek. The impact area tion of a new expressway and associated sites were recommended for Phase II for bike path construction is a 100' wide

Nineteenth Century structure and well remnants, Nativity site, Will County.

24 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 25 occupation ending along with two post molds, one possible during the 1920s; post mold, and four dense concentrations of the structure was FCR, burned bone, charcoal and other refuse razed the follow- that may represent shallow hearths with ing decade. The site secondary refuse deposition. Preliminary covered 1,100 m2 analysis of the lithics indicate that small with 150 m2 (14%) Manker, Gibson, and Steuben points are falling within the present along with examples of Madison Tri- proposed ROW. As angular points. Grit-tempered ceramic rim the site lies within sherds from five jars and one bowl were also an active cow pas- recovered. These rims include transitional ture, the owner put Weaver-like and Madison wares. Testing up a fence to cordon both within and outside the buried A-hori- off the area with zon uncovered evidence for both emergent subsurface historic and mature Late Woodland occupations. features. This left 400 m2 of the total Nativity Site, Exchange Avenue, site area or 60 m2 of Will County the impacted area available for investigation, of which 40 m2 (11 m2 within the area of project impact) was subjected to Phase II testing. Three features were identified, including a dry-laid fieldstone foundation, a Screening soil, Nativity site, Will County. debris-filled depres- transect that is 7.5 miles long. The entire sion, and a cement-lined cistern. Two test 91 acre project area was subjected to Phase units were also excavated in the area contain- 1900 Indian head penny (top); 1853 half dome (bottom); prehistoric I survey. Nine previously recorded sites ing a domestic refuse scatter surrounding celt (below), Nativity site, Will County. (five prehistoric, two prehistoric/historic, the structure. The residence foundation and and two historic) were revisited, seven cistern were largely filled with post-1920 de- The Nativity site (11WI3584) was discov- new sites (five prehistoric and two prehis- bris when the structures were razed. Discrete ered during Phase I survey for the re-routing toric/historic) were identified, and eight deposits pertaining to the mid-nineteenth of Exchange Avenue east of Crete (ITARP isolated find spots (five prehistoric and century occupation were not discernible Project Log #07151). This multi-component three prehistoric/historic) were recorded. during the Phase II testing, and further habitation site encompasses 25,800 m2 of Seven sites (all prehistoric) will be recom- work is not recommended for the site. upland between Deer and Plum Creeks mended for Phase II testing in order to de- that GLO records indicate was within termine eligibility for listing on the NRHP. Bottlemy Site, Alden Road (State the prairie-forest border. Approximately Line Road to Charles Road), 3,100 m2 (12.5%) of the site lies within the C. Kingsley Tenant House, McHenry County proposed ROW. A surface collection was Alden Road (State Line Road to The Bottlemey site (11MH495) was in- done during the initial Phase I survey Charles Road), McHenry County vestigated in conjunction with drainage im- and a second controlled surface collection The C. Kingsley Tenant House (11MH482) provements along Alden Road in McHenry (CSC) was conducted in preparation for was initially located during Phase I survey County (ITARP Project Log #08246). The site Phase II testing. The CSC comprised 264 along Alden Road (ITARP Project Log covers 1,200 m2 of a low terrace adjacent to 10 x10 m units both within and outside of the #08246) in McHenry County. Historic Nippersink Creek. A 225 m2 portion of the proposed ROW; clusters of both prehistoric documents indicate a structure in the area site contains a 10 cm thick, well preserved A- and historic debris were noted. A total of by 1862, although by 1872 the main farm- horizon that has been sealed by historic 5,679 prehistoric and historic artifacts were ing residence was located near the more alluvium. Phase II testing included recovered by modern house and outbuildings facing the excavation of 30 hand units (56 Hebron Road. According to the current m2 or 4.7% of the total site area) landowner, whose family has occupied the to uncover the buried living property since the mid-nineteenth century, surfaces and more accurately 11MH482 represents a tenant house built determine site boundaries. around 1859. The tenant house was used and This testing uncovered the altered through the turn of the century with generalized living surface

continued on page 32 2009 Annual Report 25 Public Outreach

Raising public awareness of Illinois’ archaeological resources is an important component of ITARP’s mission. Opportunities toward this end are found in communities throughout Illinois. Staff armed with Powerpoint programs, artifacts, and tools of the trade make presentations to students, from preschool to college, and lecture to avocational archaeologists, budding Master Naturalists, and lifelong learners.

26 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 27 Public Outreach

2009 Annual Report 27 Illinois The Illinois Steward During 2009, we continued Department of a multi-year collaborative effort Transportation with Dr. Robert Reber (UIUC Extension). Dr. Reber, in addition Career Day to being a lifelong collector of aboriginal artifacts from the farm In October, ITARP participated in the Illinois Department of fields surrounding his home in Transportation’s “Career Day 2009: Promoting Transportation Ford County, is also one of the Careers to America” housed at the Illinois State Fairgrounds editors of the 20 year old and Exposition Building in Springfield, Illinois. The event, sponsored very popular journal, The Illinois by IDOT industry partners responsible for building and Steward. This widely distributed maintaining the Illinois transportation system, introduced students journal focuses on ecology in from around central Illinois to careers in the transportation Illinois. Articles are intended to industry. Approximately 600 middle and high school students make professionals and the greater from 20 schools learned about career opportunities in: public aware of the rich natural • civil engineering, and cultural heritage of the state • engineering technology, and the importance of stewardship • safety engineering, in this age of rapid development. • survey work, and Beginning in 2008 with the • the various construction trades. publication of an article on the The ITARP exhibit, organized by Linda Alexander and Eve Paleoindian period (11,000–9,000 Hargrave, included displays of a variety of archaeological B.C.), authored by Brad Koldehoff, ITARP has embarked on a multi-year publication effort. The artifacts from the ITARP teaching collection, a Powerpoint intended audience is the greater slide show presentation including photos of ITARP personnel Illinois public, and our aim is to in various activities including field survey and excavation, summarize in an accessible format, artifact analysis, cartography, curation, outreach, and report what is known about the several production, as well as photos of ITARP artifacts. Corinne major periods of Illinois history prior Carlson and Linda Alexander, both from ITARP Production, to European contact. Eventually the combined forces to produce a composite poster entitled ‘We various articles will be collected into are ITARP’ which included images of outreach, excavation, one special issue of the journal. To fieldwork, analysis, curation. This poster combined with this end, an article summarizing the slide show will be used for future outreach activities. the Early Archaic cultures in Illinois (9,000–1,000 B.C.), authored by Dale McElrath and Mary Simon, was published in the fall 2009 issue of The Illinois Steward. Additionally, the same authors, at the request of Dr. Reber, produced a short article on the 10,000 year record of human interaction with the prairie ecosystem of our “Prairie State”; this article was published in the spring 2009 issue of The Illinois Steward.

Illinois Master Naturalist In 2009, a major commitment to the UIUC College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences was completed with the publication of “People and the Early Illinois Landscape: the History Beneath Our Feet” (by Dale McElrath, Mary Simon, Alice Berkson, Mark Branstner, Brad Koldehoff, Steve Kuehn, Eve Hargrave, Kris Hedman, and Brenda Beck). This was produced at the request of Dr. Robert Reber (UIUC Extension), to serve as the chapter on archaeology for the Illinois Master Naturalist Program Handbook. The Master Naturalist Program is designed to heighten awareness, for interested Illinoisans, of the many branches and subdisciplines that study natural ecology and the impact of human activities on the environment. We eagerly accepted this responsibility because it highlights the many talents, specialties, and strengths of our program. Featured in the article were bioarchaeology, faunal analysis, ethnobotany, and historic archaeology, as well as a summary of the Pre-Contact culture history of the state.

28 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 29 The Brooklyn Public Engagement Project Dissemination of project information was achieved through a variety of different media. For example, ITARP arranged a loan of archaeological materials from the 2008 investigations, which were placed on display as part of the 2009 exhibit, From Humble Beginnings: Lincoln’s Illinois 1830–1861. Joseph Galloy gave public presentations at the Illinois State Museum, Archaeological Institute of America (Urbana), Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, and Saint Charles Community College (Missouri). Miranda Yancey presented a paper at the annual Illinois Archaeological Survey meeting. An article on the project, authored by Galloy and Yancey, was published in the September 2009 special issue of Illinois Antiquity. Assisted by Judy Jennings of the St. Clair County Genealogical Society and accompanied by Mayor O’Bannon and a few other Brooklyn residents, Brooklyn, Illinois is a small town with a nationally the cultural resources compliance process to enhance ITARP employees Mera Hertel and Miranda Yancey significant past. Despite repressive laws meant to enforcement of the village’s historic preservation ordi- performed volunteer work at the Brooks Cemetery discourage Black settlement in Illinois, Brooklyn was nance, and documenting previously unknown city led- (11S1233). This work consisted of documenting founded in 1829 by free African Americans and fugitive gers from the early years (1891–1905) of Black control visible markers and probing for buried stones. The slaves as an attempt at Black self-determination. of city affairs. They also included survey and testing ultimate goal of this work is to record all of the On July 30, 1873 it became the first majority-Black of “Upper Brooklyn” to document the distribution and cemetery’s gravestones as a first step towards their town in the United States to incorporate. Brooklyn integrity of nineteenth-century archaeological deposits restoration and that of the cemetery as a whole. is also one of only a handful of nineteenth-century V o l u n t e e r Black towns that have survived until the present day. d o c u m e n t a r y Now home to 700 inhabitants, Brooklyn is situated research performed alongside the Mississippi River one mile north of by Yancey and Hertel East St. Louis. Because of its close proximity to succeeded in locating East St. Louis, Brooklyn once benefited from the records that will help meatpacking and manufacturing jobs that the city fill in some details offered, but it was also economically devastated by about the town’s the collapse of those industries after WWII. Almost founding. Among half of Brooklyn’s population now lives below the many others, these poverty line, and a vice district anchored by adult documents include entertainment is the town’s main source of revenue. an 1837 newspaper Despite these discouraging realities, there is a grass-roots effort underway to revitalize this commu- a d v e r t i s e m e n t nity, and archaeology, history, and historic preservation a n n o u n c i n g t h e lie at the center of this effort. A multifaceted archaeo- offering of lots for logical and historical public engagement project has sale in Brooklyn by developed over the last three years as an outgrowth Thomas Osborn. of ITARP’s 2002–07 work at the adjacent Janey B. This advertisement Goode site (11S1232). This project is a partnership trumpets the new between ITARP and the people of Brooklyn, repre- and to try to relocate the town’s founding settlement. town’s future amenities, such as mills and the sented by the office of Mayor Nathaniel O’Bannon III Project activities during 2009 focused on planned construction of a canal to Cahokia Creek. (pictured right),and the Historical Society of Brooklyn, public dissemination of project information, It also indicates that Osborn, one of the town’s five Illinois (HSOBI). The goals for this project, as defined recordation of cemetery headstone inscriptions, white platters, had been residing with his family by HSOBI, include: (1) historic preservation, such as compiling historical documents pertaining to the cemetery restoration and saving historic documents town’s founding, and continued coordination at the site of Brooklyn for 20 years, pushing the and structures; (2) increased recognition and apprecia- with the historical society and village officials. initial occupation of the town’s location to ca. 1817. tion of the town’s history by both residents and outsiders, including eventual nomination of the town to the National Register of Historic Places and the generation of positive press coverage; and (3) heritage-based community development, such as building an African-American heritage museum and cultural center. ITARP’s involvement with the first two goals enhances the public service mission of UIUC, and promotes greater public understanding of Illinois history. ITARP’s involvement in previous years included organizing a cemetery restoration workshop, educating village officials about

2009 Annual Report 29 Preservation Working Group ITARP curator Laura Kozuch continues Collins Site Complex Preservation Working Group, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign The Collins Site Complex is located northwest of the city of Danville, Illinois as a member of the UIUC Preservation

JACK BRIGHTON CHRISTA DEACY-QUINN KATHLEEN JONES TAMMEY KIKTA LAURA KOZUCH, PH.D. VANCE GORDON OYER JENNIFER HAIN TEPER PAUL TINERELLA, PH.D. and is situated along the Middle Fork of the Vermillion River. This complex of sites Assistant Director of Broadcasting Collections Manager Registrar Assistant Director for Artistic Services Curator, Illinois Transportation University Accounting and Conservation Librarian Entomology Collections Manager Working Group (PWG), a campus-wide WILL AM-FM-TV Spurlock Museum Krannert Art Museum Krannert Center for the Performing Arts Archaeological Research Program Financial Reporting University Library Illinois Natural History Survey consists of the Collins site (11V15)—a large village and associated low platform committee whose mission is to promote mound situated on expansive Middle Fork River terrace deposits—and a small cultural heritage on campus. The PWG at number of mound sites (11V82, 11V394, and two additional mounds) located on the University of Illinois (UIUC) exists to Overview Home Movie Day The Preservation Working Group (PWG) began as an offshoot of the University Cultural Since 2006, the PWG has locally participated in the international “Home Movie Day.” Home the bluff edge overlooking the Collins site. The complex of sites is affiliated with Engagement Council (CEC) in the Fall of 2003 with a meeting of various cultural collection Movie Day offers the public a free "fi lm clinic" for assessing the condition of older fi lms, assure the long-term access to the physical, managers and others interested in collaborating on collections preservation, conservation, providing information on how to care for family fi lms and videos, and best of all, continuous and grantsmanship. Members met as an informal group until 2005, when it was made a screenings of home movies brought in by the public. Archivists show examples of historic subcommittee of the CEC. The PWG includes professionals from several colleges and units, fi lms from their collections, as preservation specialists explain why transferring fi lms to video the Late Woodland period (Albee Phase) and has an occupation span estimated including the Colleges of Media, Fine and Applied Arts, Liberal Arts and Sciences, the or digital media DOESN'T mean they'll last forever. electronic, and intellectual contents of the Natural History Survey, Library and Information Science, and University Administration. Many of us actively participate in national and international preservation associations, as well as publish and present workshops on preservation and collections care, both nationally and in- Urbana Free Library Exhibit to range from A.D. 1000–1200. What differentiates this Late Woodland mound ternationally. The PWG created an exhibit in October 2008, which demonstrated examples of preserva- campus’ cultural collections. These collections tion, such as before and after treatments of old leather, ceramics, fi ne art, reel-to-reel fi lm, and Our Mission historic documents. Examples included common mistakes that can accelerate object damage, proper preservation practices, and damage mitigation accomplished by professional conser- group from others situated within the various river drainages of east central The PWG exists to ensure the long-term access to the physical, electronic, and intellectual vators and preservation professionals. The exhibit had wide exposure to the general public, contents of the UIUC Campus’ cultural assets. These assets serve to support teaching, research, support teaching, research, and public including many children, at the Urbana Free Library. and public engagement activities across campus, as well as document the University’s history and development. We support these goals across campus by providing information and Illinois is the fact that this site exhibits evidence of some degree of contact/ expertise in object collections management, records management, preventative preservation, Live Call-In Radio Show Hosted on WILL-AM engagement activities across campus as conservation, exhibit preparation, digitization and care of digital objects, as well as other PWG members were featured in two hour-long live call-in radio shows on WILL-AM’s areas as needed. The PWG additionally develops and maintains institutional guidelines for Focus580 program. The fi rst was in February 2007, and the second in February 2009. The preservation, and acts as a fi nal resource to ensure that items of enduring value receive ap- shows were popular, and our experts answered many questions about how people may best interaction with the Middle Mississippian populations at the Cahokia site, based well as document the University’s history and propriate care while they are entrusted to the University of Illinois. preserve and store their family treasures. AvSAP Grant Project The Audiovisual Self-Assessment Program (AvSAP) is a three year grant project funded by Annual Preservation Emporium at the Spurlock Museum on the presence of platform mounds, burial ceremonialism, and small amounts of development. The PWG provides information the Institute for Museum and Library Services. It will assist cultural heritage institutions and Since 2007, an annual Preservation Emporium has been held at the Spurlock Museum. collectors who have audiovisual materials in their collections but little or no training Hundreds of people have attended and brought personal treasures, such as christening gowns, in audiovisual preservation. The AvSAP will consist of a self-guided series of questions photographic prints and other paper-based objects to the PWG preservation specialists and Mississippian ceramics. In the 1970s a proposed dam and reservoir threatened the designed to help collections managers assess the condition of the audiovisual materials in their asked questions about how to best handle, store, and preserve these items. Specialists in and expertise in physical collections collection, create a prioritized preservation plan, and develop strategies to use their current textiles, musical instruments, natural history objects, audio-visual materials, archaeological resources to extend the lives of their collections. It will be available via a web-based inter- artifacts, ethnographic collections, art objects, and paper-based collections were on hand. face as well as a download. AvSAP will cover the following types of materials: fi lm, videotape Participants not only received valuable preservation advice, but were also able to take home site complex, prompting researchers from UIUC to conduct a series of village and (open-reel and cartridge based; analog and digital), audio recordings (extending from cylin- free information from leading archival suppliers and local vendors. During the emporium, management, records management, der and disc grooved media to audiotape; analog and digital) and optical media (such as CD supporting events such as a raffl e and keynote speakers were also quite popular. and DVD). The AvSAP does not address issues related to still photography or prints. mound investigations. The plans for the reservoir were ultimately cancelled and a preventative preservation, conservation, portion of the project property, including the Collins Complex, was transferred to exhibit preparation, digitization, and care the Vermillion County Conservation District and became Kennekuk County Park.

of digital objects, as well as in other areas. We would like to thank Chancellor Richard Herman (UIUC) for his support of the Preservation Working Group (PWG). His efforts have allowed the PWG to accomplish many goals that would not otherwise have been possible. We would also like to thank the Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program (ITARP) for sponsoring and creating this poster. Poster design: Linda Alexander and Corinne Carlson (ITARP); Photography: Linda Alexander (ITARP), Christa Deacy-Quinn (Spurlock Museum), Hannah Lee (PWG), and Jennifer Hain Teper (University Library); Vintage photo courtesy of the Posey Family. In 2009, visits were made to the site complex as part of a joint effort by ITARP Kozuch collaborated with ITARP Production staff Linda Alexander and Corinne Carlson and the East Central Illinois Archaeological Society (ECIAS) to evaluate the present in the creation of a poster for the PWG. The poster was presented in March at the “Cultural state of the village site and mounds. Other than the Collins site being overgrown with Engagement Symposium,” an event sponsored by the Vice Chancellor for Public Engagement vegetation, it appears that little has changed on the sites since the 1970s excavations to showcase UIUC’s public outreach, and also in November at a “Know Your University” talk. were completed. During visits to the complex, two previously unreported bluff edge An annual Preservation Emporium is hosted by the PWG at the Spurlock Museum in late mounds were observed and an IAS site designation will soon be obtained for them. winter. This event introduces the public to specialists in the identification and preservation of a GPS locations were established for these new mounds as well as for all of the variety of personal treasures from heirloom baptismal garb to butterfly and arrowhead collections. previously known mounds in the site complex. Additional survey of likely mound areas by volunteers will continue in 2010. Preliminary evaluation of site excavation notes, maps, and material collections has been undertaken, and additional work will be done in the future. Because this important site is so close to our base in Champaign, we are hoping to establish a long-term working relationship with the Vermillion County Conservation District to preserve the sites, maintain trails, set up interpretative signs, and help educate the public about this site and the prehistory of the local area in general.

Jo Daviess Conservation Foundation

Activities for the Jo Daviess Conservation Foundation (JDCF) included a joint interview for a group of high school students who were creating a video about local archaeological sites. The video won the State Superior Award for the Illinois History Fair Project sponsored by IHPA. Work was also done in collaboration with Marge Schroeder (ISM) to complete an NRHP nomination for the John Chapman site (11JD12). This important Mississippian site is now part of the Wapello Nature Preserve. The NRHP application was ultimately successful, and the site is now listed on the National Register. A grand opening was held at the preserve; Phil Millhouse (ITARP) and Ferrel Anderson conducted site tours for the attendees. The annual JDCF luncheon was held in Galena; the program dealt with the correlation between preserving cultural and natural sites and an area’s sense of community and connection to the land. Millhouse has also compiled site data for the Foundation. (Thanks to a cooperative agreement between the JDCF, ITARP and IHPA concerning data in the Illinois site files, the JDCF30 can request information regarding known cultural resources on land being acquired for conservation easements or property Illinois purchase.) Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 31 Collins Site Complex Warsaw Forts The Collins Site Complex is located northwest of the city of Danville, Illinois Project and is situated along the Middle Fork of the Vermillion River. This complex of sites Over the course of two separate weeks in June and consists of the Collins site (11V15)—a large village and associated low platform September, a small group of ITARP personnel spent their mound situated on expansive Middle Fork River terrace deposits—and a small vacations digging a series of hand units at 11HA957, number of mound sites (11V82, 11V394, and two additional mounds) located on the location of Fort Johnson (1814) and Cantonment the bluff edge overlooking the Collins site. The complex of sites is affiliated with Davis (1815–16), two related War of 1812-era military the Late Woodland period (Albee Phase) and has an occupation span estimated installations. Joining them for some or all of this time to range from A.D. 1000–1200. What differentiates this Late Woodland mound were Joe Bartholomew of the Warsaw Historical Society, group from others situated within the various river drainages of east central Steve Tieken of the NAAI, who donated the original Illinois is the fact that this site exhibits evidence of some degree of contact/ site collections to ITARP earlier in the year, Cindy interaction with the Middle Mississippian populations at the Cahokia site, based Peterson and Bill Whittaker of the Iowa Office of the on the presence of platform mounds, burial ceremonialism, and small amounts of State Archaeologist, and Mike Kolb and Andy Jalbert of Mississippian ceramics. In the 1970s a proposed dam and reservoir threatened the Stratamorph GeoArchaeology, Inc. The Warsaw Forts site complex, prompting researchers from UIUC to conduct a series of village and project garnered both local media and public interest, mound investigations. The plans for the reservoir were ultimately cancelled and a including a site tour by a Warsaw high school class, portion of the project property, including the Collins Complex, was transferred to pieces in the Quincy Herald Whig newspaper, and a the Vermillion County Conservation District and became Kennekuk County Park. half-hour spot on Illinois Stories, a regional PBS program. In 2009, visits were made to the site complex as part of a joint effort by ITARP The results were also presented in a professional paper and the East Central Illinois Archaeological Society (ECIAS) to evaluate the present delivered at the Midwest Archaeological Conference state of the village site and mounds. Other than the Collins site being overgrown with in Iowa City. It is also the subject of a book chapter vegetation, it appears that little has changed on the sites since the 1970s excavations included in Frontier Forts of Iowa, published this year were completed. During visits to the complex, two previously unreported bluff edge by the University of Iowa Press (see Bibliography). mounds were observed and an IAS site designation will soon be obtained for them. Fifteen screened 1 x 2 m units were excavated at GPS locations were established for these new mounds as well as for all of the 11HA957 in 2009, alone or in combination to form previously known mounds in the site complex. Additional survey of likely mound areas linear exploratory trenches. These units were placed by volunteers will continue in 2010. Preliminary evaluation of site excavation notes, to illuminate the extent and function of cultural features maps, and material collections has been undertaken, and additional work will be done and other artifact bearing-deposits discovered during in the future. Because this important site is so close to our base in Champaign, we earlier survey and probative work at the site. All but are hoping to establish a long-term working relationship with the Vermillion County one of these tests produced evidence for War of Conservation District to preserve the sites, maintain trails, set up interpretative signs, 1812-era features, including the remains of several and help educate the public about this site and the prehistory of the local area in general. broad shallow subterranean basins that presumably underlay log buildings, a heavily oxidized fireplace foundation comprised of laid limestone slabs, two unidentified pits, and a series of trenches and/or fortification ditches. The other hand unit penetrated through either a poorly defined feature or a sheet midden deposit relating to the fort or cantonment. Our excavation work produced a surprisingly rich and varied artifact assemblage that is wholly consistent with a military occupation dating between 1814 and 1816; no substantive quantities of later historic debris or more recent features have been noted. The artifacts include numerous military buttons, gunflints, and musket balls, as well as a small but surprising amount of domestic debris, such as animal bone, utensils, broken dishes, and parts of small glass containers. A few objects suggestive of interaction with historic tribes or their use of the site area were also found, such as an iron arrowhead, a tinkling cone, and several glass trade beads. In short, the ITARP work at 11HA957 demonstrates that it has remarkable integrity and information potential. Relatively few military sites like it are available in the Midwest. As such, we consider it to represent a very significant resource for the people of Illinois, especially with the bicentennial of the War of 1812 fast approaching.

2009 Annual Report Artifacts: knife (top); fork (bottom), Hancock County 31 the NISD crew. around the airport, previously recorded chael Barnes, and Matthew Cross (assistant The prehistoric Archaic site 11RI739 was relocated and the crew supervisors). Additional field person- assemblage in- boundaries expanded to 22,500 m2. The site nel are incorporated on a seasonal basis. cluded large occupies a well-drained sand and gravel ter- In 2009, CISD submitted 35 Phase I survey amounts of race ridge within the floodplain of the Rock reports and undertook data recovery exca- chert debitage, River. A surface collection yielded 282 pieces vations at 11ML627. CISD also continued flake tools, of lithic debitage and flake tools, including Phase I survey of FA 322/US 51 (US 51 celts, hammer- the base of a Middle Archaic side notched South), in collaboration with the American stones, several point. Unfortunately deep stripping for con- Bottom Survey Division. The US 51 South struction activities had destroyed 14,500 m2 survey and 11ML627 excavation are both (64%) of the site area, leaving detailed in this report. In addition, Fricker only 8,000 m2 (36%) of the delivered a presentation on cultural resource site intact. NISD used a survey to the East Central Illinois Archaeologi- backhoe to mechani- cal Society (ECIAS) in February. The presen- cally remove ten test tation outlined the function and importance trenches, covering of Phase I survey, as well as different survey 800 m2 (10%) of the techniques used. Certain large-scale surveys intact site area, to conducted by CISD, such as Prairie Parkway look for subsurface and US 51 South, were also summarized. features. No cultural features were District 5 located; the site was endscrapers, and triangular points recommended as in- along with 10 grit-tempered, un- eligible for the NRHP Brumhead Site, TR 135/2125 N decorated ceramic sherds. The without the need (SN 057-4926 over Crooked Creek to historic scatter was dense enough for further work. CH 21 [2600 E]), Roadway Widening, that only a sample of material McLean County was taken; historic artifacts indi- Central Illinois Data recovery excavations were under- cate an occupation from 1850–1900. Survey Division taken in the fall of 2009 at the Brumhead The plowzone was mechanically Site, 11ML627, located south of Lexington, removed from a 1,150 m2 area (4.5% of The Central Illinois Illinois. 11ML627 is a multi-component site, the site or 36% of the impacted site area), Survey Division (CISD), containing a historic period Euro-American revealing 27 historic features that include directed by Dale McElrath, is based component and an unspecified prehistoric 1 fieldstone house foundation, 1 earthen- at the University of Illinois at Urbana- component. The site was discovered by walled well, 1 brick-lined cistern, 2 drainage Champaign campus. CISD is responsible ITARP in the spring, during Phase I sur- trenches, 17 post molds, and 5 unspecified for cultural resource compliance work in vey for the widening of Township Road pit features. A sample of these features was Districts 3, 5, and 7, occasionally taking on 2125 North (ITARP Project Log #09075). excavated, yielding domestic debris, which additional projects in Districts 1 and 8, as 11ML627 is situated in upland south of indicates an occupational time frame similar necessary. Permanent field staff includes Ian Crooked Creek, at the intersection of three to that revealed by the CSC. Unfortunately Fricker (assistant district archaeologist), Mi- agricultural fields and a small pasture. Like mid-nineteenth through early twentieth century artifacts were mixed with earlier material allowing for little interpretation of the pre-Civil War homestead. Although the historic component was recommended as ineligible for the NRHP, the prehistoric component should be subjected to further testing if threatened by future construction.

District 2

11RI739, Quad City International Airport, Rock Island County Site 11RI739 was revisited in conjunction with improvements to the Quad City International Airport (ITARP Project Log #09157). As a result of the survey, which included 88 acres of discontinuous parcels Machine excavations, Nineteenth Century, Brumhead site, McLean County (above); sleighbells, Nineteenth Century, Nativity site, Will County (top left).

32 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 33 many farmsteads of this age, it was the site’s research potential as from the machine-scraped surface but was established near the interface a short-term, early nine- not associated with any particular feature. between open prairie teenth century farmstead, Based on the recovered data, 11ML627 and the wooded area mitigation of the site indeed appears to represent the residence surrounding a creek was recommended. of Mr. Joseph Brumhead, one of the earli- or other drainage. Prior to excava- est settlers in this part of McLean County. This interface area tion, Ken Farn- Mr. Brumhead was laid to rest not far from allowed prehis- sworth conducted his pre-Civil War era homestead, on land toric inhabitants a metal detector still owned by one of his descendents. and early settlers survey across the access to a diverse site area. Several Districts 7 and 8 spectrum of natural iron and steel ar- resources from both tifacts were found, US 51 Expansion, Shelby, woodland and prairie including an axe head, Fayette, Marion, Clinton and ecosystems. The pres- awl, kettle rim, two knife Washington Counties ence of both prehistoric blades, a fork, and a hoe Thebes point, and historic components at fragment. Other notable find- The project involves the ca. 8000–6000 B.C., Fayette County. 11ML627 demonstrates the at- ings include two brass buckles, a expansion of US 51 to a tractiveness of the site’s location. brass curry comb, and a lead-filled four-lane divided high- Historic material found during survey copper button featuring a deer design. way, from the Shelby/ included blue rococo edged A disturbed plowzone was pres- Christian County line whiteware, early poly- ent across the entire site area, in the north to the IL chrome handpainted even in the pasture, which 177 interchange in whiteware, flown was formerly planted the south (ITARP blue transfer print- in row crops. A back- Project Log #08048). ed ironstone, hoe outfitted with The survey corridor l e a d - g l a z e d a ditch-shaping stretches over 60 miles redware, and bucket was across portions of s a l t - g l a z e d employed to Shelby, Fayette, stoneware (ca. remove the Marion, Clinton, and 1830–50). Prehis- plowzone in Washington Counties and varies in width toric material was order to ex- from approximately 985 feet at its narrowest limited to a small pose any intact point, to over four miles wide in the vicinity amount of chert features beneath. of Vandalia, Illinois. The proposed expan- debitage and a single Nine cultural fea- sion will incorporate much of the existing core. The documentary tures were identified, US 51 right-of-way, although the final design evidence was largely con- including a keyhole will likely include bypass alignments around sistent with the historic material cellar, four pit features, three his- certain municipalities. These include, most observed. According to General Land Of- toric postmolds, and what appears to be notably, Centralia, Ramsey, and Vandalia. fice records, the associated property was a shallow, rectangular privy pit. Nearly The entire corridor covers 47,512 acres, in- initially purchased by Joseph Brumhead in all of these were found on the south side cluding over 10,000 acres of municipal area. 1835. The deed was not granted until 1837, of the road, with the exception of one pit ITARP 2008–09 survey efforts concen- but was subject to pre-emption right. This feature, F6. The latter appears to be pre- trated on examining readily accessible presumes that Mr. Brumhead was a resident historic in age, given the presence of lithic cultivated lands to maximize their coverage. on the property prior to 1835. None of the debitage and a chert hammerstone, as well Surveys to date have examined 5,617 acres available historic mapping sources indicate a as the absence of historic period material. and identified 268 archaeological sites and residence at this location. The earliest struc- The remaining eight features are all his- 317 find spots. Of this total, 3,310 acres were turally annotated map of the project area toric in age. The keyhole cellar contained the surveyed, 147 sites were identified or revis- was published in 1874 by Warner and Beers. largest sample of building material, includ- ited, and 158 find spots were located in 2009. Prehistoric sites have been identified This map indicates that the original parcel ing soft-paste brick, square/cut nails, and across the varied landscapes traversed by had been subdivided, and that the site area flat window glass. The cellar also contained the US 51 corridor. In general, prehistoric was owned either by A. B. or H. B. Downey. a large amount of domestic debris, includ- occupation of the upland portion does not According to this and other historic ing a paneled, flown blue transferprint appear to have produced especially dense mapping sources, the road itself appears bowl and a metal cooking or complex habitation sites. Based on the to have been significantly rerouted dur- bowl, approximately 28 results of this survey thus far, it appears that ing the late nineteenth century. Also, the cm in diameter. Also occupation of the ridged drift in the Vandalia surface material scatter was present on of note, an 1834 large area seems to have been significantly more either side of the existing road. This led to cent was recovered intensive than that seen on the till plains of some concern that expansion of the existing U.S. large cent, ca. 1834 (right); ROW, however limited, might potentially flown blue bowl interior base and exte- Shelby and northern Marion Counties. All rior base fragments (above) 1845–1860, of the upland sites recommended for further impact sensitive features at 11ML627. Given Brumhead site, McLean County. 2009 Annual Report 33 evaluation produced fire-cracked Macomb that are directed rock (FCR) in surface assemblages. by Robert N. Hickson and However, no prehistoric ceramics David J. Nolan, respec- have been recovered from any of tively. In addition to the these sites to date. By contrast, sur- aforementioned, Richard veyors have observed evidence of Fishel (project archae- intensive, multi-component habita- ologist) is responsible for tion on the Kaskaskia River floodplain many of the larger testing and western bluffcrest, as well as the and excavation projects Crooked Creek bluffcrest north of conducted in IDOT Dis- Central City. Further survey will tricts 4 and 6. Susan No- focus primarily on these areas, as lan in Macomb and Rose they demonstrate the highest po- Smith at the Jacksonville tential for intact habitation sites. facility currently function In addition to standard survey as lab supervisors and of- techniques, geomorphological fice managers. The WISD testing will be employed to ex- staff consists of both amine floodplain and bluffbase full-time employees and deposits for buried cultural materi- a small but fluctuating als in the Kaskaskia River valley. number of seasonal or Recovered historic assemblages part-time help. The for- range from a few non-diagnostic mer consist of Trudi But- pieces of ceramics and glass, ler (analytical assistant), suggestive of short-term Jennifer Edwards-Ring, occupation sites, to large Bob Monroe, Jim Pisell, collections of ceramics, glass, and Dan Smith (statewide and historic debris indicative of surveyors/crew chiefs). much more permanent occupa- Field and lab personnel tions, with diagnostic artifacts dat- include Chad Boehlke, Pedestrian survey, Macomb Bypass, McDonough County (above); Late Woodland projectile points (left, top and middle); Archaic projectile point (left, bottom), US 51 Expansion, Fayette County. ing from ca. 1830 through at least the early Tim Boyd, Gene Keithley, decades of the twentieth century. Evaluation Shannon Kirby, and Mike Welty. Macomb dition, 70 Phase I Archaeological Survey of historic sites and site components is un- is also the location for one of ITARP’s two Short Reports were submitted to the IDOT derway, and recommendations will follow. flotation-processing facilities in the state. during the year. Some of the more inter- In 2009, the WISD offices undertook test esting highlights of these investigations Western Illinois Survey Division excavations at ten different archaeologi- are briefly summarized below, along with cal sites throughout the western part of several notable research projects. A num- The Western Illinois Survey Division the state and submitted six reports detail- ber of WISD staff also gave presentations (WISD) has offices in Jacksonville and ing the results of such Phase II work. In ad- about archaeology to various schools and community groups and participated in a variety of other public and professional outreach activities. Fishel and Butler assisted the Western Illinois Museum in Ma- comb by setting up a display of regionally recovered prehistoric ceramics as part of the exhibit entitled “Clay Works: Industry and Art.” They also gave a series of presentations to school groups and local audiences about different facets of the subject. While the Macomb area is well known for its nineteenth and twentieth century potteries, such as the Haeger Pot- tery, the use of abundant local clay sources to form vessels extends back at least two millennia. The display included pottery specimens ranging from Marion Thick, the first aboriginal ceramics in the area, to Parker Heights Rock Shelter, Adams County.

34 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 35 Protecting and Preserving Mounded Sites

Archaeological sites in Illinois continue to be sensitive resources, IDOT, in cooperation with the in numerous volunteer partnerships with groups destroyed or impacted as suburban expansion and Illinois Historic Preservation Program, has had ITARP such as the Quincy Park District, the Illinois industrial developments expand into less developed undertake a systematic reinventory of all burial sites Department of Natural Resources, and the Jo regions. This expansion requires the construction of within areas effected by transportation projects. Many Daviess Conservation Foundation to preserve new transportation networks. IDOT’s transportation of these sites have not been revisited since their mound groups in northwestern and western Illinois. archaeology staff often encounters early mound initial cataloging in the 1930s. The reassessment These activities involved volunteering professional and burial sites as well as pioneer cemeteries of burial sites is housed in the Illinois Inventory expertise, providing field assistance, and helping in while conducting surveys for these projects. Such of Burial Sites, a database maintained by ITARP. promotion and acquisition activities. These volunteer sites are also very important to the former native With our new awareness of the rapid destruction partnerships have helped to bring several privately inhabitants of Illinois. To better manage these of burial sites, ITARP district staff have engaged owned mounded sites into public ownership.

late prehistoric Oneota vessels, many District 4 scale road widening and improvements of which were recovered during IDOT- project (ITARP Project Log #08001). The sponsored projects in the Macomb area. FAP 315/IL 336, Peoria to Macomb addendum limits consist of the western Several Western Illinois Survery Divi- Survey (I-474 to Macomb Bypass), half of a previous IDOT survey (ITARP sion staff members were also involved Peoria, Fulton, Project Log #01021) undertaken by WISD in another interesting weekend outreach and McDonough Counties personnel that also included the area east project conducted in partnership with This proposed highway corridor will link of Media to a point located .7 miles west the North American Archaeological Peoria to Macomb with a four-lane limited of the US 67 intersection near Roseville, in Institute (NAAI), a locally based not-for- access freeway/expressway (ITARP Proj- rural Warren County. Three new sites were profit research group, and the Quincy ect Log #05084). This multi-year corridor documented as a result of the addendum Park District. This work involved map- study resulted in the identification of 311 survey (11HE571-573), along with revisits ping and non-invasive reassessment of archaeological sites and 356 nondiagnostic to two previously identified sites (11HE443 aboriginal burial mounds and related find spots, with Early Archaic and Historic and 451). The latter were subsequently possible earthworks in the Parker Heights age components the most common. Of the subjected to subsurface evaluation to de- (11A1) and Indian Mounds Park (11A2) 311 sites, 34 within the final project limits are termine whether significant archaeological groups. The fieldwork was followed by recommended for additional archaeologi- deposits were present within the narrow a standing room only public bus tour of cal investigations. The final survey report, (5–7 m) strip of right-of-way (ROW) that these and other mounds in the Woodland Compliance Report No. 130, was submitted would be taken as part of the planned road Cemetery group that was lead by Steve to the ITARP Production Office in 2009. improvements. This consisted of the excava- Tieken (NAAI) and Dave Nolan in May; tion of a series of gridded auger tests and there was a waiting list of over one hun- 1 x 2 m hand units, followed by machine- dred interested individuals. One of the FAP 665/IL 116 Improvements aided plowzone removal at each site. highlights of the tour was the participation (Media to IL 94 Intersection) Addendum, At 11HE443, which generally dates to the of several tribal representatives from the Henderson County Archaic period, relatively dense amounts of Gabrieleno/Tongva, Nueta (Mandan), Phase I survey and Phase II testing was flint knapping debris were encountered on and Potawatomi (Prairie Band) nations. undertaken in conjunction with this modest- the plowed surface and in the plowzone, but 2009 Annual Report 35 at either site and cultural resources prehistoric component. The historic artifacts clearance was recommended for the and documentary sources indicate the site project in a summary memo submitted assemblage dates to the period ca. 1845–75. to the IDOT in April. Archaeological Given its relatively short occupation span Testing Short Reports are currently and the fact that it did not appear to have pending for 11HE443 and 11HE551. been complicated by more recent occupations, Phase II evaluation of the narrow FAU 6775 Grange Road/ ROW portion of 11T511 was recommended. Summit Drive (IL 8 to US 24), Tazewell County The proposed project consists of the reconstruction of the existing alignment and the construction of 3,100 feet of a new only two vestigial concentrations of flak- alignment to connect Grange Road ing debris were encountered in the subsoil and Summit Drive, near the northern deposits within the 175 m2 area that was edge of East Peoria, Illinois (ITARP mechanically exposed to look for features. Project Log #06064). ITARP personnel Middle to Late Woodland use of 11HE551 surveyed the proposed project dur- was suggested by projectile point frag- ing the spring of 2006 and identified ments found on the surface during survey, three upland sites (11T511, 11T512, although scattered Archaic remains were and 11T513). 11T512 and 11T513 were encountered during the hand and machine small Archaic period scatters that excavations. Only a single small pit feature were not subjected to further work was discovered within the 215 m2 area because they were located outside opened with machine blocks. Unfortunately, the proposed alignment or lacked no temporally or functionally diagnostic obvious significance, respectively. The artifacts were associated with this feature or Danz site (11T511) consists of the remains The project-specific parts of the Danz the other sparse subsurface remains found of a historic occupation that also produced site were then subjected to comprehensive at either site. Given this, no further work ap- a few pieces of flaking debris that are sug- surface collection, a metal detector survey, pears to be warranted in the proposed ROW gestive of an apparently minor unidentified and incremental machine-aided plowzone

Machine excavation, Golden Bluff site, Fulton County (above); grooved axe, 6000–3000 B.C., Henderson County (top left); reconnaissance of US 34 alignment, Henderson County (top right).

36 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 37 removal in March 2009. Twelve excava- 11HA955. However, the tion blocks exposed a total of 963 m2; four aboriginal components, historic pit features, and 41 square post which consist of both molds were identified. The sampled features later Late Woodland and yielded few associated artifacts or evidence late prehistoric occupa- for their original function. Since the tested tions, are recommended portions of the Danz site failed to produce for further archaeologi- significant information and the primary cal investigations. Eval- habitation focus is probably located west uation of 11HA955 of the current project limits, no further indicates that the pre- archaeological investigations appear to historic component is be warranted within the proposed ROW. significant and miti- Cultural resources clearance was subse- gation is recommend- quently recommended in a summary memo ed for the prehistoric sent to the IDOT. An ATSR is currently in component of the site. progress that details the results of this work. Wetland Mitigation District 6 Bank, Brown County Limited Phase II test- FAP 685, IL 96 Culvert Replacement ing was undertaken over Unnamed Ditch, at the Thompson site Hancock County (11BR18) in anticipation This proposed project (ITARP Project of a proposed parking Log #09032) involves the replacement area that is depicted of a culvert on IL 96 and improvements on design plans for fu- to the approaches. Three archaeological ture development of an sites were recorded during this project: IDOT-owned Wetland 11HA821, 11HA955, and 11HA956. Two of Mitigation Bank (ITARP these, 11HA821 and 11HA956, lie outside Project Log #01056). the currently defined project limits. The This property consists Hutson View site (11HA955), however, is of 1,650 acres of bot- a large (ca. .7 ha) prehistoric and historic tomland and adjacent occupation bisected by IL 96; approxi- bluff slope that are situ- mately 75 percent of the defined site limits ated just below the mouth of the LaMoine ley sites based upon observed differences lie within the project boundaries. Phase II River in the northeastern corner of Brown in their respective ceramic assemblages. testing was conducted at 11HA955 that County. ITARP personnel have evaluated ITARP personnel excavated seven involved the excavation of seven 1 x 2 m a series of prehistoric and historic sites 1 x 2 m hand units in the 11BR18 site area units. This excavation revealed quantities on this property for the IDOT over the during the second week of August 2009. of primarily late nineteenth century historic last several years. John McGregor (UIUC) These units documented that much of materials, prehistoric lithics, shell- and originally recorded the Thompson site, a the proposed project area has been seri- grit-tempered ceramics, as well as one well-known Middle Woodland (Hopewell) ously disturbed as a result of the occupa- prehistoric pit and one historic feature. habitation, in 1952. The recovered ceram- tion and destruction of a farmstead and Because of its long-term occupation and ics subsequently were used by William related outbuildings that date from the mixed provenience, no further testing is E. Taylor, Jr. as part of a Masters thesis late nineteenth to mid-twentieth century. recommended for the historic component at that attempted to seriate 18 Illinois Val- However, Middle Woodland lithic and ceramic remains are interspersed with these historic materials across most of the project area. At least one possibly intact aboriginal midden area and a single basin-shaped feature remnant were discovered during testing. This 15 cm deep pit exhibited two distinctive fill zones, the uppermost of which produced an undecorated, reconstructable Middle Woodland vessel section. Based upon these find- ings, additional machine stripping of the project-specific portion of the site is recommended prior to construction. An ATSR is currently pending. Total station mapping, US 67 project, Morgan County (above); remote sensing, Golden Bluff site, Fulton County (top right).

2009 Annual Report 37 District 8

FAP 310/US 67 Godfrey to Madison/ Jersey County Line, (Structure Demolitions), Madison County The project consists of a series of standing structure demolitions associated with the construction of a new four-lane highway connecting Alton and Jacksonville, Illinois (ITARP Project Log #09053). The DeBaun site (11MS2258) was recorded as an early 1830s hand-hewn timber frame cabin and mid-nineteenth century house with associated standing smoke house located along the eastern edge of an upland ridge overlooking an unnamed tributary of Little Piasa Creek in rural Madison County. The entire site was scheduled for impact by the proposed highway improvements so it was subjected to comprehensive machine scraping, which exposed ca. 1,600 m2 in 12 separate excavation blocks. As a result, 23 pit or structural features and 15 post molds were identified and excavated by WISD personnel during a three-week period in June and July. Notable archaeological features include a large cellar (4.2 m x 3.9 m x 82 cm deep), a sizeable cistern (3.65 m deep), and a double- sided limestone fireplace. ABSD personnel subsequently made a detailed architectural evaluation and recordation of the standing structures; the smoke house was demolished at this same time and excavations were undertaken below the superstructure after it was removed. A large assemblage of decorated early nineteenth century refined ceramics and other domestic materials were recovered as a result of these excavations. Based upon the archaeological data and associated records, a significant 1820s component is present at DeBaun. Given its early dating and excellent state of preservation, the site was determined eligible for Early Eighteenth Century DeBaun site, Madison County: shell-edged plate fragment (top); excavations (center); double fireplace (bottom). listing on the NRHP; the negative affects of construction were mitigated through the Galloy took over as ABSD coordinator. in 2009, ABSD has been involved in two excavations briefly outlined here. A report Charles Witty handles Statewide Survey multi-year projects: the extension of I-255 of investigations is currently in progress. Division projects, Jeffrey Kruchten is the (FAP 310) from the Mississippi River bluff site director for the MRB project, and line in Madison County into the uplands American Bottom Survey Division Patrick Durst conducts FAP 310 project of Jersey County, and the Mississippi River investigations. Jim Burns and Mat Terry are Bridge Project, which includes a new bridge The ABSD coordinator, Brad Koldehoff, archaeological technicians, Julie Bukowski is across the Mississippi River at St. Louis, and, assistant division coordinator, Dr. Jo- the skeletal analyst, and Miranda Yancy is and more importantly, the realignment of seph Galloy, direct a team of archaeologists the GIS specialist. The Belleville and Wood I-70 northward through East St. Louis. The and support staff, responsible for project River Labs are supervised by Tricia Wright I-70 realignment and associated roadwork survey and site investigations in the south- and Kelly Arnold, respectively; Amanda passes through the East St. Louis Mound ern third of Illinois and, most importantly, Gifford oversees the Godfrey Flotation Center (11S706), a large Mississippian pe- the American Bottom, a region of abundant Lab. Mera Hertel is the ABSD graphic riod mound and town site second only in and complex archaeological resources. In designer, illustrator, and photographer. size and complexity to nearby Cahokia. In- August, Brad Koldehoff became cultural In addition to handling the nearly 100 vestigations here have produced hundreds resources coordinator for ITARP, and Joseph new survey requests received from IDOT of well preserved Mississippian features 38 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 39 limits and as a result should not of the Meeks Farm site also recorded be impacted by construction. The an I-House dwelling that exhibited abutments were constructed of vernacular Greek Revival architectural rough-cut limestone masonry and elements suggesting construction ca. represent a crossing associated 1840–60. The structure was photographed with the “Old Road” between Al- and documented to record characteristics ton and Jacksonville. This bridge of the original framework, hardware, is illustrated in the 1873 Madison clapboard siding, and architectural details. County atlas, and it was photo- No subsurface features were located, documented by ITARP this spring. likely due in part to disturbance from The WWTDD site (11MS2366) modern development of the residential lot. was discovered by shovel testing a The Quarry Road site (11JY397) is located fallow field covering a large ridge in southern Jersey County overlooking Little near Godfrey. Numerous prehis- Piasa Creek. Phase II testing delineated 55 pit toric lithics were recovered along features, all of which were fully excavated. with mid-nineteenth century his- While most features appear to date to the toric artifacts. Subsequent Phase Late Woodland Patrick and/or Sponemann II testing revealed a potential Late phases (A.D. 650–900) a few lacked ceramic Archaic pit feature as well as four artifacts and may represent Archaic-period mid-nineteenth century historic deposits. Numerous Archaic diagnostic features (three pits, one post clus- artifacts were recovered from plowzone ter), all of which were completely context during machine stripping. These excavated. One of the pits may include Helton-type projectile points, represent a shallow subfloor cel- Dalton-like end scrapers, an axe fragment, lar or possibly a privy vault. A and a Thebes/St. Charles-type perform. Merom/Trimble-type projectile The Elbert Watt site (11MS1843) is located point was recovered from the on a long narrow ridge overlooking a large site during machine stripping. tributary of the West Fork of Wood River All of the revisited sites were Creek. The previously reported site limits subjected to Phase II testing. Eight were expanded in the spring as a result of of them (11MS813, 11MS1027, additional shovel testing on the eastern por- Lindley bridge remains, mid-Nineteenth Century, Little Piasa Creek, Madison County. 11MS1265, 11MS1266, 11MS1612, tion of the ridge. Phase II testing conducted District 8 11MS1613, 11MS1623, and 11MS1635) during late fall revealed a cluster of 11 produced only non-diagnostic prehistoric shallow pit features that were completely FAP 310 lithic concentrations from plowzone excavated. Although little material was The 2009 field season for the FAP 310 contexts. The GM & O site (11MS806) yielded recovered from these features, a Middle project included testing and mitigation a Middle Woodland Snyders-type projectile Woodland affiliation for all is supported by of sites in northern Madison and south- point, but no subsurface features were the recovery of diagnostic ceramics from a ern Jersey Counties. Investigations were present. The Meeks Farm site (11MS1614) few of the pits. Snyders- and Gibson-type completed within areas to be impacted produced a possible Early Archaic lithic projectile points were recovered during ma- by the construction of a four-lane ex- scatter within an intact E-horizon. Recovered chine stripping from the vicinity of the area pressway linking Godfrey and Jerseyville. artifacts include a biface, an axe fragment, with features. Also, several possible Late This work resulted in the testing of 14 and a Dalton-like end scraper. A survey Archaic lithic scatters were identified within previously recorded sites and the delineation and/or testing of six new sites. Of the six new sites investigated, all but one were subjected to Phase II testing. Three of them (11MS2334, 11MS2338, and Field Site #98024-87) consisted of nondiagnostic prehistoric lithic concentrations within a plowzone context. These sites could represent evidence of ephemeral landform use during the Archaic period. A fourth lithic concen- tration (Field Site #98024-88) also yielded mid- to late-nineteenth century materials but no subsurface features were present. The Lindley Bridge site (11MS2339) contains the ruins of a mid-nineteenth century bridge situated on the north and south sides of Little Piasa Creek. Lindley Bridge is located immediately adjacent to the project Late Woodland pit, A.D. 650–900, Quarry Road site, Jersey County. continued on page 42 2009 Annual Report 39 Lost and Forgotten Cemeteries lages of Cahokia, Prairie Du Pont, and Carondelet, Missouri. The first house of worship was a log church, and in 1873 the congregation built a large wood- framed building. Of note, the Flat Creek Cemetery contains the grave of Jack Jackson, a member of the Flat Creek Church who belonged to the 6th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery during the Civil War. Jackson served on Rural Illinois is dotted with small cemeteries and helping organize clean-ups. A main focus the front lines in numerous skirmishes and famous dating to the nineteenth and early twentieth cen- of this research has been the identification and battles, such as the Fort Pillow Massacre and turies. With the passage of time, many of these documentation of cemeteries associated with early the battle at Milliken’s Bend during the Siege of cemeteries have fallen into disrepair and are no African American longer marked on maps or listed in state records. communities and Some are family plots, while others are vestiges of congregations. defunct communities and congregations. Across Some of these all ITARP divisions, when such cemeteries are cemeteries hold encountered in project areas, they are recorded. secrets about In 2009, Mera Hertel, with other American Bottom much of Illinois’ Survey Division staff members, continued work- unwritten history. ing closely with local historical and genealogical Hertel’s re- societies to locate and document lost and for- cent research of gotten cemeteries across the American Bottom the Flat Creek region. This effort continues to clock numerous Cemetery in East volunteer hours spent investigating out in the field, Carondelet, re- interviewing descendents, researching archives, vealed that the Flat Creek Missionary Baptist Church is the oldest Vicksburg, where he survived a bullet to the head. Black church known to date in Illinois, established “Big Jack” Jackson played a key role in recruiting in 1809. This was the year Elder James Lemen much-needed Black troops for the Union when brought about the split within the Baptist Church, dispirited white officers had trouble enlisting these dividing it forever on the issue of slavery. Le- men and allaying their fear of racist white authority. men named his new fellowship The Friends of A major clean-up effort at the Flat Creek Humanity Baptist Church, which accepted only Cemetery is slated for spring 2010. Members non-slaveholders as members. Lemen originally of the Flat Creek Missionary Baptist Church, came to Illinois in 1786 from Virginia after making the Prairie Du Pont Levee District, the Buffalo a secret compact with Thomas Jefferson to begin Soldiers Motorcycle Club of Southern Illinois, a movement against slavery in the Northwest Ter- and the International Order of Oddfellows have ritory, initially through the churches and ultimately worked together with Hertel and Judy Jen- through the establishment of the new Illinois state nings, St. Clair County Genealogical Society government. His efforts succeeded—the Flat Cemetery Division, to make this event possible. Creek Church sprang up just four miles southwest Hertel and Jennings first collaborated in 2005, of Cahokia in a brush harbor on the shore of the having a mutual interest in preserving cemeteries Mississippi River, in the vicinity of Lemen’s first and pioneer history. They began traveling around established churches and along one of his main the local area, collecting information and search- preaching circuits. Original members of the church ing for new sites to record. In 2000, Jennings were likely descendents of French slaves of began documenting the Booker T. Washington African and Native American descent from the vil- Cemetery, a massive Black cemetery in St. Clair County with pated by the referencing historic plats to modern maps, plot- Lost and Forgotten Cemeteries more than 12,000 Belt family in ting the original town of Brooklyn and the homes graves. Combin- 1818. That and businesses of its residents. She is currently ing their talents s a m e y e a r compiling a statistical analysis of historical data and with help from R i c h m o n d studying incomes and occupations of the town’s local and county F r e e m a n occupants during the industrial era. Working with authorities and completed his citizens and members of the Historical Society of other outreach or- i n d e n t u r e d Brooklyn, a much older African American cem- ganizations, they etery was lo- continue their ef- cated within forts to document the town and and clean up this is now cur- significant site. rently under Hertel record- investigation. ed the Freeman African School and Cemetery servitude, and on O b t a i n - site in 2007 after ITARP statewide archaeologist, New Year’s Day in ing informa- Charlie Witty, identified the site during a survey 1819, purchased tion on and near Freeburg. At the 2009 African American his first tract of o r g a n i z i n g Discover Your Roots Conference in St. Louis, an eventual 315 restoration of Hertel became acquainted with a descendent of acres of land, a these sites is the Freeman family, Sarah (Freeman) Cato, whose feat that was al- predominate- great-great grandmother was born July 4, 1800. In most unheard of ly credited 1816, she walked to Illinois from Maryland during at that time. The to the will- the “Year Without a Summer,” a meterorological couple married ingness and phenomenon generated by the major eruption December 23, 1819, after which according to fam- concern of community residents, church and of Indonesia’s Mount Tambora in 1815. Despite ily legend, Mary was kidnapped and taken back city officials, and numerous interested clubs to the East Coast by what came to be known as and organizations. They volunteer information, the Reverse Underground Railroad, where freed time, and manual labor. ITARP volunteers ap- slaves were sold back into servitude. Unwilling preciate the opportunity to play a part in these to relinquish his new bride, Richmond managed achievements, lending their expertise in research, somehow to make his way to Baltimore, arriving cartography, and site documentation. These with only twelve cents in his pocket and retrieved kinds of projects give us all the chance to learn Mary. Once back safely in Illinois, they built a and work together, strengthening not only our farmstead, dairy and school, and raised fourteen cultural heritage, but also our cultural comradery. children. Cato’s family’s written records confirm the existence of an underground railroad running from the Freeman property to O’Fallon, Illinois, where slaves would try to make their way on to Canada; the family was said to have run the railroad the fact that no crops grew that year and Illinois from their home until slavery ended. recorded an inch of ice that August, Mary Graham In the uplands of St. Clair County, [Freeman] survived the trek and was emanci- near Swansea, Hertel and Jennings recorded and photographed the Badgley family cemetery, one of the oldest in St. Clair County. David Badgley, pioneer minister and well-known historical figure in Illinois, is buried with his family on his original 1814 homestead. They conducted a cemetery tour this summer for Badgley family descendents from Virginia. In the summer of 2009, Hertel, Jen- nings, and Miranda Yancey recorded the headstones at the early twentieth century Brook Cemetery in Brooklyn, Illinois—a Black community founded in 1829 as a freedom village. Serving as a river, railroad, and religious hub, it is not surprising that Brooklyn also served as a main stop on the Underground Railroad. Yancey, ABSD GIS specialist, has spent numerous hours structures in photographs and line draw- tested and mitigated ings. Mitigation of the site’s subsurface from 2002–07, and deposits included the complete excavation testing of the East of twenty historic-period features: 11 pits, 3 St. Louis site was basins, 2 cisterns/wells, 1 cellar, 2 limestone conducted in 2008. foundations, and deposits within the smoke- Second in size house interior. Most of these contexts con- only to its mighty tained ca. 1825–40 domestic material culture, neighbor, Cahokia, and all features were completely excavated. the East St. Louis Mound Center was Mississippi River Bridge (MRB) situated downstream

The East St. Louis Site Cahokia Creek on After more than a decade of a topographic rise planning, the new Mississippi overlooking the Mis- River Bridge (MRB) project is sissippi River. As the city now coming to fruition. This of East St. Louis grew and industrialized project is considered vital to during the nineteenth century, the mound the St. Louis region’s continued center’s visible presence on the landscape economic growth. It includes a was blotted out. Although its mounds were new bridge across the Mississippi leveled for borrow, filling and leveling to River that will alleviate congestion reduce the risk of flooding protected much on the Poplar Street Bridge (PSB), of the site’s remaining prehistoric deposits. which now carries Interstates 55, Over the last few decades, archaeological 70 and 64. I-70 will be routed onto work for transportation projects exposed the new crossing to the north portions of the site’s civic-ceremonial of the PSB; then, the I-70 Con- precinct, but the location of the associated nector will run to the southeast, residential areas remained unknown until through the former St. Louis Na- ITARP’s 2008 testing revealed several early tional Stockyards to connect with a Mississippian dwellings in the stockyards. rebuilt Tri-Level Interchange. ITARP began Phase III excavations at ITARP began conducting preliminary the East St. Louis site during the spring of surveys of MRB impact areas during the 2009, focusing on the proposed impact areas mid-1990s. Since then, two large prehistoric for the I-70 Connector (ITARP Project Log Total station mapping, Quarry Road site, Jersey County. sites have been identified, tested, and par- #07128) and the MRB-associated Exchange an E-horizon context. These produced at tially mitigated. These are the East St. Louis Avenue Extension (ITARP Project Log least two Osceola-type projectile points. Mound Center (11S706) and the nearby #08080). This work was conducted entirely The DeBaun site (11MS2258) was previ- Janey B. Goode (11S1232) site. The latter was within the former St. Louis National Stock- ously investigated by ITARP in 2007. At the time, the site contained a ca. 1830s hand- hewn timber framed cabin that was recorded but has since been demolished. The property was purchased and settled by George De- Baun and his family in 1829. The DeBaun family occupied the land until ca. 1865 when Irish immigrant Patrick Waters purchased it; his family owned the farmstead well into the twentieth century. The site was revisited in 2009 following IDOT acquisition of the remainder of the site area, which contained the remnants of three extant nineteenth century structures. One of these was a ca. 1840–60 I-house dwelling with vernacular Greek Revival architectural elements. This dwelling was constructed in three major stages using divergent framing techniques, including timber framing. The other two buildings included a brick smokehouse and a converted garage that was originally a timber-framed barn. All three structures were depicted in a ca. 1873 illustration of the Waters farmstead. ITARP documented the Burned posts (above); ceramic lizard/salamander (top right); copper awl (center), Mississippian, East St. Louis site, St. Clair County. 42 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 43 and wall-trench structures, many St. Louis between 7th and 8th Streets and of which were rebuilt at least once. bordering Exchange Avenue. This area was Also, several large, monumental investigated as part of the Exchange Av- posts (post pits) that had been enue Bridge over Interstate-55/70 project emplaced early in the occupa- (ITARP Project Log #08020), a component tional sequence were subsequently of the MRB project. Due to the presence pulled, and structures were of a thick layer of historically deposited erected over them. Often these cindery fill, the area was investigated structures were constructed later using a trackhoe. Eighteen excavation in the Lohmann phase, although blocks were opened, and no prehistoric some clearly derive from the deposits were located. Because the western Stirling phase (A.D. 1100–1200). portion of this area had been previously The Stirling-phase component included as part of the East St. Louis site is widespread but smaller than (11S706/6), the absence of prehistoric ma- the previous component, and terials here redefined the site’s boundaries. also appears to exhibit both early Eighty features were revealed that are and late occupations. A very late associated with the nineteenth and early Stirling-phase occupation appears twentieth century occupation of this part to be restricted to one small area of East St. Louis. These features include 72 of the site. No late Mississippian pits (most of them privy vaults), 6 cisterns, occupations are present, sug- 1 cellar/crawlspace, and 1 fence line. The Woman holding shell cup, East St. Louis site, St. Clair County. gesting that East St. Louis met its 1905 and 1950 Sanborn fire insurance demise earlier than did Cahokia. maps, 1900 East St. Louis city directory, yards, which is located immediately north One highlight of the 2009 season was the and 1900 federal census, reveal a socially of the East St. Louis city limits in Fairmount excavation of Feature 181, a burned Stirling- diverse working-class neighborhood. The City, Illinois. Most our efforts there fell phase structure. The shallow basin and population included both black and white within the defined limits of the site’s Stock- floor yielded 21 arrowpoints; 2 chert hoes; a native-born Americans as well as white yard Tract (11S706/5) with the remainder flintknapping toolkit consisting of 4 abrad- European immigrants. Many residents in the National City Tract (11S706/4). ers, 3 chert cores, and associated debitage likely participated in the well-known A total of 567 Mississippian features concentrations; several vessel fragments, migration of workers from rural regions were excavated in 2009. Work in the I-70 including Ramey Incised jars; botanical re- to industrial centers in the late nineteenth Connector resulted in the completion of 336 mains including corn, acorn, grass, cane and century. Most appear to have been em- features, including 64 structures, 193 pits, preserved woven matting; and last, a 6 cm- ployed as non-skilled and skilled laborers, 10 post pits, 68 nonstructural posts, and tall red flintclay figurine depicting a kneel- the former being most common. It is likely 1 hearth. Investigations in the Exchange ing female holding a shell cup or dipper. that most workers were employed at one of Avenue Extension right-of-way and in an the nearby manufactories or at the National adjacent 40'-wide utility easement resulted Old Eighth Street Site, Exchange Stockyards. All of the features delineated in the excavation of another 231 features, Avenue Bridge, St. Clair County were completely mapped and excavated by including 47 structures, 104 pits, 3 post The Old Eighth Street site (11S1790) con- hand and/or machinery. The vast majority pits, 74 posts, and 3 hearths. Despite sists of two former residential blocks in East of the 72 pits were wood-lined, rectangular widespread disturbance caused by historic period activities within the stockyards, the features are typically well preserved, and many were found intact beneath concrete pavement and building foundations. The distribution of features throughout both project areas revealed a intensively occupied residential zone similar to those that have been observed at the Cahokia site. One significant aspect of our excavations this year was the further delineation of a substantial Lohmann phase (A.D. 1050–1100) component that was only hinted at during Phase II testing in 2008. It is likely that more than half of the excavated structures date from this first Mississippian phase. It also might be possible to identify early and late facets within the Lohmann phase. The early Lohmann facet is represented by small, rectangular single-post structures, whereas the late facet exhibits a mix of single-post Ceramics and glass, Nineteenth to early Twentieth Century, Old Eighth Street site, St. Clair County. 2009 Annual Report 43 and William Pfeffer (11S204) sites within the county right-of- way on the south side of Belleville Street. ITARP also helped county engineers modify the improvements to avoid known mounds belonging to the Pfeffer site on the north side of the street. At the Low-Tee site, 18 pit features were exposed and excavated. Three of these yielded Marion Thick potsherds and thus date from the Early Woodland period. Eight other pits derive from a Late Woodland occupation, while the remaining seven are Lithograph, 1889 Exchange Avenue Stockyards, East St. Louis. culturally indetermi- privy vaults between 3 and 7 feet deep. varying ages, will provide an unprecedented nate. Features excavated at the Pfeffer Although most features contained a wide opportunity to explore change in a turn-of- site include 22 Late Woodland pits, one variety of ca. 1900–30 material culture, the-century working class neighborhood Mississippian pit, and a Mississippian some produced ca. 1860–1900 artifacts in one of America’s great industrial cities. wall-trench structure that had been par- such as historical flasks and blob-top soda Similar contexts have seldom been explored. tially destroyed by the existing roadcut. bottles. In general, the materials represent a wide variety of domestic refuse such as Ninth and Exchange Site, ceramics, bottles, spittoons, metal cook- Exchange Avenue Bridge, Mississippian St. Clair County points, ware, shoe leather, faunal remains, and Pfeffer site, toys. One feature even contained numer- The Ninth and Exchange site (11S1791) St. Clair County. ous and varied items from a chemistry set. is located at the intersections of 9th Street The detailed socioeconomic data for this and Exchange Avenue in East St. Louis period, along with materials from contexts of and was also investigated in conjunction with work on the Exchange Avenue Bridge (ITARP Project Log #08020). The affected area generally consisted

of narrow wedges along each street corner that minimally expanded the Current Research intersection right-of-way. A backhoe was used to open four excava- The Archaeology of tion blocks, revealing that most of East Central Illinois Project the area was severely damaged by development, although one privy Several years ago, in partnership with vault containing ca. 1860–70s mate- the East Central Illinois Archaeological rial was identified and excavated. Society (ECIAS), personnel at ITARP began a long-term project to identify and Belleville Street, US 50 to record the archaeological resources, both Stanton Road, St. Clair County prehistoric and historic, situated within the This project (ITARP Project Log east central portion of the state. We define #09064) involved improvements to this area as a nine county segment ranging Belleville Street from Stanton Road from Ford and Iroquois in the north to to US 50, in Lebanon, Illinois. In the Coles and Edgar in the south, to Piatt and spring of 2009, ITARP conducted Moultrie in the west and extending east Phase II and III work on those to the Illinois-Indiana border. Significant

“Pike’s Peak” flask, Old Eighth Street site, St. Clair County. portions of the Low-Tee (11S1735) river drainages that lie within this area

44 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 45 directed at assem- Since 1980 a total of 55 trenches, including bling information those from Holdener, from 11 sites have about an enigmatic been identified in the American Bottom. feature type in the Trenches occur in pairs, small groups, lines American Bottom or as isolated units. The age and function known as “truss of these trenches are elusive. Cultural trenches.” This term materials from the trenches are typically was created by the absent, except in the final fill zones that late Dr. Warren Wit- clearly post-date the actual use of these try for linear trenches trenches. Two dates, one from Holdener that he had discovered at the Holdener and one from the Greenhouse site, date site in 1980. Two sets of trenches, one consisting of 11MS1186 five trenches and another of nine trenches were identified. Each trench in the set was ca. 3 m long and from 50–75 cm 11S816 in width; depths ranged from 11S685 1.00–1.45 m. The narrow, linear trenches consisted of

two parallel lines that were 11S87 11S650 slightly offset. He believed 11MO99 that posts marked the ends 11MO140 of the trenches and therefore 11MO776 include the Embarras, Iroquois, Kaskaskia, interpreted these trenches Sangamon, along with several larger as supports for burial plat- tributaries of the Wabash. Additional 11MO880 forms, hence the term “truss 11MO716 aquatic natural resource areas that were trench.” He believed that the 11M0891 attractive to prehistoric populations were trenches dated to the Late the vast upland marsh/glacial kettle areas Woodland period, although there was little to the Mississippian period. However, present in this part of Illinois. There are archaeological support for this conclusion. the dated material came from the upper- many aspects to this ambitious project. most fill zones of the trenches, One primary objective is to revisit and after the trench had filled in. evaluate the current status of the many The absence of posts in all 55 mounds and mound groups that have trenches, including those from been reported. We are also attempting to Holdener, has raised serious identify and contact individuals with artifact doubts about their function collections in order to document, record, as burial platforms. Moreover, and photograph their collections, and thus it is clear that these trenches preserve this aspect of the archaeological stood open for some time after record. Thus far, we have been fortunate their use, since silt laminae and to work with nine individuals/families niter-like mottles typify the whose collections represent Champaign, lower zones of these trenches. Coles, Douglas, Ford, Piatt, and Vermillion A more neutral term, slot counties. Several of these collections are trench, is proposed for this substantial, and detailed locational data feature type. Two new dates were recorded by some of the individuals, from the Earl Kolmer site are adding to the archaeological value of the from the Early Woodland and collections. Archaic components dominate early Late Archaic periods but these collections but Woodland components are probably unreliable since have also been identified. In time we will they were run on organic be making collection data available to lenses. In both cases, however, the general public through publications, Middle Woodland cultural Internet sources, and public presentations materials were found in zones as part of our public outreach activities. above where the dateable Slot Trenches in the materials were derived. In at American Bottom least half of the trenches from this region, Early Woodland Special projects coordinator, Andrew Carr Creek phase materials Slot trench plan view, Holdner site, St. Clair County (above); celt and grooved axe, private collec- have been found in or near Fortier, initiated a research project in 2009 tion, Champaign County (top left); slot trench distribution in the American Bottom (top right).

2009 Annual Report 45 the trenches. It is probable, therefore, that leaf litter. As the trenches at least some of the trenches may actu- stood open for longer ally date to the Early Woodland period. periods, natural ero- The function of these trenches is still sion through collapsing enigmatic. The fact that the trenches were walls and rainfall erosion not filled by their makers and are missing would have occurred. posts indicates that they are definitely Cultural material in the not platform supports. Had posts been final zones probably was placed in these units they surely would due to either erosion of have filled the trenches to stabilize the surficial middens from posts. The absence of burning in the fills later occupants or from argues against their use as specialized dumping episodes by food processing or cooking facilities. It is these occupants in the possible that they functioned as some kind remnant shallow depres- of storage facility, perhaps as short-term sions of the final trench. holding units for excess nut harvests. All Most interesting is that of the trenches occur in the uplands in slot trenches seem to be savanna/woodland edge environments a uniquely American where nut groves would have flourished. Bottom phenomenon Perhaps local nut foragers used these units and occur only in up- as temporary over-winter facilities that land contexts. The only were revisited in the following spring exceptions are two pos- before other wild plants, such as starchy sible slot trenches from seeds, were available. Once the nuts the Tree Row site near were removed, the trenches were simply Havana in the Central abandoned and filled in naturally. The Illinois River Valley. niter mottles probably are derived from At least one of these trenches is thought to be associated with the local Early Woodland Black Sand component at the Photographing coprolites from the Janey B. Goode site. site. Until we find trenches with dateable The process of breaking down the feces materials or functionally unambiguous and the kinds of information that can be contexts, slot trenches will remain one retrieved from such analysis are described of the great archaeological enigmas of in previous ITARP annual reports. Thus far, the American Bottom. The author of this only seven samples have been processed, research is presently preparing a paper and each has yielded various macro-fauna for publication that will give more de- remains, including fish, bird, mammal, tails about the locations and attributes rodent, and amphibian. Four strands of of all known trenches in this region. hair, presumably dog, and sinew have also been identified. One sample produced pos- Coprolite Analysis sible carbonized plant remains, but these remains have not been verified at this time. This research is part of a long-term proj- The special projects coordinator com- ect involving over 100 individual pieces of pleted text boxes for a poster to be pre- desiccated dog feces recovered from the sented in April at the 2010 SAA meetings Janey B. Goode site in St. Clair County, in St. Louis. This poster will describe Illinois. The dogs and associated scat are various aspects of the coprolite analysis probably associated with the early Termi- and will include photos of the coprolites nal Late Woodland component at this site and their remains (e.g., Scanning (A.D. 900–950). The existence of 50 dog Electron Micro- burials at Janey B. Goode indicates a rela- scope shots of the tively sizable dog population, in fact the largest identified at any Midwestern site to date. The recovery of 100 feces samples from an open-air site in the Dog copro- Midwest is an extraordi- lites, Janey B. Goode site, Slot trench, Holdner site, St. Clair County. nary and unique discovery. St. Clair County.

46 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 47 occurred within two spatially restricted areas, although burial density is not high. Based on a small number of associated vessels, most examples from the larger of the burial groups have been affiliated with the late Fisher phase and for the other area most burials were classified as only Upper Mississippian, although a Huber phase affiliation is suspected. About 60 percent of the individuals were interred with identifi- able, nonperishable artifacts. Ceramic vessels, copper artifacts, bone artifacts, and red ochre were the most hair). Identifications of faunal remains, late Fisher phase village surrounded by commonly recovered objects. The human primarily fish bones and scales, were defensive works, termed the Fortified Vil- remains were examined for the presence of completed by Steven Kuehn of ITARP. lage. This intensive but short term village skeletal and dental pathologies, and stable We expect to acquire even more informa- was spatially segregated from another isotope analysis of bone collagen tion from the larger samples that have not investigated area of the site, termed and apatite results indicated yet been processed. Thus far, it appears the Main Occupa- that the site population that dogs were scavenging mostly fish such tion Area, where as gar and bowfin. While these fish are both late Fisher certainly edible, they were probably not and Huber phase preferred by the human inhabitants at this occupations span- site. None of the animal remains in the fe- ning a much longer Catlinite disk pipe (left); Fifield Trailed pot (far left) ca. Fourteenth Century A.D., Fortified ces show any signs of burning, hence they period of time were encountered. Village area, Hoxie Farm site, were probably not processed as food by hu- Cook County; Janey B. Goode coprolites A working draft of the report for hydrating sample (top left) and macrofauna mans. Dogs, therefore, were a useful gar- the Fortified Village portion of the from processed sample (top right). bage clean-up component at this site and site was previously were probably tolerated for this reason. completed, and in 2009, work consist- Hoxie Farm Site, ing of map produc- Kingery Expressway, tion, draft reviews, Cook County and preparation for editing were The Hoxie Farm site (11CK4) is located accomplished. For in south suburban Cook County near the the Main Occupa- Village of Thornton. ITARP personnel tion Area, intro- conducted major excavations at this site ductory chapters earlier this decade for a interstate expan- for the report were sion project (ITARP Project Log #95156) finished and work revealing extensive evidence for late pre- on other chapter had a diet that dif- historic, Upper drafts and analyses continued. fered (less maize and animals Mississippian A focus of the analyses conducted that consume maize/grass) from occupations in 2009 involved the Main Occupa- Langford phase or American Bottom Mis- (late Fisher tion Area burial features. ITARP sissippian populations. Limited evidence and Huber excavated a total of 26 burials for violence (cut marks characteristic of phases). in this part of the site, and scalping) was encountered on a few cranial Notable when appropriate, evidence elements, and one cranial fragment exhib- among from previously excavated ited a complex decorative pattern of incised the evi- site burials has also been in- lines. The burial population from the Hoxie d e n c e corporated into our investiga- Farm Main Occupation Area represents one uncovered tions, bringing the total number of a very limited number available from was the pres- of burials being evaluated to 53. late prehistoric contexts from the Chicago ence of a large Most of the ITARP-excavated burials area and represents an important data set.

2009 Annual Report 47 Robert Reber Collection available. Thus, groups regularly visited Archaeological Testing bedrock sources to the west along the Illi- Short Reports Submitted to Unparalleled insights into nois River and to the east along the Wabash the prehistory of Illinois can River. Through time, different sources IDOT in 2009 be gained by recording well- were used more intensively than others, documented artifact collections which provides insights into changing gathered by dedicated avoca- patterns of group mobility and land use. Bottlemy Site, FAS 0026/Alden Road tional archaeologists. Dr. Rob- Drainage Ditch Reconstruction, ert Reber, a managing editor of Illinois Fluted-Point Survey McHenry County The Illinois Steward magazine The prehistoric Bottlemy Site (11MH495) and a University of Illinois Dating to the close of is located on an undisturbed terrace 35 m Extension nutrition specialist the last Ice Age, Clovis, west of Nippersink Creek. A 56 m2 area and associate professor of Folsom, and other types (4.7% of the total site) was hand excavated nutrition, has for decades of fluted points are the within the 1,200 m2 site area. This testing been systematically record- most diagnostic arti- indicates that Bottlemy represents an ing and surface collecting facts of the earliest intact Woodland Period site probably archaeological sites in the known inhabitants of containing two horizontally discrete oc- headwaters area of the Illinois. These stone cupational components—a transitional Middle Fork of the Vermilion spear points and as- Middle Woodland-Late Woodland com- River. His site collections are sociated toolkits hold ponent confined to the lower portions continuing to be recorded by important clues to of an undisturbed A-horizon (located in a team of ITARP research- settlement and sub- the northern 1/3 of the site) and an early ers led by Brad Koldehoff sistence strategies. to mature Late Woodland component and Madeleine Evans, Brad Koldehoff and (most closely resembling Horicon Phase) who have logged many Dr. Thomas Loebel (Univer- confined within a 10 cm-thick buried A- volunteer hours invento- sity of Illinois, Chicago) are coordi- Horizon (located in the central site core). rying and photographing nating a systematic effort to record A range of ceramic and lithic artifacts, stone points and tools. fluted-point discoveries across Illinois. FCR, faunal material, and charcoal were Reber’s efforts are espe- This effort relies, in large part, on public recovered. Geomorphologi- cially important because little outreach activities to locate and record cal analyses suggest that is known about the prehistory fluted-point discoveries. The ultimate cultural deposits present of east central Illinois. Primar- goal of the project is to develop a da- within the buried A- ily, results show that while tabase for modeling land-use patterns. horizon are in primary the upland marshlands of context; that is, while the Middle Fork headwaters Illinois Early Holocene formal feature bound- were little used by native Point Survey aries are difficult to groups at the close of the detect, artifact concen- last Ice age, the marshlands Similar to the fluted-point trations are intact and were routinely utilized by survey, Brad Koldehoff can provide confident as- subsequent groups, par- continues recording re- sociations between lithic ticularly during the Early gional samples of early and ceramic morphologies, Archaic (10,000–7,000 B.C.) Holocene (Early Archaic) faunal and floral subsistence data, and and Late Archaic through Early point types (e.g., Dal- potential radiometric dating results. Woodland (3,000–500 B.C.) pe- ton, Thebes, and Kirk) Little is known regarding subsistence riods. During the spring and throughout Illinois. The and settlement patterns of Late Woodland fall, the marshes and nearby ultimate goal of the peoples in northeastern Illinois. Regional oak groves would have been project is to develop a variations in lithic and ceramic types in this flush with plant and animal database for mod- area are poorly defined. A handful of, in resources, especially wa- eling land-use patterns. particular Horicon Phase, Late Woodland terfowl. However, stone As with the fluted-point sites have undergone subsurface testing suitable for making spear survey, this effort en- in the area; however, few have contained points, knives, and other tails public outreach many intact features to speak of and none large tools was in short activities to locate have contained an intact buried living sur- supply because only small and record well- face as is present on the Bottlemy Site. The glacial cobbles were locally documented collections. Bottlemy Site is a unique site with the po-

48 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 49 90 m2 were subjected to the original survey, the site included an in- machine scraping. Exca- filled fieldstone foundation with bulkhead vations revealed the rem- entrance and a scatter of household and ar- nants of a residential cellar, chitectural debris. Archival and artifactual a crop storage facility, a information suggested a mid-nineteenth well/cistern, and a drain- century initial occupation date for the age feature that extends site, which persisted into at least the early from the location of the decades of the twentieth century. Actual former residence. Initial impacts from the original project were very survey and later subsur- limited, with no direct effects in relation to face investigations recov- the structural feature(s); however, given ered domestic debris from the mid-nineteenth century onset date of the last half of the 1830s the site, Phase II evaluation of the site was through the mid-1860s, recommended in the event that expanded which consisted of build- impacts to the site were contemplated. ing materials (rock, brick, As a result of the 2009 site revisit, the glass, nails, etc.), refined fieldstone foundation was relocated, the and unrefined ceramics, presence of yard middens deposits was vessel and container glass, confirmed, and two additional circular and fragments of metal feature depressions (possible well and implements and vessels. A cistern) were identified. Site boundaries variety of other household were increased slightly; temporal affilia- items were found, includ- tions originally identified were confirmed. ing a milkglass button and Current construction plans have expanded collar pin, lamp chimney the proposed impacts; 150 m2 of the total Fieldwork, Bottlemy site, McHenry County. fragments, an iron needle, site area will be affected. This expansion and portions of a cast-iron will result in direct impacts to the field- tential to yield a wide variety of informa- kettle, a brass teakettle, safety pins, a stone cellar foundation, the westernmost tion important to our understanding the pewter button, a leather shoe heel, and circular feature, and the westernmost terminal Middle Woodland and early to a writing slate. Based on the document 3-4 meters of yard midden deposits. In mature Late Woodland periods in north- search, a number of property owners keeping with previous recommenda- eastern Illinois and southeastern Wis- are associated with the occupation of tions, this resource appeared to retain consin. Phase III mitigation of 11MH495 11L730 from the 1830s through the 1860s. research data that might prove eligible is recommended prior to any ground While discrete features associated for listing on the NRHP. Phase II testing disturbing activities in the area. An with the farmstead’s occu- ATSR was submitted in September 2009. pation were identified, all of the deposits within these 11L730, County Highway 20 features were mixed and (Peterson Road)/Illinois Route 60 likely due to post-occupation Intersection Relocation, in-filling activities. Testing at Lake County the mid-nineteenth century site indicates that it is not Site 11L730, a historic homestead/ NRHP-eligible, and no fur- farmstead, was identified during survey ther work is recommended. for an intersection improvement project (ITARP Project Log #02016) in Lake 2 C. Kinglsey Tenant House, County. The 946 m site area, all of which FAS 0026/Alden falls within the proposed project limits, is Road Drainage Ditch situated in uplands east of Squaw Creek. Reconstruction, Surface collections produced pre-1840 McHenry County whitewares and pearlwares, post-1850 whitewares and glass, and other historic The C. Kingsley Tenant materials. A metal detector survey lo- House (11MH482) was re- cated a small assemblage (N=30) of iron visited in conjunction with and refined metal artifacts, including the Alden Road Drainage machine-cut nails, fragments of a cast- Ditch Reconstruction project iron cooking vessel and a pewter spoon, (ITARP Project Log #08246). brass buttons, and a hand-forged iron bolt. The site occupies a 1,100 m2 A total of 503 m2 within the project-spe- area on an upland ridge east cific portion of the site and an additional of Nippersink Creek. Based on Shovel testing in the snow, Cook County.

2009 Annual Report 49 Test excavations in four excavation blocks identified 27 cultural features, including storage and processing pits, a possible hearth, and a historic draft horse burial. Diagnostic ceramics recovered from some of the prehistoric features are attributable to Oneota (ca. A.D. 1300–1400) and Late Woodland (ca. A.D. 650–1100) occupations. The site produced a Late Woodland or Oneota Hixton Silicified Sandstone triangular arrowpoint and two Early Archaic (8,500–7,900 B.C) chert projectile points. Five possible Early Archaic point preforms, scrapers, ham- merstones, bifaces, utilized flakes, and fire-cracked rock and other lithic implements Machine excavations, Jersey County (above); Oneota vessel, Fourteenth Century A.D., Shorten site, Henderson County (bottom).

of the expanded impact corridor in rela- or formal trash disposal area nor do they tion to 11MH482 was recommended prior mark the location of another structure on to any further project-related impacts. the property. Construction methods and Phase II testing of a 40 m2 area (11 m2 of materials were documented; however, which will be impacted) indicates that the no additional information significant residence (basement and superstructure) to our understanding of nineteenth and nearby subterranean cistern were century local or regional history can be constructed in the late-1850s. Significant gleaned from further investigation of repairs to the residence continued through the identified features or yard midden the early-1900s. The site was likely occu- on this site. The site does not appear pied into the 1920s, but abandoned and eligible for listing on the NRHP. There- razed by the mid-1930s. As part of site fore, no further work is recommended abandonment and land reclamation, both for the area containing site 11MH482. feature cavities were in-filled primarily with post-1920s vehicle parts and out- Shorten Site, Township Road 195A building hardware, and boulders—that Bridge Replacement over Dugout is, primarily items unrelated to the nine- Creek, Henderson County teenth century residential use of the site. The Shorten site, 11HE551, was lo- A moderately dense yard midden deposit cated in conjunction with survey for containing mid-nineteenth century house- a bridge replacement project (ITARP hold and architectural debris was identi- Project Log #05094) over channelized fied. These items do not represent an intact Dugout Creek, less than one mile east of the Mississippi River. The site area covers a 6,664 m2 area, 1,561 Survey south of Quincy, Adams County. m2 of which falls within the proj- and materials were also recovered from ect limits. A the site’s surface or excavation blocks. total of 1,066 The multicomponent Shorten site is m 2 (68%) of recommended as eligible for placement the project- on the NRHP; however, all intact cul- specific portion tural deposits encountered within the of the site was proposed right of way were excavated, subjected to sub- thus mitigating project impact to the surface investigations. site; further work is not recommended.

50 Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program 2009 Annual Report 51 Sourcing Midwestern Pipestones with a Portable Spectrometer Since the mid-1990s, a team of archaeologists and geologists from ITARP, UIUC Department of Anthropology, ATAM, and the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) has conducted analyses to determine the sources of raw material used in Hopewellian pipes and Mississippian figurines. Initial analyses were performed by ISGS geologists Randall Hughes and Dewey Moore using mineralogical techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and selected chemical techniques (e.g., sequential acid dissolution-inductively coupled plasma, or SDA-ICP) to characterize both quarry samples and archaeological specimens. In early 2000, the first of two grants from the National Science Foundation allowed the teamto purchase a PIMA (Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer) from Integrated Spectronics, Australia, for non-destructive testing of museum artifacts. The PIMA, a shoebox-sized, portable infrared spectrometer, provides qualitative identification of the minerals that complements and supplements what can be learned from XRD. PIMA spectroscopy uses the short wavelength infrared (SWIR) part of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 1,300–2,500 nanometers) and measures the reflected radiation from the surface of a sample. This measurement reveals the interatomic bond energies characteristic of specific minerals and works especially well on materials containing hydroxyls, OH groups, such as clay minerals (in pipestones and low-fired ceramics), and carbonates (archaeological bone). Invented by Australian geologists for gold mining and mineral exploration, the PIMA is an ideal instrument for testing artifacts in museum settings. Measurements can be taken from artifact surfaces non- destructively in about thirty seconds, allowing the rapid collection of a large number of analyses. The first phase of our project was to characterize raw materials from known quarry sites (e.g., Pipestone National Monument in Minnesota and the flint clay quarries in Scioto County, Ohio) and collect new samples from suspected sources (e.g., northern Illinois and west of St. Louis) and to compare them with artifact collections. Early results yielded some surprises: many Hopewellian pipes thought to be made from Ohio pipestone turned out to be catlinite from Minnesota and pipestone from near Sterling/Rock Falls, Illinois. This finding led to a major revision in our understanding of Middle Woodland production and distribution patterns. Similarly, the red stone used to make prestige items like the Mississippian red-goddess figurines and effigy pipes at Cahokia and related sites is not Minnesota catlinite or Arkansas bauxite, but a unique cookeite-boehmite flint clay that can be traced to a quarry near St. Louis. As our work expanded to include less well-known source materials, we have identified two varieties of Minnesota catlinite (A and B, with varying amounts of the minerals muscovite and pyrophyllite), two types of Wisconsin pipestone (Baraboo and Barron county varieties), glacial deposits in northern Iowa and in Kansas, and possible sources in southern Illinois. Although major collections at the Ohio Historical Society in Columbus, the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park in Chillicothe, Ohio, the National Park Service Midwest Archaeological Center in Lincoln, Nebraska, and the Milwaukee Public Museum have been analyzed, we continue discover small pockets of pipes, earspools, and figurines in private collections and museums throughout the eastern U.S. to add to our database. Over the years, many individuals have contributed to this project, most notably Dr. Thomas Emerson (ITARP/ UIUC Department of Anthropology); Randall Hughes, Dewey Moore, and Philip DeMaris (ISGS); Mary Hynes, Thomas Berres, and Karin Berkhoudt (UIUC Department of Anthropology); Kenneth Farnsworth (ITARP); and Sarah Wisseman (ATAM and ITARP). A list of publications and presentations from the PIMA project can be found on the web at: http://www.itarp.uiuc.edu/ atam/research/pima/index.html

2009 Annual Report 51 Historic Bridges and Buildings The Cultural Resources Unit (CRU) at IDOT, under the management of Dr. John Walthall, with the assistance of Brad Koldehoff and Laura Fry, is concerned with historic standing structures as well as the archaeology of Illinois. These structures not only include historic buildings impacted by the creation and alteration of roads, but also the bridges that utilize these roads. While old covered bridges, bascules, and stone arches are all obviously historic bridges, structures on the forefront of the engineering technology of their day are also important. Starting in the 1970s there have been orders and acts concerning historic bridges, resulting in the creation of a historic bridge list which has ultimately led to the current policy on Illinois historic bridge preservation. In 1990, IDOT, IHPA, and the Federal

Highway Administration established a Historic Bridge Survey in an effort to preserve significant historic bridges. The Historic Bridge Survey (HBS) is comprised of approximately 380 bridges, which are categorized by structure type and separated into primary or secondary importance. The significance of a bridge is determined by following the National Register of Historic Places criteria. These criteria concern the age of the structure (at least fifty years old), historical significance, and structural integrity. When a bridge is removed from the list, it must be replaced by an analogous bridge, as yet unlisted. The bridge to be demolished must be recorded in accordance with the Historic American Engineering Record standards unless three bridges of that structure-type have been previously recorded. These changes are approved by the CRU in consultation with the IHPA. The CRU maintains records of historic bridges and continually updates the HBS. To disseminate the Historic Bridge Survey, a new Historic Bridge website has been created in collaboration with Mike Lewis (ITARP). Upon completion, the site will be easily accessable to the public via the IDOT website. Bridge information, including photos and location maps, will be posted on the site. The website is designed

for use both by technical specialists involved in the management of these bridges and the general public. The historic buildings aspect of work done by the CRU includes review of photo logs of historic structures to determine if a significant building will be impacted by a road construction project. To help standardize the photo-logs received, as well as to provide some examples of buildings that may be significant, a booklet has been written. Photographing Historic Structures: Guidelines and Photo Logs briefly explains the state and federal laws concerning treatment of historic properties, an example of an acceptable photo log, tips on taking clear pictures of architecture, several historic building styles found in Illinois with photographic examples and a pictorial glossary of architectural terms. The booklet was written with consultation from IHPA. It will be posted on the IDOT website and printed for distribution in early 2010.

2009 Annual Report 52 Bibliography

Branstner, Mark C. Fishel, Richard L. and David J. Nolan 2009 Mussel Shell Analysis. In Late Mississippian Mortuary 2009 The Buckmaster Site: An Early Settlement Period 2008 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11HE551 (Shorten Practices at the Russell Site (11MS672), Madison County, Homestead in Southwestern Illinois. In Lincoln’s Land– The Site) for the TR 195A Bridge Replacement over Dugout Illinois yb Julie A. Bukowski and Eve A. Hargrave, Archaeology of Early Illinois, y edited b Alice Berkson. Illinois Creek Project. Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 263. pp. 59–60. Skeletal Report No. 2009-20. Illinois Antiquity 44(3–4):16–19. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program Transportation Archaeological Research Program, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Branstner, Mark C., Christine Hand, and Robert Mazrim 2009 A Preliminary Report on a Bison bison occidentalis 2008 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11L730, Lake County, Fishel, Richard L. and Jason M. Titcomb Cranium from Sauk County, Wisconsin. Current Illinois. Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 218. 2009 Sourcing Red Pipestone Artifacts from Northwest Iowa. Research in the Pleistocene 26:157–159. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Iowa Archaeological Society Newsletter 59(1):6–7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Kuehn, Steven and James A. Clark, Jr. Hedman, Krisitin, B. Brandon Curry, Thomas M. Johnson, 2009 Analysis of Faunal Remains from Three Late Paleoindian Branstner, Mark C., David J. Nolan, and Robert N. Hickson Paul Fullager, and Thomas E. Emerson (Lake Poygan Phase) Sites in East-Central Wisconsin. 2009 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11BR429 (Excelsior 2009 Variation in Strontium Isotope Ratios of Archaeological Article submitted to Illinois Archaeology. Site) for the Brown County Wetland Mitigation Faunan i the Midwestern United States: A Preliminary Bank Project, Brown County, Illinois. Archaeological Study. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:64-73. McElrath, Dale L. and Thomas E. Emerson Testing Short Report No. 277. Illinois Transportation 2009 Concluding Thoughts on the Archaic Occupation of the Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois Hickson, Robert N. and David J. Nolan Eastern Woodlands. In Archaic Societies: Diversity and at Urbana-Champaign. 2009 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11BR428 (Waynette Complexity Across the Midcontinent, edited by Thomas 2009 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MG268 (Frozen Mason site) for the County Wetland Mitigation E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath and Andrew C. Fortier, Ground Site) for the US 67 Jacksonville Bypass North Bank Project, Brown County, Illinois. Archaeological pp. 841-855. State University of New York, Albany. to Arenzville Road Project, Morgan County, Illinois. Testing Short Report No. 278. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Testing Short Report 275. Illinois Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois McElrath, Dale L., Andrew C. Fortier, and Thomas E. Emerson Transportation Archaeological Research Program, at Urbana-Champaign. 2009 An Introduction to the Archaic Societies of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2009 Half-Cocked: An Archaeological Perspective of Frontier- Midcontinent. In Archaic Societies: Diversity and Era Flintlock Firearms in Rural West Central Illinois. Illinois Complexity Across the Midcontinent, edited by Thomas Branstner, Mark C. and Robert N. Hickson Antiquity 44 (3&4):33–38. E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath and Andrew C. Fortier, 2009 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11GE675 (Rimfire Site) pp. 3–21. State University of New York Press, Albany. forAP the F 310-US 67 House Demolitions Project-Parcel Jackson, Brittany and Mark Rose 2009 The American Bottom Archaic: A Cultural Crossroads. #8414003 (Contract No. 76A70-No. 2), Greene County, 2009 Archaeology’s Hoaxes, Fakes, and Strange Sites. Electronic In Archaic Societies of the Midcontinent, y edited b Thomas Illinois. Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 272. document http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/ E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath and Andrew C. Fortier, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program. hoazes accessed December 16, 2009. pp. 317–375. State University of New York, Albany. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Koldehoff, Brad and Steven R. Ahler McElrath, Dale L. and Mary L. Simon Bukowski, Julie A. 2009 Dated Projectile Point Sequences from Modoc Rock 2009 Life in Illinois After the Glaciers: Early Archaic Cultures. 2009 Late Woodland Frontier Mortuary Practices at the Shelter and Applications of Assemblage-Based Analysis. Illinois Steward, Vol 18, No. 3, pp 23-28 Brennan Hynd Site (11S1492), St. Clair County, Illinois. In Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complex in Across the 2009 Ten Thousand Years of Life on the Illinois Prairie. Illinois Skeleton Report No. 2009-21. Illinois Transportation Midcontinent, y edited b Thomas E. Emerson, Dale L. Steward, Vol. 18, No 1, pp 6–11 Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois McElrath, and Andrew C. Fortier, pp. 199–228. State Urbana-Champaign. University of New York Press, Albany. McElrath, Dale L., Mary L. Simon, Alice Berkson, Mark C. Branstner, Brad Koldehoff, Steve Kuehn, Bukowski, Julie A. and Eve A. Hargrave Koldehoff, Brad and Jeffrey D. Kruchten Eve A. Hargrave and Kristin M. Hedman 2009 Late Mississippian Mortuary Practices at the Russell Site 2009 Phase II Testing at the Stockyard Tract (11S706/5 ) for the 2009 Archaeology—People and the Early Illinois Landscape: (11MS672), Madison County, Illinois. Skeleton Report No. Proposed Extension of Exchange Avenue. Compliance The History Beneath Our Feet, (Chapter 16) Illinois 2009-20. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Report No. 127. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Master Naturalist Curriculum Guide. University of Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Research Program, University of Illinois at Urbana- Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. Champaign. Emerson, Thomas E. Nolan, David J. 2009 Examining the Silent Rise and Fall of Cahokia: North Koldehoff, Brad and Thomas J. Loebel 2009 Prehistoric Landscape Utilization in the Uplands of America’s Earliest City. In World History: Ancient and 2009 Clovis and Dalton: Unbounded and Bounded Systems in West Central Illinois. Research Reports No. 98. Illinois Medieval Eras online database. Published by ABC-CLIO the Midcontinent of North America. In Lithic Materials and Transportation Archaeological Research Program at the Analyze, Santa Barbara. Paleolithic Societies, edited by Brian Adams and Brooke S. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Blades, pp. 270–287. Wiley-Blackwell, London. 2009 Military Sites in Warsaw, Illinois: Fort Johnson, Emerson, Thomas E. and Dale L. McElrath Cantonment Davis, and Fort Edwards, 1816–1824. 2009 The Eastern Woodlands Archaic and the Tyranny of Koldehoff, Brad and Juliet E. Morrow In Frontier Forts in Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, Theory. In Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity Across 2009 Gainey-Phase Occupation at the Steinman Site, Madison 1682–1862, pp. 85–94, edited by William E. Whittaker, the Midcontinent, edited by Thomas E. Emerson, Dale L. County, Illinois. Current Research in the Pleistocene University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. McElrath, and A. Fortier, pp. 23–38. State University of 26:93–95. New York Press, Albany (In Press). Nolan, David J. and Richard L. Fishel Koldehoff, Brad and John A. Walthall 2009 Archaic Cultural Variation and Lifeways in West Central Emerson, Thomas E., Dale McElrath, and Andrew C. Fortier (editors) 2009 The Cobden Connection: Early-Paleoindian Lithic Illinois.n I Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity 2009 Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity Across the Procurement and Settlement Mobility in the American Across the Midcontinent, pp. 401–490, edited by Thomas Midcontinent. State University of New York Press, Albany. Midwest (with John A. Walthall). Current Research in the E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath, and Andrew Fortier. State Pleistocene 26:75–78. University of New York Press, Albany. Fishel, Richard L. 2009 Dalton and the Early Holocene Midcontinent: Setting the 2009 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11F2990 (Golden Bluff Stage (with John A. Walthall). In Archaic Societies: Diversity Nolan, David J., Robert N. Hickson, and Mark C. Branstner site) for the FA315/US 136 Road Improvement Project, and Complex in Across the Midcontinent, edited by Thomas 2009 Recent Investigations at War of 1812-era Military Sites Fulton County, Illinois. Archaeological Testing Short E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath, and Andrew C. Fortier, pp. in Warsaw, Illinois. Paper presented in the Symposium Report No. 281. Illinois Transportation Archaeological 137–151. State University of New York Press, Albany. entitled Frontier Forts of the Midwest. Midwest Research Program, University of Illinois at Urbana- Archaeological Conference, Iowa City, Iowa. Champaign. Kuehn, Steven 2009 Analysis of Faunal Remains from the Raven Bluff Site Porubcan, Paula J. Fishel, Richard L. (editor) (DEL402), Northwestern Alaska. Report submitted 2009 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MH482 (C. 2009 Phase I Archaeological Investigations of the Proposed to William Hedman, Bureau of Land Management, Kingsley Tenant House) for the FAS 0026/Alden Road FAP IL 315 ( 336) Corridor from Interstate 474, Peoria Fairbanks, Alaska. Drainage Ditch Reconstruction Project. Archaeological County,o t the Proposed Macomb Bypass, McDonough 2009 Domestic Dining at French Colonial Sites in the American Testing Short Report No. 279. Illinois Transportation County, Illinois. Contract Completion Report No. 130. Bottom: Evidence from the Trotier (11S861) and Jarrot Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Nordique (11S1741) Sites in French Cahokia. Article at Urbana-Champaign. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. submitted to Illinois Archaeology. 2009 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MH495 (Bottlemy 2009 Archaeological Investigations at the Caterpillar IL 29/ 2009 Faunal Analysis. In Recent Investigations at the Trotier Site) for the FAS 0026/Alden Road Drainage Ditch Engine Drive Project, Peoria County, Illinois. Research Site in French Cahokia, St. Clair County, Illinois, edited by Reconstruction Project. Archaeological Testing Short Reports No. 126. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Patrick. R Durst, pp. 77–92. Research Reports No. 122. Report No. 280. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois at Urbana- Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Research Program, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Champaign. Mound Preservation Digital Cartographic Production Public Outreach

ITARP Mission Statement The mission of the Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, a joint program of the University of Illinois and the Illinois Department of Transportation, is to assist the Department in the preservation and protection of Illinois’ historic and archaeological resources, to carryout research activities that enhance the educational and public service mission of the University of Illinois, and to promote and ensure the professional and public dissemination of information about Illinois’ prehistory and history. Photography

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