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Diuron Environmental Assessment Report

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Diuron Environmental Assessment Report DIURON ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT JULY 2011 ii DIURON CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT SUMMARY 3 APPENDIX A—CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF DIURON, ITS METABOLITES AND RELEVANT METABOLLIC PATHWAYS 80 APPENDIX B —REFINEMENT OF AQUATIC TOXICITY ENDPOINT 84 APPENDIX C—RUNOFF VALUES FOR USE IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT 91 APPENDIDIX D - ENVRIONMENTAL FATE 103 1. ABIOTIC DEGRADATION 103 2. METABOLISM 106 3. MOBILITY 122 4. FIELD DISSIPATION STUDIES 127 5. MEASURED FIELD CONCENTRATIONS 142 APPENDIX E - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 156 1. AVIAN 156 2. AQUATIC TOXICITY 163 3. AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES 174 4. ALGAE, DIATOMS AND AQUATIC PLANTS 188 5. TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES AND SOIL MICROFLORA 214 APPENDIX F - REFERENCES 230 3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION The Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC) evaluation of the environmental chemistry and fate is based essentially on the data package provided by Griffin Corporation Australia (DuPont) and Bayer as requested under the APVMA's Chemical Review Program. Additional information is provided by the scientific literature or other international reviews. Since release of the PRF, additional laboratory and monitoring test data have been supplied by DuPont. The assessment of these studies are included in this report. Diuron is a selective herbicide for broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses. It belongs to the urea group of herbicides and is readily absorbed through the root system of plants and less readily through the leaves and stems. Residues in soil are toxic to plants. It is used in many agricultural situations, general weed control in irrigation ditches and drains and in non-agricultural areas (rights-of-way, commercial and industrial areas) and often used in combination with other herbicides such as bromacil and hexazinone. Diuron is also used as an antifoulant in paints to prevent the build-up of marine growth on the hulls of boats. It is one of the several replacements for the chemical TBT (tributyl tin), which has been discontinued. The US EPA has reviewed diuron as part of its re-registration process and the environmental assessment report for diuron was released in March 2003 (US EPA 2003). The findings of the US review are summarised in section 1.2 and, with additional detail, in the ‘Environmental fate’ section of this evaluation. Environmental chemistry, fate and ecotoxicity data provided by Griffin Corporation Australia Pty Ltd (and Dupont (Australia) Ltd) and Bayer CropScience Pty Ltd form the basis of the evaluation of diuron conducted by the DSEWPaC. Additional material was obtained from other registrants, international reviews, Internet searches and other available literature sources. This report represents the second revision of the environmental risk assessment of diuron since release of the PRF, and follows submission of significant new environmental fate and ecotoxicity data from DuPont Australia, along with a detailed modelling study performed by DuPont Australia to address potential changes to sugarcane application and management to reduce runoff of diuron in this crop. In addition, comments received by DuPont relating to the initial revision of the environmental risk assessment following release of the PRF have been provided, and considered as appropriate in this current report. 1.1 Scope of the review In considering registered diuron products, the scope of the review for the assessment of environmental effects includes: the impact of runoff water containing diuron on the Great Barrier Reef lagoon the impact of diuron found in sediment and water on various species of seagrass the potential role of diuron as a cause of die back in mangroves the possible contribution of diuron in runoff water to reported incidents of off target damage to farmlands. 4 DIURON The review is also to examine the adequacy of instructions and warnings on product labels, including the environmental warnings on the labels. C.2 CHEMICAL IDENTITY Table C1: Summary of chemical identity Common name Diuron (ISO accepted); DCMU (JMAF) or dichlorfenidim (USSR, Tomlin 1997) Manufacturer’s code Chemical name – IUPAC 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea Chemical name – CAS N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea CAS Registry Number 330-54-1 Molecular formula C9H10Cl2N2O Molecular mass 233.1 Structural formula H N NMe2 C O Cl Cl C.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES No data were provided by applicants. The following information on physico-chemical properties is available. Table C2: Summary of physicochemical properties FINDINGS Colour/physical state Colourless; Crystalline at room temperature Melting point 158-159˚C Relative density 1.48 pKa There are no dissociable hydrogens within the normal environmental pH range (pH 4 to 9). Vapour pressure 1.1 ´ 10-3 mPa at 25˚C. Henry’s Law Constant 7.0 x 10-6 Pa m3/mole (calculated by DSEWPaC). Solubility in water 36.4 mg/L at 25˚C Octanol water partition 2.85 at 25˚C coefficient (LogKow) 5 Based on the scale of Mensink et al. (1995), diuron is moderately soluble and very slightly volatile. The Henry’s Law constant is indicative of very slight volatility from water. C.4 INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION STATUS Diuron is registered in many countries including the United States of America. It is proposed to be deregistered (deleted from Annex 1) in Europe following the European Union review of diuron (Official Journal of the European Union 2007). Use of diuron has been restricted in Sweden, with use on railway embankments banned after 1994 (Torstensson et al. 2002). Following an incident in which it was claimed that irrigation water contaminated by pesticides from railway tracks had caused crop damage, the German Railways (DB) stopped using diuron for weed control on railway lines in 1996 (APVMA Scoping document). The German federal parliament subsequently imposed a legal ban on the use of diuron on railways, because of high levels of diuron in groundwater. 1.2 International reviews 1.2.1 United States of America Environmental Protection Agency As noted above, the US EPA has conducted a review of diuron under its Reregistration Eligibility Decision [RED] program and published a draft environmental report for comment in March 2003 (US EPA 2003). The uses for diuron in the US are similar to those in Australia. Application in the US can be aerial and by ground boom spraying, applied mainly at pre-emergence. The highest application rates of 7.2–13.5 kg ac/ha (6.4–12 pounds of active ingredient per acre (lb ac/A)) are for weed control in orchards and non-agricultural sites as spot or row treatments. The US EPA review concluded that diuron is stable to hydrolysis and photolysis, is persistent on soil and did not readily degrade. It is moderately mobile and has been found in both surface water and groundwaters. The major metabolites are sequentially demethylated compounds, which have no herbicidal effects. (NOTE: There is no apparent assessment of toxicity of these metabolites in the US EPA report, and the justification for such a statement is unclear. DSEWPaC does not share this view. Data presented in this report suggest similar toxicity of the major DCPMU metabolite to green algae and duckweed, and also very high toxicity of the m-CPDMU metabolite to green algae). The review found diuron was practically non-toxic or slightly toxic to birds and mammals; moderately toxic to most aquatic animals (fish and aquatic invertebrates); but highly toxic to one species of fish (cutthroat trout) and scud. Terrestrial and aquatic plants are very sensitive to diuron. Based on screening level risk assessments, diuron poses a potential risk to terrestrial and aquatic animals and a higher risk to terrestrial and aquatic plants. The Reregistration Eligibility Decision requested several additional environmental fate and toxicity studies, several for diuron but the majority for the metabolite DCA. There were no recommendations at this stage due to the risk analysis having only been conducted to a screening level. 6 DIURON 1.2.2 United Kingdom (UK) The UK Advisory Committee on Pesticides reviewed use of diuron as an antifoulant and took the decision to revoke the use of diuron on all vessels due to environmental and human health concerns (ACP 2002 and ACP 2000). Significant levels of diuron were detected in water and sediment throughout UK estuary and coastal sites as well as freshwater sites. 1.2.3 Netherlands A review of the fate and ecological effects of diuron was conducted by the Dutch RIVM (copy provided to the DSEWPaC). The report noted that diuron was hydrolytically stable, degraded with UV light and was moderately stable in aerobic soil with a half-life of 79–108 days. In field studies, half-lives ranged from 60 to 365 days. Leaching studies gave mixed results with some studies reviewed showing leaching (0–56 per cent recovered in leachate, 90-centimetre soil columns) while others showed no leaching below 5 centimetres of soil. Adsorption studies gave a Kom of between 190–340 (Koc of 330–595). Bioaccumulation was limited in laboratory studies, with bioconcentration factors of 15–85, although the only field study gave a BCF of 190– 300, which indicates that the bioconcentration factor could be larger in the field compared to laboratory studies. However, the field result still indicates that bioaccumulation is limited. The review found diuron was practically non-toxic or slightly toxic to birds, moderately toxic to most aquatic animals (fish and aquatic invertebrates) but highly toxic to one species of scud. Algae were very sensitive to diuron with an EC50 of 7.9 μg/L for one species. 1.2.4 European Union Diuron is currently under review in the European Union. The results of the review were released in 2007 (Official Journal of the European Union 2007) with the result that diuron is to be removed from Annex 1 due to operator exposure and environmental exposure to birds and mammals.
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