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Krister Stendahl(Ed.), Immortality and Resurrection(New York: Mac· 18

Krister Stendahl(Ed.), Immortality and Resurrection(New York: Mac· 18

Notes

CHAPTER I: THE NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE QUESTION

I. I John 5.7. 2. I Corinthians I5.35- 42 (NEB).

CHAPTER 2: CONFUSION IN TRADITIONAL CHRISTIAN OPTIONS ABOUT 'THE LIFE OF THE WORLD TO COME"

I. Ezekiel 9.IO. 2. Psalm 6.6. 3. Psalm I39.8 QB); cf. Deuteronomy 32.22, Amos 9.2, Isaiah 7.11. 4. Acts 23.8. 5. 2 Corinthians I2.2 6. I Enoch 48.9. Enoch, among apocryphal books, was very popular with early Christians. 7. It is so used in this general sense in Nehemiah 2.8, Song of Solomon 4.l::S, Ecclesiastes 2. 5. 8. Luke 23.43. 9. Daniel I2.2 10. E.g. 2 Maccabees 7.9, 14.46. 11. Matthew 22.23, Mark 12.18, Luke 20.27, Acts 23.8. 12. 2 Timothy 2.17. 13. Romans 6.23. 14. 2 Timothy 2.18. 15. Oscar Cullmann, 'Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead,' in Krister Stendahl(ed.), Immortality and Resurrection(New York: Mac· millan, 1965) p.45. Cf. Acts 17.32. 16. Mark 10.I7. 17. Philippians I. 23. 18. Gregory of Nyssa, De anima et resurrectione, in Migne, P.G. 46, 108D. 19. Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos, 6. 20. Revelation 20.4 ff. 21. Justin, Dialogue with Trypho, 5. 22. Ibid. 80.

CHAPTER 3: WAYS OF UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF 1. Act iv, Scene I. 2. Psalm 19. 7. 3. Psalm 89.1. 4. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I, 2, 2 ad 1. 150 Notes and References 151

5. Matthew 5.17. 6. E.g. the Parable of the Sower, Mark 4.3-20, 2 Corinthians 9.6, Psalm 126.5-6. 7. Lynn A. de Silva, The Problem of the Self in Buddhism and Christianity (Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Study Centre for Religion and Society, 1975) p.l12. 8. Hebrews 13.14. 9. Mark 8.36-37 (NEB) 10. Matthew 27.50 (KJV) 11. G. F. Moore, Metempsychosis (Cambridge, Mass: Press, 1914) p.56. 12. H.H. Price, however, in Perception (London: Methuen, 1932) p. 255f., invites us to conceive a disembodied visual percipient and contends that such a conception is not self-contradictory. 13. Augustine, De Enarrationes in Psalmos, 88, 5. 14. 1 Corinthians 15.35. 15. Ibid.

CHAPTER 4: AND PATRISTIC WITNESS

1. See Dennis Nineham, The Use and Abuse of the Bible (London: Macmillan, 1976) which sets forth the general principles on which modern biblical scholars work. Although my perceptions would differ from his at some points, I would recommend this book as an admirably clear statement of what needs to be said on the subject in the Church today. 2. Isaiah 40.8. 3. John 9.2. 4. John 9.3. 5. John 9.6f. 6. Malachi 4.5 (NEB). 7. Matthew 17.9- 13; f. 11.14- 15. 8. Matthew 16.13 - 15; f. Mark 8.27f, Luke 9.18f. 9. Matthew 11.15. 10. John 1.21. 11. Luke 9. 7f. 12. Tertullian, De carnis resurrectione, 1. 13. Tertullian, De anima, 28·35. 14. 2 Kings 2.11. 15. Thomas Aquinas, Quaestiones disputatae, De potentia, q.3, a.10. 16. Augustine De Civitate Dei, 22, 28. 17. Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones, 7, 23. 18. Nemesius, De natura hominis, 38. 19. Epiphanius, Panarion, 48, 10. The term hyperanthropos that Epiphanius uses here occurs also in Lucian, whence Nietzsche probably drew his celebrated word: Uebermensch. 20. Origen, Contra Celsum, 7. 32. 21. Gregory of Nyssa, De anima et resurrectione, in Migne, P. G. 46, 1080 22. Origen, De principiis, 2, 2, 2. 23. Plato, Timaeus 58D; cf. Phaedo lilA. 152 Reincarnation as a Christian Hope

24. De principiis, 3,6,6.; cf. Aristotle, De caelo 270b. 25. Irenaeus, Adversus omnes haereses, 2, 33, 5; cf. 2, 34, 1. This work was directed especially against the Gnostics, more particularly those espousing the system of Valentinus. 26. Tertullian, De camis resu.rrectione, 63. 27. Ibid, 60. 28. Matthew 22.30, Mark 12.25, Luke 20.35. 29. Tertullian, De camis resu.rrectione, 62. SO. Tertullian, De camis resu.rrectione, 60. 31. See, e.g., Gregory of Nyssa, loc.cit. 32. See, for example, J. Munck, Untersu.chen ii.ber Klemens von Alexandria Stuttgart: 1933) pp.224-9. 33. Matthew 19.12. 34. On Origen's theory of aeons, see De Oratione,21, 14; cf. Comm. in Matt. 11. s. 35. Comm. in Matt., XIV, 10.20. 36. De pn'ncipiis, 1, 4, 1. This passage, omitted by Rufinus, is cited by Jerome (see Contra ]ohannem Hierosolymae., 16 and 19; Ep. ad Avitu.m, S} and inserted in modern reconstructions of the text of Origen. 37. De principiis, 1, 8, 4. This passage is from the remains of the Greek text. In Rufinus's Latin translation what takes its place is a passage saying exactly the opposite of what Origen says in the Greek text. 38. Jerome, Epistola ad Avitu.m, 14. 39. De pnnc1jl1is, 4, 4, 8. Here and in the immediately preceding quotations I have used G. W. Butterworth's translation of Paul Koetschau's edition of the text (London: S P C K, 1936) 40. Jerome, Epistola ad Pammachiu.m et Ocean., 7. 41. G.L. Prestige, God 1n Patristic Thought (London: S PC K, 1952} p.279.

CHAPTER 5: HOW AND WHY REINCARNATIONISM FELL INTO DISFAVOUR 1. See, for example, Flavius Josephus, The jewish War, 3, 8, 5, and Philo, De gigantes, 2 ff. 2. C.G.Jung, Psychology and Alchemy (New York: Pantheon, 1953) p.S5. 3. I have discussed its role in Christian beginnings and Christian thought in my book, Gnosis: A Renaissance 1n Christian Thought (Wheaton, Illinois: Quest Books, 1979). 4. Among the Albigenses, two classes were recognized: (1) the perfecti, who received Baptism of the Holy Spirit by the imposition of hands and observed all the injunctions in theirfull rigour, including totalsexual abstinence and a strictly vegetarian diet, and (2) believers, who adhered to Albigensian teachings in principle but were not ready to accept the precepts in their strictness.

CHAPTER 6: REINCARNATION AS AN INTERPRETATION OF PURGATORY 1. From the Trattato, as quoted by Baron von HUgel, The Mystical Element of Religion (London: Dent, 1927) vol.l, p.284. 2. Ibid, p.286. Notes and References 153

3. Romans 8.28. On the prison motif in modem existentialism, see the long article by Professor Victor Brombert of Yale university, 'Esquisse de Ia prison heureuse', Revue d'Histoire Litteraire de Ia France, March-April197l. 4. Clement of Alexandria, Strom4teis, 7 ,6. 5. 1 Corinthians 3.11-15. 6. 2 Peter 3.12. 7. See for example, Robert Amadou, 'Louis-Claude de Saint· Martin, le theosophe meconnu', L 'Initiation, nouvelle serie, no. I, 1977. Dr Amadous is a priest of the Syrian Church. 8. De Civitate Dei, 21, 13; 21, 24. 9. Peter Lombard, Sentences, 2, 18, 8: 'catholica ecclesia animas docet in corporibus infundi et infundendo creari'. 10. Thomas Aquinas, Summ4 Theologiae, I, 118,2. 11. Rosmini, whose thought shows the influence of the Platonic tradition and also of Descartes, Kant and Hegel, was disliked by the jesuits, some of whose teachings he opposed. His teachings were attacked during his lifetime and some papally censured. His five·colume posthumous work, La Teosofia, incurred the censure of Leo XIII.

CHAPTER 7: EVOLUTION AND THE CONCEPT OF REINCARNATION

l. J.McCosh, The Religious Aspect of Evolution (New York: Scribner, 1890) p.113. 2. Solemnization of Holy Matrimony. 3. Edinburgh Evening News, 15 May 1980, p.l Atthetimeofpublication ofthe article, the Dog Aid Society was preparing for combat with the Edinburgh District Council. 4. M.J.Savage, The Religion of Evolution (: Lockwood, Brooks, 1876) p.5l. 5. Ephesians 4.13. 6. I. Kant, Der Streit der Fakutiiten in his Complete Works (Leipzig, 1912) vol.I, pp.637ff. 7. F. von Baader, Vorlesung iiber eine kiinftige Theon·e des Opfers (Miinster, 1836) p.25. 8. Ibid, p.21. 9. For some discussion of Monboddo, see Arthur 0. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948) pp. 235 and 272. See also Emily Cloyd, james Burnett: Lord Monboddo (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972) pp.161·168. 10. I. Kant, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theon"e des Himmels in G. Hartenstein (ed.) Siimmtliche Werke (Leipzig: Leopold Voss, 1867) Part III, Conclusion, p.344. 11. Albert Schweitzer, Reverence for Life, T. Kiernan (ed.) (New York: Philosophical Library, 1965) p. 72. This is an anthology of selected writtings. 12. Albert Schweitzer, Indian Thought and Its Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1952) pp.222f. 13. Emory Ross in The Saturday Review 25 September 1965, (Schweitzer memorial issue). 154 Reincarnation as a Christi'an Hope

CHAPTER 8: ANGELS AND OTHER MINISTERS OF THE GRACE OF GOD

1. Luke 1.26-38. 2. Revelation 12.7-9. 3. Matthew 26.53 (JB). 4. Shepherd, Mandate 6, 2, 1-3. 5. Phaedo 108 B. 6. Ambrose, In Ps. 37.43. 7. 1 Peter 5.8 (JB). 8. 1 Peter 5.9 (JB). 9. Philippians 2.12. 10. Psalm 91.11-12. 11. Deuteronomy 6.16 f. Matthew 4.7, Luke 4.12. 12. Matthew, 4.11, Mark 1.13. 13. Hebrew 12.1. 14. Origen, On Prayer, in J. E. L. Oulton and H. Chadwick, Alexandrian Christianity (Library of Christian Classics) (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1954) p.325.

CHAPTER 9: MEMORY AND CLAIMS OF RECOLLECTION OF PREVIOUS LIVES

1. Charles Richet, Thirty Years of Psychical Research (London: Macmillan, 1923) p. 607. (English translation of his Traite de Metapsychique). See also a review by Sir Oliver Lodge in Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, vol.XXXIV, pp. 70-106. 2. A conventional distinction in regard to the concept of memory is: (a) regis· tration, (b) retention and (c) recall. 3. Influence from Little Red Riding Hood may be ruled out, not only because I remember making its acquaintance for the first time at a later date, but also because the wolf was perceived by me as unambiguously male. 4. John Henry Newman, Apologia pro vita sua (New York: The Modern Library, 1950) pp.34f. 5. Hebrews 13.14.

CHAPTER 10: REINCARNATION IN EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE SINCE THE RENAISSANCE

1. W. R. Inge, The Platonic Tradition in English Religious Thought (London: Longmans, Green, 1926) p.65. 2. Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book Ill, Canto 6. 3. William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act Ill, Scene 1. 4. John Donne, The Progress of the Soul, (New York: Modern Library, 1941) p.218. 5. John Milton, On the Death of a Fair Infant Dying of a Cough. In The Poetical Works of John Milton (London: Macmillan, 1880) p.480. 6. Jean Paul Richter, Selina. In Werke (Berlin and Stuttgart: Paul Nerrlich, n.d.) vol.I, p.lxvii. Notes and References 155

7. The Works of Edgar Allan Poe (New York: Collier, 1903) vol.II, p.36l. 8. In earlier editions of Masefield's poem, A Creed, quoted in the opening to this chapter, the opening phrase read: 'I held'. See The Collected Poems of John Masefield (London: William Heinemann, 1923) p.69. This seems to have been a departure from the original text; at any rate, from 1935 the words 'I hold' are used. 9. Conversation as reported in Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After (London: Victor Gollancz, 1953) pp.122f.

CHAPTER 11: PHILOSOPHICAL OBJECTIONS AND REFLECTIONS

I. For discussions of this question see the following papers: J. J. C. Smart, 'Sensations and Brain Processes', in V. C. Chappell ( ed.) The Philosophy of Mind, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1962) pp.160-72 (a revision of an earlier form of the same paper that had appeared in The Philosophical Review, vol.LXVIII, 1959), and Je.rome Shaffer, 'Could Mental States Be Brain Processes?', in The Journal of Philosophy, vol.LVIII, 26 (1961) pp.813-22. Also important and relevant to the subject of the present chapter are: Brand Blanshard, The Nature of Thought (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1939); vol.I. C. D. Broad, The Mind and Its Place in Nature (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1925); Peter Laslett (ed.), The Physical Basis of Mind (Oxford: Blackwell, 1951); H. D. Lewis, 'Mind and Body', in Clan"ty is Not Enough (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1963); Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind (London: Hutchinson, 1949); P. F. Strawson, Individuals (London: Methuen, 1959); John Wisdom, Other Minds (Oxford, B. H. Blackwell, 1949); Jerome Shaffer, 'Recent Work on the Mind-Body Problem' in American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. II ( 1965), pp.81-104. For more recent discussion the following works should be consulted: John O'Connor (ed.), Modem Materialism: Readings on Mind-Body Identity (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1969); C. V. Borst (ed.) The Mind-Brain Identity Theory (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1969); David M. Rosenthal (ed.), Materialism and the Mind-Body Problem (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1971); Patrick H. Winston, Artzficial Intelligence (Reading, Maryland: Addison-Wesley, 1977); R. Rorty, 'Functionalism, Machines, and Incorrigibility', The Journal of Philosophy, LXIX, 8, 1972, pp.203-20; Paul Churchland, Scientzfic Realism and the Plasticity of Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980); Sidney Shoemaker, 'Functionalism and Qualia', in Philosophical Studies XXVII, 4, 1975, pp.291-315. 2. Teilhard recalls his childhood fascination with the discovery that he could lose part of his body (e.g. hair and nails) with no injury to himself.

CHAPTER 12: THEOLOGICAL OBJECTIONS AND REFLECTIONS

1. A. C. Ewing, 'The Philosophy fo McTaggart, With Special Reference to the Doctrine of Reincarnation', Aryan Path, February 1957. 156 Rez"ncarnatz"on as a Chri.stz"an Hope

2. Philippians 2.5J11. 3. Summa Theologiae, I, 2, 2 ad 1. 4. John Hick, Evil and the God of Love (London: Collins, 1968) pp.345 ff. 5. The Oxford Book of English Mystical Verse, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1917), pp.463f. 6. Philosophical Issues in Religious Thought (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973) pp.147-205. Cf. pp.425-61.

CHAPTER 13: THE LIFE OF THE WORLD TO COME

1. Isaiah 40.30£. 2. Henry Drummond, Natural Law in the Spiritual World (New York: Pott, 1904) p.303. The original edition appeared in 1883. 3. Matthew 7.20. 4. Corinthians 2.6-9 (JB) Cf. Isaiah 64.3, also Isaiah 25.8 and Revelation 7.9-17. Index

Abbott, Lyman, 80 Blanshard, Brand, 127 n.1 Adam, 83 Blind man in John 9, 42f. Aelia, of, 53 Bogomils, 6, 65 Agincourt, 5 Bodhisattvas, 91 All Saints, Feast of, 95 Boehme, 119 Albigenses, 6, 24, 65f. Boethius, 30 Alcott, Louisa May, 121 Borst, C. V., 127 n.1 Alexander, Samuel, 89 Brain: complexity of human, 9; com- Allegoristic and literalistic reading of puter-like function of, 102 Bible, 45ff. Broad, C. D., 127 n.1 Amadou, Robert, 73 n. 7 Brombert, Victor, 71 n.3 Ambrose, 73, 92 Browne, Thomas, 118 Ammonias Saccas, 52 Bruno, Giordano, 117 Amos, 14, 22 Butler, Samuel, 121 Anathemas, the fourteen, 58 Bunyan, John, 93 Angels, 91ff.; receives ministra• Burton, Robert, 81 tions of, 95 Apocalypse, 25 Caesarea. Bishop of. 53 Aquinas, Thomas, 20, 48, 73, 75, 92, Caiaphas, 56 98, 135, 145 Caligula, 109 Aristotle, 20, 23, 45, 50 Calvin, John, 57 f., 67 Asch, Sholem, 60 Calvinist acceptance of creationism, 75 Augustine, 37f., 53, 73, 85, 133 Cambridge Platonists, 116 Cappadocians, 24 Baader, Franz von, 84 Carrel, Alexis, 97 Babylonia, 13 Cathari, 65; see also Albigenses Babylonian cosmology, 41 Catherine of Genoa, 70,72 Balzac, Honore de, 120 Celsus, 49 Baptism, Infants dying before, 23 Chadwick, H., 97 n.14 Barrie, Sir James, 121 Chalcedon, Council of, 57, 136f. Beatific Vision, 22, 140, 145f. Chappell, V. C., 127 n.1 Beatrice, Dante's, 77 Chaucer, 33 Benedictine tradition, 136 Childhood memories, l03ff.; subjec• Bergson, H., 130 tive and objective test for authenti• Bernard of Clairvaux, 37 city of, 104ff. Besant, A., 121 Churchland, R., 127 n.1 Bessarion, Cardinal, 67 Cistercians sent to convert Albigenses, Bill of Rights, 5 65 Blake, 119 Clarke, James Freeman, 121 157 158 Reincarnation as a Christian Hope

Clement of Alexandria, 10, 18, 48, 52, Eternity (aetemitas and aevitemitas), 64, 69, 71 21 Commandos, 71 Eusebius, 25 Compline, 92 Ewing, A. C., 135 Constantinople, 65 Constantinople, Second Council of, Fielding, H., 119 57 f. Fiske, John, 80 Contemplation, Aristotelian, 145 Flaubert, Gustave, 121 Copernican revolution, 80 Flew, Antony, 131 Corelli, Marie, 121 Florence, 67 Cosmo de'Medici, 67 Ford, Henry, 122 Cornford, Frances, 99 Francis of Assisi, 81 Creationism and traducianism, 75 Franklin, Benjamin, 119 Creed, affirmation of resurrection in French Revolution, 84, 115 the, 100 Freud, S., 57£. Creeds, Christian, 137 Cullmann, Oscar, 19, 38 Gaugin, Paul, 121 Cyclic determinism, 49 Gehenna, 15 Genetic interpretation of reincarna• Day of Judgment, see Judgment tion, 31££. Daniel, 12, 16 Genitalia in resurrection body, Tertul• Dante, 22, 85 lian on, 51 Dante's vision of purgatory, 77£. Genius and Juno, 92 Darwin, Charles, 28, 81, 83ff., 121 George V, King, and Queen Mary, Decius, 52 106 Demetrius, 53 , 18, 62££., 93, 95 Descartes, Rene, 76 n.ll Goethe, J. W. von, 6, 89, 119 Determinism, cyclic, 49 Grace, prevenient, 61 Dionysius, Pseudo-, 91£. Grace and law, 28 Dominicans sent to convert Albi- Greek attitude towards Purgatory, 73 genses, 65 Gregory of Nyssa, 24, 49, 75 Donne, John, 117 Gregory the Great, 37, 73 Dormit in pace/in Christo, 19 Gregory IX, Pope, 65 Dostoievsky, Fyodor, 121 Gresham's law applied to prayer, 98 Dowding, Lord Greyfriars Bobby, 82£. Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 121 Dreams, 102£. Hades, 14, 22 Drummond, Henry, 80, 147 Hedge, Frederic, 121 Dryden, John, 118 Hegel, G. W. F., 76 n.11, 119£. Dublin Theosophical Society, 121£. Hell, Descent into (Harrowing of), 22 Dybbuk, 60 Herder, J. G., 119, 121 Herod, 44 Einstein, A., 83 Hick, John, 135 Elijah, 23, 44, 47 Hilton, James, 108 Epiphanius, 49 Hinayana, 147 Evolution and reincarnation, 80££. Hinduism, classical, 30 Emerson, R. W., 6, 121 Hitler, A., 34 Enoch, 92 'Holy Souls', 73£. Index 159

Homer, 13 Lethe, 113 Hood, Thomas, 99 Lewis, C. S., 93, 136 Hugel, Baron F. von, 70 n.1 Lewis, H. D., 127, n.1 Hugo, Victor, 120 Lichtenberg, Georg, 119 Hume, David, 40 Limbus infantium, 23 Huxley, Aldous, 121 Limbus patrum, 22f. Huxley, T. H., 28, 80 Lloyd George, David, 122 Hymeneus, 17 Locum refrigen'i, 143 Hyperanthropos, 83 Lodge, Sir Oliver, 101 Logos spermatikos, 50 Ibsen, H., 121 Lourdes, 97 Ignatius of Loyola, 67, 93 Lowrie, Walter, 147 Immaculate Conception of Mary, 61 Luther, M., 67, 117 Incarnation, Christian doctrine of, 61 Indulgences, 72 Inge, W. R., 116 Maeterlinck, M., 121 Innocent III, Pope, 65 Mahayana, 91, 147 Inquisition, 65 Malachi, 44 Irenaeus, 51 Marines, 71 Islam, 91 Marriage, Christian, 148f. Isochrists, 57 Masefield, John, 6, 115, 121 McCosh, James, 80 James II, 118 Mediterranean world, 7, 13f., 17, 59, Jerome, 55f. 62 Jesuits, 67, 76 n.11, 108 Melville, Herman, 121 Joachim of Fiore, 84f. Memories of childhood, see Childhood Job, 30 memories , 44, 47 Mendelssohn, Moses, 115 Joyce, James, 121 Meno, 103 Judgment, 7f., 21, 134f. Mercier, Cardinal, 26 Judgment, General, 143f. Mercy and justice, 27 Jung, C. G., 34 Metempsychosis, interchangeability of Justin, 25, 47 reincarnation and other terms Justinian, 57f. with, 40 Metensomatosis, 40 Meynell, Alice, 138 Kant, Immanuel, 2f., 76 n.11, 84, Milton, John, 118 119; on interplanetary travel, 86f. Mind-body problem, 127ff. Keble, John, 81 Mohammed, 31, 117 Kerygma, 38 Monboddo, Lord, 85 Kidron, 15 Monophysites, 57 Kierkegaard, S., 133 Montanus, 49, 84 Moore, G. F., 36 Lambeth Bridge, 114 More, Henry, 116 Laslett, P., 127 n.1 Moses, 14, 23, 28, 44 Lateran Council, Fourth, 24f. 51, 65, Mozart, W. A., 33 85 Munck,]. 52 n.32 Leibniz, G. W., 118 Muret, Battle of, 65 Leo XIII, Pope, 76 n.11 Myers, F. W. H., 101 160 Rez'ncamatz'on as a Christz'an Hope

Nag Hammadi, 62 Providence, 94 Neoplatonism: as rival of Christianity, Purgatorial time, 20 52f.; revival of, 67 Purgatory, 10, 16, 20, 55; reincarna• Nestorians, 57 tion as an interpretation of, 69ff. Newman, J. H., 1lf. Pythagoras, 6, 34, 41, 49f. Newton, Isaac, 118 Nibbiina, 36 Quaker saints, unbaptized, 23 Nineham, Dennis, 42 n.1 Quakers, ethical teaching of, 65 Quattrocento, 67 Occam's razor, 147 Qumran, 62 O'Connor, J., 127 n.1 Origen, 18, 48ff., 64, 71, 97f. Recollection of previous lives, prob• Orphic myth, 71 lems attending claims of, 99ff. Oulton, J. E. L., 97 n.14 Reformation, 16, 37, 136f.; as biblical renaissance, 6 7 Paracelsus, 117 Reims, 65 significance of, Peter Lombard, 75 Requiescat in pace, Peter of Aragon, 65 143 Pharisees and Sadducees on resurrec- Resurrection as a kind of reincarna- tion, 14 tion, 39 Philetus, 17 Resurrection, 'General', 20 Richet, Charles, 101 Palestine, foreign armies in, 13 Palingenesis, 40, 49 Richter, Jean Paul, 119 Rorty, R., 127 n.1 Papias, 25 Paradise in later Hebrew thought, 15 Rosary, 98 Parapsychology and invisible agencies, Rosenthal, D. M., 127 n.1 Rosminians, 75f. 93 Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio, 75 Parousia, 47; expectation of, 60f. Patton, General, 122 Ross, Emory, 89 n.13 Paul, 6, 9, 15f., 19, 21, 39, 56, 7lf., Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 121 99, 147; on doctrine of transforma• Rufinus, Tyrannus, 54f. tion, 24 Russell, George W. ('AE'), 121 Paulicians, 65 Ryle, Gilbert, 127 n.1 Pico della Mirandola, 36, 67, 116 Plato, 6, 22f., 34, 49f., 59, 67, 92, Salesian tradition, 37 103, 113, 126, 131 Salvationist saints unbaptized, 23 Plethon, Georgius Gemistus, 67 Sand, George, 120 Plotinianism, 37 Sanskrit, 34 Plotinus, 67 Sappho, 118 Poe, E. A., 121 Sarx, 9 Poena damni, 146 Savage, M. J., 80 Prayer as generating psychic energy, Schweitzer, A., 34, 83; on reincarna- 96ff. tion, 88f. Pre-existiani, 18, 48 Septuagint, 13 Prestige, G. L., 58 Shaffer, Jerome, 127 n.1 Price, H. H., 38 n.12, 123 Shakespeare, 14, 27, 91, 117 Priestley, J. B., 121 Shamayim, 15 Protoctists, 57 Shaw, G. B., 121 Index 161

Shelley, P. B., 120 Tractarians, 55 Sheol, 14, 22 Traducianism, relevance of, 75f. Shepherd of Hennas on guardian Transfiguration, 44 angels, 92 Trinity, no less than reincarnation, Shoemaker, S., 127 n.l not mentioned in Bible, 7, 42 Silva, Lynn A. de, 36 n. 7 Trypho, 47 Simmias, 126 Tyrrell, George, 133 Simon de Montfort, 65 Slavery, 81 Smart, J. J. C., 127 n.1 Umanisti, 67 Socrates, 126 Unity of body and soul, Hebrews had Soma, 9, 39f. no theory of, 45 Spencer, H., 80 Universalists, 135 Spenser, E., 117 Upanishads, 34, 74 Spinoza, B., 118 Ussher, Archbishop, 4f. Stendahl, Krister, 19 n.15 Stoic background of Roman Law, 94 Stoicism, 17, 48f., 55 Valentinians, 63 Strawson, P. F., 127 n.1 Vaughan, Thomas, 118 Strinberg, J. A., 121 Verona, 65 Swedenborg, E., 119 Victoria, Queen, 106, 121 Voltaire, ll8f. Tatian, 48f. Taylor, Thomas, 119 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 5, 80, Wadi el Nar, 15 84, 89, 127 n.1 Wadi el Rababi, 15 Temple, rebuilding of, 44 Wagner, 121 Temple, William, 89 Wei!, Simone, 133 Tennyson, Alfred (Lord), 121 Whitman, Walt, 121 Teresa, Mother, 83 Whittier, J. G., 121 Tertullian, 18, 46f., 49, 51, 75 Wiedermenschwerdung, 26 Theological objections to reincar- Wieman, H. N., 89 nationism, summary of, l32ff. Wilde, Oscar, 60 Theophilus, 57 Winston, P. H., 127 n.l Therevada, 147 Wisdom, John, 127 n.l Thief, the good, 15 Wolfine dream, 109ff. Thomas a Becket, 33 Wordsworth, William, 120 Thoreau, H. D., 121 Thornton, Lionel, 89 Three Chapters, 58 Yeats, W. B., 6, 121 Tillich, Paul, 92 Yiddish literature, 60 Tolstoy, 121 Torah, not abolished by Jesus and likened to the karmic principle, 3, Zen, 147 13, 28 Zion, hill of, 15

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