Science and Technology of Advanced Materials Iopscience.Org/Stam

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials iopscience.org/stam

Open access journal Supported by Science and Technology of Advanced Materials Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

How to submit your research Science and Technology of Advanced Materials (STAM) is one of the highest rated gold open access journals in materials science. After peer review and acceptance, authors will be asked to pay an article publication charge (APC) of ¥135000/US$1600/€1260/£1050. Once published, articles are freely available to read.

To celebrate our 15th volume, during 2014, articles identiﬁ ed by the Editorial Board as being of particularly high quality will have their article publication charge sponsored by the National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS) and the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa).

Plan Consider the best way to structure your article before you start. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials does not have a template, but asks that you submit your manuscript in single-column format.

Choose a title that best serves your needs – an eye-catching one to attract as many readers as possible, or a descriptive one to engage readers with a speciﬁ c interest in your area. Give some thought to your abstract. It should very concisely describe the content of your article, and encourage readers to view the entire article. No jargon or undeﬁ ned abbreviations should be used.

Writing Be clear and concise. Consider the readership of the journal, bearing in mind the knowledge expected of that audience. All content of your article should be relevant to your main scientiﬁ c result.

Editing Have a look through previously published articles for examples of article formatting, particularly with respect to order, referencing style and capitalization. Once the draft is ready to be submitted to the journal, carry out one ﬁ nal spelling and grammar check before submission.

Submissions STAM publishes reviews and regular research articles. All articles must be written in English and pass the peer- review process. STAM operation is managed by the Editorial Ofﬁ ce, which should receive all related enquiries.

STAM Headquarters Offi ce STAM Europe Editorial Offi ce Dr Takeshi Hatano Prof. Dr Harald Krug Scientifi c Information Offi ce Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and Technology (Empa) Tsukuba, Japan Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland Tel +81 29 859 2494 Tel +41 58 765 74 00 Enquiries stam_offi [email protected] Enquiries stam_offi [email protected] Science and Technology of Advanced Materials Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

Welcome Prof. Toyonobu Yoshida Editor-in-Chief 2014 marks 15 years since the launch of Science and Technology of Advanced Materials (STAM). In human terms the journal is junior-high-school age – young and having experienced many changes over the last five years. STAM was established in 2000 with the aim of being an international journal by publishing timely papers on scientific advances in materials science and engineering. The publication of the journal saw a turning point in 2005 when the management of the journal was transferred to the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Tsukuba from The University of Tokyo. Notably, STAM became an open access journal in 2008 and adopted an author-friendly Creative Commons non-commercial licence (CC-BY-NC). This new publication platform was changed in 2013 by introducing the article processing charge (APC), although downloading articles is still free of charge and the licence was changed again in 2014 to a less-restrictive CC-BY. On 27 January 2014, Empa, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, and NIMS signed a five-year collaborative agreement on co-publishing STAM. Both Empa and NIMS are the leading materials science research institutes in their respective countries with histories spanning more than half a century. Starting from 2008 several measures have been introduced to improve the quality, variety and visibility of STAM articles, and to speed up the publication process. Most importantly, STAM has invested in proactive dissemination and distribution of information about the journal to build readership. For example, selected articles are promoted via press releases and free distribution of printed copies at major scientific events. The topical coverage has been widened from traditional metals and ceramics to biomaterials, green technology, nano-devices and other frontier areas. As a result, the impact factor of STAM saw a continuous rise from 1.267 in 2008 to the most recent value of 3.752 in 2012. STAM has become one of the major prominent materials science journals in the world and is currently ranked 35th among 239 journals worldwide in the category of “Materials Science & Multidisciplinary” by Thomson Reuters. Needless to say, STAM is the leading materials science journal published in Japan. These achievements are a result of steadfast and multi-faceted efforts by STAM editors, referees and authors, for which I am sincerely grateful. Yet there is still a lot more to be done and I welcome submissions of new findings, as well as suggestions and ideas on how to steer the management of the journal in the future. This collection features a selection of 15 outstanding articles published in STAM during the last 15 years. Although we strived to be objective and used multiple criteria in selecting these from hundreds of papers published in STAM, a number of worthy candidates had to be excluded. I hope that we will be able to acknowledge the omitted articles in other STAM publications.

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Contents

Organic materials Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly 6 Katsuhiko Ariga, Jonathan P Hill, Michael V Lee, Ajayan Vinu, Richard Charvet and Somobrata Acharya

Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers 7 Wee-Eong Teo, Ryuji Inai and Seeram Ramakrishna

Biomaterials Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical applications and healthcare goods 8 Mitsuo Niinomi

Porous hydroxyapatite for artificial bone applications 9 I Sopyan, M Mel, S Ramesh and K A Khalid

Bioinspired phospholipid polymer biomaterials for making high performance artificial organs 9 K Ishihara

Electronics Silicon-based oxynitride and nitride phosphors for white LEDs—A review 10 Rong-Jun Xie and Naoto Hirosaki

Present status of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors 11 Toshio Kamiya, Kenji Nomura and Hideo Hosono

Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy—the European dimension 12 Klaus Funke

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Environment Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts for visible response prepared by 13 using organic compounds Yoshio Nosaka, Masami Matsushita, Junichi Nishino and Atsuko Y Nosaka

The effect of nanocrystalline magnetite size on arsenic removal 14 J T Mayo, C Yavuz, S Yean, L Cong, H Shipley, W Yu, J Falkner, A Kan, M Tomson and V L Colvin

Recent progress in mesoporous titania materials: adjusting morphology for innovative applications 15 Juan L Vivero-Escoto, Ya-Dong Chiang, Kevin C-W Wu and Yusuke Yamauchi

Dispersion and surface functionalization of oxide nanoparticles for transparent photocatalytic 16 and UV-protecting coatings and sunscreens Bertrand Faure, German Salazar-Alvarez, Anwar Ahniyaz, Irune Villaluenga, Gemma Berriozabal, Yolanda R De Miguel and Lennart Bergström

Ceramics Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures 17 Sunandan Baruah and Joydeep Dutta

Point defects in ZnO: an approach from first principles 18 Fumiyasu Oba, Minseok Choi, Atsushi Togo and Isao Tanaka

Metals Progress in thermomechanical control of steel plates and their commercialization 19 Kiyoshi Nishioka and Kazutoshi Ichikawa

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Organic materials

EDITOR’S Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly CHOICE Katsuhiko Ariga, Jonathan P Hill, Michael V Lee, Ajayan Vinu, Richard Charvet and Somobrata Acharya

2008 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 014109

Controlled production of nanometre-scale objects is a key issue of the current science and technology. “Top-down” fabrication techniques, such as lithography, are limited in the size of resulting structures and in the range of suitable bulk materials, urging development of Katsuhiko Ariga alternative (“bottom-up”) approaches based on self-assembly of individual molecules. This review covers a wide variety of self-assembly processes and introduces recent breakthroughs in (i) types of self-assembly in bulk media, (ii) types of components for self-assembly in bulk media and (iii) self-assembly at interfaces. It summarizes them according to the length scale as follows. At the smallest scale, structural control over molecular arrays yields nano-objects, whose properties are mostly affected by molecular attributes such as morphology and arrangement of functional groups. Yet for larger, micron-sized objects, optimization of hierarchical processes is becoming more important than molecular structure in creating novel materials.

Self-assembly processes are also efficient in fabrication of macroscopic objects with a nanostructure. As those processes involve individual molecules, their use in the preparation of bulk materials needs interactive connections. For example, some techniques, such as dynamic manipulation of molecules at the air–water interface, can bridge between the molecular and macroscopic worlds. Bulk coordination polymers, porous crystals, liquid crystals and gels can be produced via self-assembly, but their structural motifs are rather simple. In contrast, evolution created much more sophisticated objects starting (A) Structure of cerasome, a novel class of from individual molecules. We have to learn bilayered organic-inorganic hybrids, and (B) cerasome self-assembly. ways to build complex hierarchic structures from biological examples in order to construct multi- functional materials via self-assembly. Current bottom-up techniques are insufficient for this purpose and should be complimented with top-down methods.

With 46,597 downloads (IOPscience) and 449 citations (Web of Science, as of May 2014) this is the most popular STAM article. The 127 well designed figures make it easy reading despite its 96-page volume.

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organic

Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers Wee-Eong Teo, Ryuji Inai and Seeram Ramakrishna

2011 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 12 013002

This review covers new electrospinning techniques for the controlled production of various Wee-Eong Teo nanofibrous structures for tissue regeneration and bioengineering, focusing on fiber collection methods and the effects of solvent, external perturbations, electrical charges in the emerging jet and their removal.

Characteristic shapes produced by electrospinning of polymers: pipes, 3D scaffold and continuous nanofibrous yarn.

Seeram Ramakrishna

Did you know? Did you know? Once accepted, articles STAM has a global readership submitted to STAM are and features top research from published online within 27 days institutions all over the world

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Biomaterials

Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical applications and healthcare goods Mitsuo Niinomi

2003 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 4 445 Mitsuo Niinomi Titanium-based materials are widely used in medical applications such as artificial limbs, dental products, wheelchairs and implants for healing of bone fractures. However, all those applications are dominated by pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which were previously developed for structural elements in aerospace industry. This review discusses a wide range of other Ti alloys with a focus not only on mechanical properties but also biocompatibility. Healing of fractured rabbit bones at 0, 4 and 8 weeks after insertion of a Ti-alloy rod. Arrows show callus formation.

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biomaterials

Porous hydroxyapatite for artificial bone applications I Sopyan, M Mel, S Ramesh and K A Khalid

2007 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 116

This paper discusses preparation techniques of porous hydroxyapatite (HA) and its I Sopyan biomedical applications, including bone tissue regeneration, cell proliferation and drug delivery. HA has been applied as filling material for bone defects and augmentation, artificial bone graft material and prosthesis surgery. Its high surface area leads to excellent osteoconductivity and resorbability providing fast bone ingrowth. Porous HA can be produced by several methods including conversion of natural bones, ceramic foaming technique, the polymeric sponge method, gel casting of foams, starch consolidation, microwave processing, slip casting and electrophoretic deposition.

Attachment of an African green monkey kidney cell (Vero) to porous hydroxyapatite.

Bioinspired phospholipid polymer biomaterials for making high performance artificial organs K Ishihara

2000 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 1 131 K Ishihara This review demonstrates the importance of molecular structure in designing polymeric biomaterials. In particular, introduction of a certain phospholipid polar group (MPC group) to the side chain of a polymer inhibits adsorption of blood and proteins to that polymer, rendering it biocompatible – blood clotting is suppressed and the coagulation time gradually increases with the MPC content in the polymer. In practical terms, coating of commercial polymers with MPC is shown to improve the biocompatibility of vascular prostheses, cellulose membranes, glucose sensors, artificial organs, drug delivery and other systems introduced into the human body.

Attachment of fibrin and human blood cells to polymers that do not (A) and do (B) contain MPC units.

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Electronics

EDITOR’S Silicon-based oxynitride and nitride phosphors for white LEDs CHOICE —A review Rong-Jun Xie and Naoto Hirosaki

2007 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 588

Silicon-based nitrides and oxynitrides doped with rare-earth elements are two recently developed classes of inorganic phosphors with promising applications in solid-state Rong-Jun Xie lighting and displays. This review focuses on their preparation, crystal structure, luminescence and applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

The crystal structures of silicon-based (oxy)nitrides consist of networks of crosslinked SiN4 tetrahedra. They are characterized by strong and tunable crystal-field splitting and nephelauxetic effect, which lower the excited states of doped rare-earth ions (mainly Eu2+, Ce3+ and Yb2+) and broaden them into bands that may extend from the UV to visible range. In practical terms this means those phosphors can be excited by a variety of light Naoto Hirosaki sources, their emission color can be tuned from blue to red, and mixing two or more such phosphors may result in a white light with adjustable correlated colour temperature. White light can even be produced with one yellow-green phosphor, such as α-sialon:Eu2+, when its emission is combined with the pumping light of a blue LED.

Besides favourable spectral properties silicon (oxy)nitride phosphors have a high chromatic stability and quantum efficiency of luminescence (>90%), which makes them preferred materials for conversion of narrow- band LEDs into compact, efficient, stable and durable white-light sources for indicators, cellular phones, liquid crystal displays and general lighting applications.

This review has been downloaded 10,118 times (IOPscience) and received Crystal structure of LaAl(Si6-zAlz)N10-zOz phosphor viewed along the [001] direction. The blue, pale blue, red, and 275 citations by May 2014 according to the green spheres represent La, Al, Si/Al, and O/N atoms, respectively. Web of Science database.

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electronics

EDITOR’S Present status of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors CHOICE Toshio Kamiya, Kenji Nomura and Hideo Hosono

2010 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 11 044305

Amorphous oxide semiconductors, particularly the quaternary In-Ga-Zn-O alloy known as a-IGZO, have a superior combination of physical and technological properties as compared with silicon and organic materials. Similar to its competitors, a-IGZO can be Toshio Kamiya fabricated at temperatures below 400 °C on glass or flexible plastic substrates. Yet it offers much higher carrier mobility than a-Si and organic semiconductors, as well as higher stability and uniformity of properties than a-Si and poly-Si, which is crucial for display applications. Consequently, it is expected that thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a-IGZO channels will dominate various types of next-generation electronic devices, such as flat- panel, 3D, flexible and transparent displays. This review covers both fundamental and technological issues of amorphous oxides, with a focus on a-IGZO, such as electronic and optical properties; their uniformity over large areas, long-term stability and degradation Hideo Hosono mechanisms; operation speed; transistor characteristics; and fabrication processes.

IGZO has been actively studied since the early 1990s, with the first IGZO TFT fabricated in 2004 and the first IGZO-based display revealed in 2005. The main IGZO fabrication technique, RF/DC magnetron sputtering, is compatible with large areas. By 2010 it supported 8-generation displays with external sizes exceeding 2 × 2 m, and 6-generation 32” and 37” displays had already been fabricated.

Electronic properties of a-IGZO have been extensively characterized and theoretical modelling of operational devices is already possible. The relatively high field-effect 2 –1 –1 mobility of charge carriers in a-IGZO (~20 cm V s ) supports refresh rates exceeding 100 Hz in large-area displays.

The main degradation mechanisms of a-IGZO TFTs are back-channel effects, creation of traps at the interfaces and in the gate insulator, as well as creation of donor states and other defects by the Joule heating during operation or by annealing during fabrication of TFTs. They can be alleviated by the addition of dense passivation layers to the TFTs.

Prototype devices based on In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistors Published in 2010, this review was (BWE-paper = black-and-white electronic paper, AM = active matrix, QFHD = quad full high definition, SEC = Samsung downloaded 16,077 times (IOPscience) Electronics Corporation, LGE&ETRI = LG Electronics & and received 217 citations according to the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, SMD = Samsung Mobile Display, AUO = AU Optronics Corporation). Web of Science database.

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electronics

Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy—the European dimension Klaus Funke

2013 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 14 043502 Klaus Funke This review conveys the history of solid state ionics, from the foundations laid by Michael Faraday in the 1830s to the recent developments in fuel cells, supercapacitors and Li batteries. It currently holds the highest download rate among STAM articles, with more than 10,000 downloads over eight months since publication. The review contains 50 pages, 48 figures and 517 references.

Log-log plot of electronic vs. ionic conductivity for various solids.

High visibility STAM is open access with all papers free to read and download. iopscience.org/stam

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Environment

EDITOR’S Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts for visible CHOICE response prepared by using organic compounds Yoshio Nosaka, Masami Matsushita, Junichi Nishino and Atsuko Y Nosaka

2005 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 6 143

One of the major problems of photocatalysis is to shift the optical response of TiO2, the most popular photocatalytic material, from the UV to the visible range, making it sensitive Yoshio Nosaka to sunlight and conventional light sources. Nosaka et al. achieved this by nitrogen

doping of nine commercial TiO2 powders using urea, guanidine carbonate or guanidine hydrochloride. After soaking the powders in an aqueous solution of a dopant, they were dried and annealed at 300–600 °C. The photocatalytic activity was the highest when using guanine carbonate and annealing temperatures of 350–400 °C. It increased

significantly with doping, but only when nitrogen substituted for oxygen in the TiO2 lattice, as revealed by the analysis of Ti bonding through X-ray photoelectron spectra.

Photocatalytic oxidation of isopropyl

alcohol by 9 nitrogen-doped TiO2 commercial powders, evaluated via the amount of produced acetone. “Particle size” refers to the diameter of crystalline domains estimated from the X-ray diffraction linewidth.

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environment

The effect of nanocrystalline magnetite size on arsenic removal J T Mayo, C Yavuz, S Yean, L Cong, H Shipley, W Yu, J Falkner, A Kan, M Tomson and V L Colvin

2007 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 71 V L Colvin Removal of arsenic (As) contamination from drinking water is a major problem around

the world. One solution is to adsorb As using a magnetic powder (magnetite, Fe3O4) and precipitate the powder with a magnetic separator. This article reveals the dramatic effect

of the Fe3O4 particle size d on the As removal – when d was decreased from 300 to 12 nm the As adsorption increased ~200 times. This effect is too strong to be explained by a surface area increase and suggests different As adsorption mechanisms for bulk and nanomaterials.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles with adsorbed arsenic ions can be removed from water using a magnetic separator.

ScholarOne CC-BY As part of our commitment to STAM has adopted the Creative providing the best possible Commons licence (CC-BY 3.0) for all publishing service to our new articles published in the journal. authors and referees, STAM is This licence gives users the right to moving to a new submission reuse, repurpose and build upon a and peer-review management piece of work, even commercially, system with ScholarOne as long as they credit the original Manuscripts. Further creation. The licence does not information is available at replace the copyright, which remains iopscience.org/scholarone with the copyright holder

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environment

Recent progress in mesoporous titania materials: adjusting morphology for innovative applications Juan L Vivero-Escoto, Ya-Dong Chiang, Kevin C-W Wu and Yusuke Yamauchi

2012 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 13 013003 Yusuke Yamauchi

This review describes recent developments in mesoporous titania (TiO2) materials, particularly in the synthesis, morphology control and applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, sensing and biomedical fields. These materials are attractive because of their high surface area, controlled morphology, porous structure, biocompatibility and semiconducting behaviour. In addition, mesoporous titania nanoparticles offer fast mass transport, strong adhesion to substrates and good dispersion in solution, which are beneficial for catalysis, particle separation, medical and optical applications. Inactivation of E. coli (top center) on a mesoporous titania film upon UV irradiation. Left panels show top and cross-sectional views of the film.

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environment

Dispersion and surface functionalization of oxide nanoparticles for transparent photocatalytic and UV-protecting coatings and sunscreens Bertrand Faure, German Salazar-Alvarez, Anwar Ahniyaz, Irune Villaluenga, Lennart Bergström Gemma Berriozabal, Yolanda R De Miguel and Lennart Bergström

2013 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 14 023001

This review summarizes recent efforts in the synthesis, dispersion and surface functionalization of the three oxide nanoparticle materials used in most photocatalytic,

UV-blocking and sunscreen applications: TiO2, ZnO and CeO2. Gas-phase and liquid-phase synthesis may yield weakly aggregated oxide nanoparticles with different composition, morphology and size. The principles of deagglomeration are reviewed in both aqueous and non-aqueous media with an accent on interparticle forces and surface chemistry, which can be tuned by additives and functionalization. Main stabilization mechanisms of nanoparticle dispersions, assuming positively charged surfaces.

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Ceramics

EDITOR’S Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures CHOICE Sunandan Baruah and Joydeep Dutta

2009 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10 013001

Nanostructured ZnO is an attractive technological material for a wide variety of applications including surface acoustic wave filters, photonic crystals, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, gas sensors, optical modulator, waveguides, solar cells,

Joydeep Dutta photocalysts and antibacterial agents. Among its different production methods, hydrothermal routes are favoured for their simplicity and environment-friendly conditions. This review focuses on the dependence of ZnO morphology on the growth conditions and also discusses ZnO doping during the growth.

An aqueous solution of zinc nitrate and hexamine is the most common hydrothermal medium for the growth of ZnO, though other solvents such as alcohol have also been tried. The synthesis is typically conducted at 60–200 °C with temperatures above 100 °C achieved using an autoclave. Reaction time typically varies from several hours to days and even weeks, though it may be shortened to minutes by the application of microwave radiation.

In contrast to solution-based routes, gas-phase ZnO synthesis is conducted at 500–1500 °C through a variety of techniques such as vapor phase transport, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, thermal oxidation of Zn and microwave-assisted thermal decomposition.

The most common ZnO morphologies achieved via hydrothermal routes are isometric particles, plates and hexagonal rods. Plates are usually stacked or arranged into flower- like shapes, whereas rods form parallel bundles, tetrapods, hedgehog-like stars or aligned forests on a flat substrates, and their tips may be sharpened in a pencil-like fashion. The dopants that have been introduced during the hydrothermal growth of ZnO include Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Sb and Sn. Their range is limited by reactivity with water during the synthesis; for example, In doping is hindered by the formation

of In(OH)3 phase. This review has been downloaded 22,803 times (IOPscience) and received 161 citations by May 2014 according to the Web of Science Low-temperature (~60 °C) hydrothermal growth of database. ZnO nanorods can be shortened from hours or days to minutes by the use of microwave radiation.

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ceramics

Point defects in ZnO: an approach from first principles Fumiyasu Oba, Minseok Choi, Atsushi Togo and Isao Tanaka

2011 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 12 034302

This review covers recent first-principle studies of point defects in ZnO, with an accent Fumiyasu Oba on native defects that affect the electrical conductivity, such as Zn and O vacancies, interstitials and anticites. The predicted properties of defects, such as formation energies, donor and acceptor levels, optical transition energies, migration energies, and atomic and electronic structure, strongly depend on the calculation method, particularly on the simulation model, approximation to exchange correlation and the post-processing applied to compensate for the shortcomings of the approximation and model.

Band structures of the perfect ZnO crystal, O vacancy (VO), and Zn interstitial at the octahedral site (Zni).

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Metals

Progress in thermomechanical control of steel plates and their commercialization Kiyoshi Nishioka and Kazutoshi Ichikawa

2012 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 13 023001 Kiyoshi Nishioka Thermomechanical control processes (TMCP) were developed in the 1930s to improve the strength and toughness of steel, while allowing control of the microstructure, phase transformation and rolling. Nowadays TMCP steels are widely used in shipbuilding, offshore structures, building construction, bridges, pipelines, penstocks and cryogenic tanks. This review describes metallurgical aspects of the microalloying of steel, such as addition of Nb, and discusses advantages of TMCP such as improved weldability. Other topics include the TMCP history, equipment and technologies, distortions in steel plates and theoretical modelling.

The use of steel in large tankers showing the increasing importance of steels produced by thermomechanical control processes (TMCP).

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Editorial board

Editor-in-Chief Toyonobu Yoshida National Institute for Materials Science, Japan

Co-editors Harald F Krug Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Yoshio Sakka National Institute for Materials Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland Science, Japan Shu Yamaguchi University of Tokyo, Japan

Honorary Editors Tsuyoshi Masumoto Research Institute for Teruo Kishi University of Tokyo, Japan Electromagnetic Materials, Japan

Associate Editors Katsuhiko Ariga National Institute for Materials Hong Lin Tsinghua University, China Science, Japan Yoko Mitarai National Institute for Materials Lennart Bergstrom Stockholm University, Sweden Science, Japan Manuel E Brito University of Yamanashi, Japan Takehiko Mori Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Fatih Dogan Missouri University of Science and Martin Pumera Nanyang Technological University, Technology, USA Singapore James A Elliott University of Cambridge, UK Taizo Sasaki National Institute for Materials Fabien Grasset CNRS/Universite de Rennes 1, Science, Japan France Madoka Takai University of Tokyo, Japan Roland Hany Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Shinya Uji National Institute for Materials Science, Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland Japan Achim Walter Hassel Johannes Kepler University, Alexander Wei Purdue University, USA Austria Yasunari Zempo Hosei University, Japan Makoto Kambara University of Tokyo, Japan Ki-Bum Kim Seoul National University, Korea

Regional Editors Gian-Luca Bona Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories Hideo Hosono Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan for Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland Juergen Janek Justus Liebig University Giessen, Anthony K Cheetham University of Cambridge, UK Germany James K Gimzewski University of California, USA Kazunori Kataoka University of Tokyo, Japan Juri Grin Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Germany

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About NIMS National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) is an institution specializing in research in organic and inorganic materials. Our world is made up of various “substances”, and the basis of our everyday lives can be found in these “materials”. Materials fall into two major categories: organic/polymeric materials; and inorganic materials. The latter in turn can be divided into metals and ceramics. From the Stone Age – by way of the Industrial Revolution – to the present day, advances in materials have contributed to the development of humankind and the focus is now on offering solutions for global problems. NIMS specializes in carrying out research into these materials, which is managed in line with our theme, “Materials research for creating tomorrow”.

STAM HEADQUARTERS OFFICE Our editorial team at NIMS ensures that high-quality content is provided to the publisher, by inviting prospective authors, and assisting referees and editors at all stages of the peer review.

Takeshi Hatano Konstantin Iakoubovskii Hiromi Wakabayashi Mikiko Tanifuji Senior Editorial Co-ordinator Editorial Co-ordinator Editorial Assistant Publishing Director

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About Empa As an interdisciplinary research institute of the ETH Domain, Empa, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, conducts cutting-edge materials and technology research. Empa’s research activities focus on meeting the requirements of industry and the needs of society, and thus link application-oriented research to the practical implementation of new ideas. The STAM Europe office is located at Empa. Aims of collaborative publishing

NIMS and Empa are working together to develop a flagship journal that provides the highest quality information on recent developments in materials science on an open access platform. The collaboration brings together top research expertise and resources from the East and West, ensuring that the journal is well represented globally, and offering the community a valued international outlet for their high-quality research.

IOP PUBLISHING TEAM Our dedicated Science and Technology of Advanced Materials team at IOP Publishing is here to ensure that the publication process runs as smoothly as possible for our authors.

Alexandra Allsopp Susannah Bruce Danny Turner Geraldine Pounsford Associate Publisher Production Editor Publishing Marketing Executive Administrator

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and Tech ce nolo ien gy Sc o f A d v a n c Impact Factor e Celebrating 15 years d

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Articles submitted during 2014 and identified by the Editorial Board as being s of particularly high quality will have their article publication charge sponsored by the National Institute of Materials Science and the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology.

Three good reasons to submit your article to STAM: 1 One of the highest ranked gold open access journals in materials science 2 Acceptance to web publication is 27 days 3 Every paper published in 2013 was downloaded on average more than 700 times

STAM covers all aspects of materials science but is particularly interested in nano, bio, and energy and environment related articles. If you have a paper ready for submission in one of these areas, why not choose STAM?

For more information, visit iopscience.org/stam We would like to thank all of our authors, referees, board members and supporters across the world for their vital contribution to the work and progress of Science and Technology of Advanced Materials.

IOP Publishing Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK E-mail [email protected] Web iopscience.org/stam