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Understanding the Social Impact of Participation in Driven Game Shooting in the UK

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Understanding the Social Impact of Participation in Driven Game Shooting in the UK Understanding the social impact of participation in Driven Game Shooting in the UK. Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Northampton Tracey Latham-Green © Tracey Latham-Green 2020. This thesis is copyright material and no quotation from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. 1 Abstract Taking a critical realist, mixed methods approach, this study fills a gap in the research base relating to driven game shooting (DGS) and its social impact. It looks at how involvement in DGS affects the people involved, using a recognised social impact assessment methodology with a theoretical underpinning of social capital theory. It considers the extent to which DGS creates social impact through the creation of social capital and reinforcement of identity, whether this is affected by size and/or type of shoot and how these impacts can be valued in future. A need for this was clearly outlined by National Resources Wales and its independent evaluation consultants (Hillyard and Marvin, 2017; Natural Resources Wales, 2017). This study is the first research study to consider the social impacts of DGS in full, utilising a recognised Social Impact Assessment method to produce a framework for future use in evaluating the social impact of shooting and therefore represents an original and needed contribution to knowledge. The study comprised of two stages of data collection. Firstly, qualitative, visiting shoots of different sizes and types from small and larger syndicates through to small and larger commercial shoots nationwide, observing/engaging with participants, contacting a sample of 45 people afterwards for a longer telephone interview. Results of these reflective observations and interviews were analysed using a Straussian grounded theory approach, allowing the production of a questionnaire for wider distribution using online and hard copy distribution channels, during the second quantitative stage, which received 2,424 responses suitable for analysis. Results indicate a positive impact on participant’s mental health and well-being measured using the short Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (SWEMWBS) compared to national data. This positive impact, facilitated by social support networks created within DGS, is influenced strongly by identity. Regular participation in physical activity, time spent outdoors, a sense of purpose and reduced loneliness appear to be contributing factors to this positive impact. Syndicate membership in particular enhances the mental well-being benefits. This study confirms that the financial value of these social impacts is potentially significant, as the cost-savings to the taxpayer in avoiding poor mental health and maintaining physical health can be very high. This will have implications for policy- makers when considering amendments to the rules surrounding DGS in the UK. 2 Acknowledgements I would firstly like to thank all of my participants as without them the study would not have been able to be completed. Their continuing support throughout the process was vital in enabling me to understand the reasons why individuals take part in Driven Game Shooting and how strongly many feel about its role in their life. This enabled me to develop a strong questionnaire and subsequently achieve high levels of responses to it. I remain forever grateful. Secondly, my thanks go to my supervisors and the department team members for their support, knowledge and guidance which has been invaluable in developing my understanding of particularly theory-based research. I will never think in the same way again. Professor Richard Hazenberg and Professor Simon Denny were outstanding supervisors who supported me throughout my journey and were always there when I needed advice and guidance. Finally, I would like to thank my family, in particular my husband and children who have supported me throughout my journey, understanding my need to lock myself away and study! 3 Contents Abstract ...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 List of Tables ..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 Acronyms ….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Chapter 1 - Introduction ............................................................................................................. 15 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 15 1.2 Current Studies ........................................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Outline of the thesis ................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 - Social Impact Assessment ......................................................................................... 21 2.1 Definition and Background ........................................................................................................ 21 2.2 Social Capital, Identity, Health and Well-being ......................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Social Capital: the role of identity ...................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Social Capital: health and well-being ................................................................................. 32 2.2.3 Social Capital: categorising and quantifying returns ......................................................... 35 2.3 Social Impact Assessment: Policies & Methodologies .............................................................. 38 2.3.1 Government Policy .............................................................................................................. 38 2.3.2 Social Impact Methodologies ............................................................................................. 41 2.4 Social Impact Assessment: Practical application ...................................................................... 49 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 53 Chapter 3 - Driven Game Shooting .............................................................................................. 54 3.1 Background & History ................................................................................................................ 54 3.2 Individuals involved ................................................................................................................... 58 3.3 Types of Shoot & Seasons .......................................................................................................... 60 3.4 Existing Research: Social Impacts .............................................................................................. 61 3.4.1 Shooting specific research .................................................................................................. 61 3.4.2 Social Impacts: Social Capital, Identity and Well-being ..................................................... 66 3.5 Existing Research: Economic Impacts ........................................................................................ 75 3.5.1 Employment ........................................................................................................................ 75 3.5.2 Training ................................................................................................................................ 76 3.5.3 Local economy and national spending ............................................................................... 77 3.5.4 Charitable and community investment .............................................................................. 80 3.5.5 Indirect economic impacts .................................................................................................. 81 3.5.6 Overall Contribution to the UK Economy ........................................................................... 82 3.6 Existing Research: Environmental Impacts ............................................................................... 84 4 3.6.1 Green Spaces and Countryside Management .................................................................... 84 3.6.2 Biodiversity .......................................................................................................................... 89 3.6.3 Heather Burning, Flooding and Climate Change ................................................................ 92 3.6.4 Lead shot ............................................................................................................................. 93 3.6.5 Anti-microbial Resistance (AMR) ........................................................................................ 95 3.6.6 Soil Quality .......................................................................................................................... 96 3.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 96 Chapter 4 - Methodology ........................................................................................................... 99 4.1 Epistemology and Ontology ....................................................................................................... 99 4.2 Research Aims and Objectives
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