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Temporal Trends of NDVI in the Jing River Basin of China

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Temporal Trends of NDVI in the Jing River Basin of China Emerging hot Spot Analysis and the Spatial- temporal Trends of NDVI in the Jing River Basin of China Bin Xu ( [email protected] ) Changan University: Chang'an University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6367-5377 Bin Qi Chang'an University Kai Ji Chang'an University Zhao Liu Chang'an University Lin Deng Chang'an University Ling Jiang Chang'an University Research Article Keywords: Emerging hot spot analysis, Jing River Basin, NDVI, Trends Posted Date: May 28th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-482991/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Emerging hot spot analysis and the spatial-temporal trends of NDVI in the Jing 2 River Basin of China a,b,c,d,* a a a a a 3 Bin Xu , Bin Qi , Kai Ji , Zhao Liu , Lin Deng , Ling Jiang 4 aSchool of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; 5 bKey Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 7 6 Guangtai Road, Xi’an, 710075, Shaanxi, China; 7 cKey Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang’an 8 University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China 9 dShaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; 10 *Corresponding author. 11 E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Bin Xu) 12 Abstract: As an important indicator of vegetation coverage, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 13 (NDVI) reflects the changing pattern and evolving trend of the environment. In the Loess Plateau, vegetation 14 plays a critical role in soil and water conservation, which strongly affects the achievement of sustainable 15 development goals. The study of the spatial distribution and temporal trends of NDVI is of great practical 16 importance for the planning of soil and water conservation measures, the evaluation of environmental 17 situation. In this study, the NDVI, precipitation and land cover data of the Jing River Basin were collected, 18 the emerging hot spot and cold spot patterns of NDVI were examined, the characteristics of spatial 19 distribution and temporal variation of the NDVI in the basin were analyzed, the impacts on NDVI changes 20 from climate, land cover change have been discussed. The results show that the NDVI in Jing River Basin 21 shows a spatial trend of decreasing from northwest to southeast. The emerging hot spot analysis results show 22 that diminishing cold spot, oscillating hot spot, intensifying hot spot are predominant patterns in the basin. 23 The whole basin shows the statistically significant upward trend of high-value aggregation of NDVI. The 24 temporal trend of NDVI in the basin varies from-0.0171 to 0.0185 per year. The increasing trend of 25 vegetation coverage in the basin is statistically significant. The positive correlation between the NDVI and 26 the precipitation mainly observed upstream of the basin, revealing that the growth of vegetation in the Loess 27 Plateau is more dependent on the water supply from the precipitation. Land cover transition patterns and the 28 land use patterns also impact the spatial-temporal trends of the vegetation coverage in the basin. The study 29 results may helpful for the vegetation restoration, soil and water conservation and sustainable development 30 of the Jing River Basin. 31 Keywords: Emerging hot spot analysis; Jing River Basin; NDVI; Trends; 32 Declarations 33 Funding 34 This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41971033), the 35 Natural Science Basic Research in Shaanxi Province of China (Program No. 2019JM-512), the Key 36 Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering of the Ministry of Natural Resources 37 (SXDJ2019-13), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (CHD300102291507), the 38 Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (B08039), Fund Project of Shaanxi Key 39 Laboratory of Land Consolidation (2019-JC01). 40 Conflicts of interest/Competing interests 41 The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that 42 could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 43 Availability of data and material 44 Not applicable 45 Code availability 46 Not applicable 47 Authors' contributions 48 Not applicable 49 Ethics approval 50 Not applicable 51 Consent to participate 52 Not applicable 53 Consent for publication 54 Not applicable 55 56 1. Introduction 57 Vegetation is an important part of the ecosystem and an intermediate link in the soil-plant-atmosphere 58 continuum (Zhang and Huang 2021). It has the functions of transporting water, carbon sequestration, 59 releasing oxygen and so on (Wang et al. 2016, Paustian 2014). Vegetation can weaken soil erosion caused by 60 rainfall, reduce land surface runoff, alter groundwater quality, and decrease river sediment content (Aber et al. 61 2010, Jin et al. 2021; He et al. 2020; He and Wu 2019). Vegetation coverage is a key factor in environmental 62 protection and land resource planning. Vegetation coverage, to a large extent, represents the state of the 63 terrestrial environment and ecosystem. Vegetation coverage is affected by anthropological activities and 64 climate change, directly influencing regional socio-economic development, the stability and safety of the 65 environment and the ecosystem (Jin et al. 2021). 66 Remote sensing is an important technology to quickly obtain the vegetation types and vegetation 67 coverage in a large area, and it can perform long-term dynamic monitoring of vegetation coverage at 68 different scales. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was proposed by Kriegler et al. in 1969, is 69 one of the most widely used vegetation indices based on remote sensing data, also known as biomass index 70 change, which can separate vegetation from water and soil. It has been widely used in ecological and 71 environmental monitoring, drought monitoring, vegetation growth capacity evaluation, land use, and so on 72 (Huang et al. 2021). In recent years, many scholars have conducted more in-depth research on the temporal 73 trend and spatial distribution of vegetation coverage based on the NDVI (Jin et al. 2021). 74 The Jing River locates in the Yellow River Basin and is the second largest tributary of the Yellow River 75 (Li et al. 2013). The Jing River flows through the Loess Plateau, where soil erosion is serious (Liu et al. 76 2018). While recharging the Yellow River, it also brings a large amount of sediment to the Yellow River. The 77 Jing River is also the main source of irrigation water for many large irrigation districts in the Guanzhong 78 Plain of Shaanxi Province (Xu et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2018a). For a long time, the problems of vegetation 79 degradation, soil erosion, runoff reduction, and water pollution in this area have attracted much attention (Li 80 et al. 2014), making it a landmark object for studying soil and water conservation, ecological protection, 81 human health risk assessment, and sustainable development of the Loess Plateau and the Yellow River Basin 82 (Zhang et al. 2020, 2021, Deng et al. 2021, Ning et al. 2016, Chang et al. 2016; Li et al. 2018, 2019a, b). A 83 lot of research work concerning the Jing River Basin has been carried out by scholars worldwide (Li et al. 84 2013, Liu et al. 2018, Xu et al. 2019). 85 In the past two decades, through a series of environmental restoration measures such as the Grain for 86 Green Program, the vegetation coverage in the basin has been improved, the spatial distribution of 87 land-water resources has undergone significant changes, and soil erosion has been effectively curbed (Delang 88 and Yuan 2015). However, problems of water shortage, water use conflicts, and ecosystem degradation in the 89 basin still exist. In 2019, the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin 90 have become a national strategic goal in China (Li 2020a, b). Therefore, analyzing the characteristics of 91 vegetation changes in the Jing River under the influence of climate change and anthropological activities is 92 important for optimizing the allocation of regional land-water resources, adjusting soil and water 93 conservation patterns, promoting ecological restoration, and achieving sustainable high-quality development 94 goals in the Yellow River Basin. 95 This study was conducted for the first time using the emerging hot spot analysis method to analyze the 96 change characteristics of NDVI in the Jing River Basin. This study aims to: (1) analyze the aggregation mode 97 and hot spots trend of vegetation cover in the basin, (2) obtain the spatial-temporal trends of vegetation cover 98 in the study area, and (3) discuss the relationship between vegetation and climate change, anthropological 99 activities in the basin. This study may provide a meaningful reference for the vegetation restoration, soil and 100 water conservation, and sustainable development of the Jing River Basin. 101 2. Materials and methods 102 2.1 Study area 103 Located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the Jing River is a secondary tributary of the Yellow 104 River and the largest tributary of the Wei River (Fig. 1). The Jing River has a total length of 455.1 km and a 105 drainage area of 45,400 km2 (Li et al. 2013, Liu et al. 2018). It straddles the three provinces (regions) of 106 Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi. The basin is divided into mountainous forest areas in the southwest, 107 mountainous river areas in the southeast, and hilly areas of the Loess Plateau in the central and northern parts 108 (Li et al.
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