1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ·: · 2447 for printing and reference to the proper PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS . 345. Also, resolution of International As· calendar, as follows: sociation of Cleaning and Dye House Workers, Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public Local No. 7, relative to amending the Social Mr. SPARKMAN: Committee on Military bills and resolutions were introduced and Security Act so as to include all cemetery Affairs. H. R. 1857. A b111 to provide for the severally referred as follows: employees within the benefits and pro­ appointment of female physicians and sur­ By Mr. BARRY: visions of the act; to the Committee on Ways geons in the Medical Corps of the Army and and Means. Navy; with amendment (Rept. No. 295). Re­ H. R. 2291. A bill to amend further the ferred to the Committee of the Whole House Civil Service Retirement Act approved May on the state of the Union. 29, 1930, as amended; to the Committee on Mr. BLOOM: Committee on Foreign Af­ the Civil Service. fairs. House Joint Resolution 15. Joint res­ By Mr. BLOOM: SENATE olution authorizing the appropriation of such H. R. 2292. A bill to amend an act entitled sums as may be necessary to pay the propor­ "An act to provide for the use of the Ameri­ THURSDAY, l\'IARCH 25, 1943 tionate share of the in the an­ can National Red Cross in aid of the land and nual expenses of the Inter-American Finan­ naval forces in time of actual or threatened (Legislative day of Tuesday, March 23, cial and Economic Advisory Committee; with­ war"; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. 1943) out amendment (Rept. No. 298). Referred By Mr. SASSCER: H. R. 2293. A bill to provide disability and to the Committee of the Whole House on the The Senate met at 12 o'clock noon, on state of the Union. death compensation or pension in the case of certain members of the Naval Enlisted the expiration of the recess. Mr. BLOOM: Committee on Foreign Af­ The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown fairs. House Joint Resolution 16. Joint res­ Reserve who received Civil Aeronautics Ad­ olution providing for participation by the ministration war training prior to December Harris, D. D., offered the following United States in the Emergency Advisory 15, 1942; to the Committee on ~val Affairs. prayer: By Mr. BATES of Kentucky: Committee for Political Defense, and author­ 0 God, Thy word is hidden in the very izing an appropriation therefor; without H. R. 2294. A bill to grant service pension amendment (Rept. No. 299). Referred to the to certain veterans and widows and children framework of the world; Thy image is Committee of the Whole House on the state of deceased veterans of the Spanish-Ameri­ stamped in the very core of our being; of _the Union. can War, Boxer Rebell1on, and Philippine In­ Tl:y voice soundeth in experiences which surrection, based upon service which termi­ sing, and sob, and sigh across life's nated honorably notwithstanding any prior changing scenes. Bowing in this hushed REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE or subsequent period of service which termi­ moment, we would discard every mask BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS nated other than honorably; to the Commit- tee (m Pensions. · and disguise of pretense which, ·alas, too · Under clause 2 of rule XIII, repor.ts of By Mr. DIMOND: often we wear before the face of man. committees were delivered to the Clerk H. J. Res. 105. Joint resolution to name the To give Thee back .the life .we owe is but for printing and reference to the proper Alaska highway; to the Committee on Roads. to exchange the shallow pools of our vain calendar, as follows: By Mr. GATHINGS: designs and desires for-the ocean depths Mr. PITTENGER: Committee on Claims. H. Res.184. Resolution providing for an of Thy eternal purpose in us and through S. 52. A n act for the rellef of Hazel M. Lewis; investigation of all loaning agencies of the us. . without amendment. (Rept. No. 285) . . Re­ United States under the jurisdiction· of the ­ May the fretful fears tnat film our ferred to the Committee of the Whole House. Department of Agriculture; to the Commit­ tee on Rules. sight be · cast out by a love that -takes . Mr. FERNANDEZ: Committee on Claims. the dimness of our souls. away. With 8. 404. An act for the relief of Richard new eyes may we see Thee as our Father, Barker; without amendment (Rept. No. 286). PETITIONS, ETC. our fellows as our neighbors, and our-· Referred to the Committee of the Whole Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions Hou~. . selves as our brothers' keepers. _In that Mr. MANASCO: Committee on Claims. and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk ·vision splEmd.id of- Divine Fatherhood H. R. 235. A bill for the relief of Forrest. W. · and re~erred as follow~: and of human brotherhood may we Dickey; with · amendment (Rept. ·No. 287). 338.' By Mr. ANDREWS: Resolutions adop_t­ dream our dreains, mold our lives, enact Referred to the Committee of the Whole ~d '!JY the Niagara County (N. _Y.) Pomona our.la;ws, btiild our Nation, and plan our House. . Grange, covering ce111ng prices on agricul.: world, 'until' this shadowed earth which Mr. PATrON: Committee on Claims. H. R. tural products; to the Committee on Agri-. is our home rolls out of the darkness into 292. A bill for the relief of Mrs . ..Lila A. culture. the light and it is· daybreak everywhere. Wemp; without amendment (Rept. No. 288). 339. By Mr .. BLAND: Petition ·of 559 em­ Amet:J,. - Referred to the Committee of the Whole ployees of the Newport News Shipbuilding & House. • Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Va., urging-sup.: THE JOURNAL Mr. ABERNETHY: Committee on Claims. port of a compulsory pay-as-we-earn income­ On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by H. R. 1160. A bill for the relief of Alva Burton tax plan, and the making possible under the unanimous· consent, the reading of the Rickey; with amendment (Rept. No. 289). plan abatement of some part of 1942 taxes; to the Committee ori Ways and Means: · - Journal of the·· proceedings of the calen.;. Referred to the Committee of the ·Whole · dar day Tuesday, March 23; 1943, was House. . _ . _340. By Mr. ENGLEBRIGHT: Assembly • l Mr. ABERNETHY: Committee on Claims. ~qlnt Resolutio~ _No. 25 pf the Cali!orni!'o Leg~ . dispensed with, and - the. JoUrnal was H. R. 1557. A -b111 for tile ';relief of Rqbert H. tslature, Assembly _of , concerning ~pproved. . · tecipro'cal' trad·e ·agreement; 'to the CoJnmlt­ Pulli.,m; with. amen_dm~n.:t (Rept_. No ..•.2QO)! ~SSA9~ 'FROM. ~E PRESIDENT-· tee on Interstate a~d Foreig~ .co~merce . . Referred to the Committee of the Whole ._ " .. · APP~OV-~ OF BILLS House. . . ! '· · 341. Also, · Senate ·Resolution No. 65 of the Mr. DiCKSTEIN: .- Conlm.i ttee oil Clatms. · Legislative Department ·of the· State Sehate· · · Messages in writing 'from. the President H. R. 1597. A b1ll tor· the relief of JOSeph of <:Jallfornia, relating to 'the growing ' of of the U'nited.States were communicated Spear; with amendment (Rept. No. 291): Re· guayule fa~ rubber . produttion; to the C9m· :to the s~riate ' ·by -Mf. MilleZ:, -· one· of his terred to the Committee of the Whole House. mittee on Ways an.d Means. . · : ·· t · :- h ' · 1· .- · ~' · t · Mr. PATrON:· Committee on ClaimS. H. R. 342. Also, ~S!lembly Jo,in~ Resolution No. SS seer~ aries, W 0 a SO an~ounce~ th~ th~ 1837. A bill for the relief o:f Manuel G. _Souza of _the CalJ!ornia Legislature,- ,Ass~mbly . of ~resid~nt had. approved and signed .t~e and Manuel Souza, Jr.; with amendment .C~lifornia, . membt:ializ~g qongres~ to· en~ follQwmg acts. · (Rept. -No. 292) ~ .Referred to the Commit~ee act legislation providing a Federal system _ On March 23, 1943: . . · _ v •• of the Whole House. of workmen's compensation ·{or civman de- S. 677. An act to amena the National Hous- _ Mr. ROWAN: Committee on Claims. H. R. .fense volunteers injured in course of duty; ing Act, as amended. 206'1. A bill conferring jurisdiction upon the to the Committee on Labor. . ~ On March 24, 1943: · United States District Court for the Middle 343. By Mr. ROLPH: Resolution of the S. 405.-An act for the relief of. Mrs. Ernes• District of Georgia to iiear, determine, and San Francisco-Oakland -Photo Engravers tine FUselier Sigler; - - render ·judgment upon the claim of H. M. Union No. 8, of San Francisco, relative to S. 517. An act for the relief of Vodie Jack- ·Reid & Co.; of Macon, Ga.; with amendment rationing program of the Oftlce of Price Ad~ son;. . . (Il~ept. No. 293). Referred to the Committee ministration; to the Committee on Banking . S. 518, An . act for the relief · o! &obert T. of the Whole House. and Currency. Groom, Daisy Groom, and, Margaret Groom Mr. DICKSTEIN: Committee on Claims. 344. Also, resolution of the United Garment Turpin; H. R. 2089. A bill for the relief of Jennie Workers' Local No. 131 of San Francisco, rela- - S. 171. An act for the relief of Arthur A. Walker; without amendment (Rept. No. 294) ·, t~ve to the rationing program of th~ Oftlce of Schipke; and · Referred to the Committee of the Whole Price Administration; to -the Committee on S. 786. An act to amend title I of · Publlc House. Banking and Currency, Law ;No.2, Seventy-third Congress, March 20, 2448 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD~SENATE MARCH 25- 1933, and the Veterans Regulations to pro­ $4,500 per annum or more; to the Commit­ substitute products; and that the lend-lease vide for rehabtlltation of disabled veterans, tee on the Judiciary. authorities be directed to stabiliz-e, control, and for other purposes. A joint resolution of the Legislature of and properly allocate the distribution of but- the State of Wisconsin; to the Committee on . ter for lend-lease shipment during the pres­ REPORT OF THE T. V. A. ON REGION­ Agriculture and Forestry: ent emergency in order to safeguard the ALIZED FREIGHT RATES: BARRIER TO health of the workers and toilers on the home NATIONAL PRODUCTIVENZSS (H. DOC. . "Senate Joint Resolution 8 front and their families, to protect the great NO. 137) "Joint resolution memorializing Congress dairy industry of the country, and to prevent and the United States Department of Agri­ further entrenchment and encroachment of The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ culture to supply butter to our armed the oleomargarine market; be it further pore laid before the Senate the follow­ forces and those of our allies and to prop­ "Resolved, That prope"ly attested copies of ing message from the President of the erly allocate butter for lend-lease ship­ this resolution be &ent to the Secretary of United States, which was read, and, with ment in order to safeguard the dairy Agriculture of the United States. the lend­ the accompanying report, referred to the industry lease authorities, and to each House of Con­ Committee on Agriculture and Forestry: "Whereas the people of Wisconsin recog­ gress of the United States and to each Wis­ nize that a successful army must be properly consin Member thereof." To the Congress ot the ·United States: fed, clothed, and equipped and that our A concurrent -resolution of the Legislature I transmit herewith for the informa­ fighting forces at home and abroad must have of the State of Michigan; to the Commit­ tion of the Congress copy of a communi­ plenty of butter and that lend-lease needs tee on Banking and Currency: cation from the Chairman of the Ten­ for our fighting allies must also be met; and "Senate Concurrent Resolution 20 "Whereas the United States Department nessee Valley Authority submitting the of Agriculture in charge of purchases of food "Concurrent resolution memorializing the third report of the authority entitled for lend-lea!a is reported to have approved Congress of the United States to effect a "Regionalized Freight Rates: Barrier to the shipment of 130,000,000 pounds of butter substantial increase in the price of cop­ National Productiveness." in 1943 to Russia, at a time when the sup­ per, iron, and other strategic metals The Tennessee Valley Authority em­ plies of butter are critically and seriously "Whereas the prosecution of the war has phasizes the timely and practical nature short and the consumption of oleomargarine resulted in a great and constantly increasing of the survey. is on the increase at home; and demand for copper, iron, and other strategic "Whereas new food and drug standards met als; and FRANKLIN D. RoosEvELT. and specifications permit the fortification of "Whereas with underground mining it is THE WHITE HOUSE, March 25, 1943. oleomargarine with vitamins and flavoring imperative to stock pile some strategic EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. extracts so that detection from butter is dif­ metals while navigation Is closed on the ficult and thereby dupe and deceive thou­ Great Lakes, thus making it necessary to The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- sands o:: people of the Unitrd States into the keep men employed and the mines in opera­ pore laid before the Senate the following purchase of an inferior substitute; and tion during the winter months; and letters, which were referred as indicated: "Wherea~;; the Government freezing regula­ "Whereas the ceiling prices currently effec­ LANDS ExCHANGED PURSUANT TO AN ACT OF tions will take 30 p~rcent of our national tive for these metals. may have been ade­ CONGRESS butter output after February 1, 1943, or ap­ quate when set, but since these prices have proximately 503,000,000 pounds; and been fixed everything entering into the cost A letter from the Acting Secretary of the of mining has increased and the small oper­ Interior, submitting, pursuant to law, a de­ "Whereas our Government should use every precaution against any limitation of butter ators, particularly, are finding themselves tailed list of lands exchanged pursuant to the with inadequate loans and unable to realize act of June 14, 1926 (44 Stat. 741; 43 U. S. supplies available for our armed forces and c .. our civilians because for years the United full production; and sec. 869) (with an accompanying paper); to "Whereas the mining industry should be the Committee ·on Public Lands and Surveys. States has been on a domestic basis in the prodrction arid consumption of butter, our enabled to operate on a fair and equitable REPORT OF THE ARCHIVIST OF THE UNITED consumers did not need to depend on im­ basis, equal to that enjoyed by other war STATES . ports, and our producers did not need to industries: Now, therefore, be it A letter from the Archivist of the United depend on exports; and "Resolv-ed by the senate (the house of States, tranSmitting, pursuant to law, his an­ "Whereas iii 1943 there is expected to be a representatives concurring), That the Con­ nual report for the fiscal year ended June 30, decrease in butter production of 100,000,000 gress of the United States be respectfully 1942 (with an accompanying report); to the pounds due to diversion of milk to the man­ requested to take the necessary steps to in­ Committee on the Library. ufacture of cheese, the increased consump­ sure a substantial increase in the price of tion of butter by the armed forces, and other strategic metals; and be it further DECEMBER 1942 REPORT OF RECONSTRUCTION ((Resolved, That copies of this resolution FINANCE CoRPORATION territorial emergencies; and "Whereas it is fully recognized that our be transmitted to the President of the A letter from the Chairman of the Board fighting allies have miraculously, courage­ United States, the President of the Senate, of the Reconst ruction Finance Corporation, ously, and tenaciously withstood th~ on­ and Speaker of the House of Representatives transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of slaughts of the Axis forces, and that our of Congress, and to the Michigan Members the Corporation for the month of December country is gratefully appreciative of the 1n the Senate and House of Congress. J.942 (with accompanying papers}; to the valor, bloodshed, and heroism of the .fighting "Adopted by the senate March 11, 1943. Committee on Banking and Currency. forces of our allles, but that in all fairness to "Adopted by the house of representatives TRANSPORTATION ALLOWANCES FOR CIVILIAN both our allies and the United States, a plan March 12, 1943." OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES, THEIR FAMILIEf! be formulated and adopted so that both but­ A memorial of the House of Representa­ AND EFFECTS ter and oleomargarine may be so transported; tives of the State of Arizona; to the Com­ A letter from the President of the Civil and mittee on Education and Labor: Service Commission, submitting a draft of "Whereas such compromise Ol_l allocation "House Memorial 2 proposed legislation to provide uniform al­ of lend-lease supplies not only will not upset and disturb the delicate balance of home "Memorial r"elat ing to foreign-language lowances tor transportation of civilian officers schools and employees, their families and effects, ~onsumption and manufacture of butter but upon permanent transfer from one official will also prevent oleomargarine manufac.: ((To the Congress of the United States: station to another or from one Federal agency turers to explosively utilize the present but­ "Your memorialist respectfully represents: to another (with an accompanying paper); ter shortage to expand their local markets "Throughout the United States, in cities to the Committee on Expenditures in the for a long period of time; and and localities having considerable popula­ Executive Departments. "Whereas it is the sense of this legislature tions of foreign-born persons and their de­ that the dairy industry of the United States scendants, private schools are known to exist PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS should continue to be protected by a wise which are conducted and taught in foreign Petitions, etc.; were laid before the and caut ious administrative discretion so as languages native to the heads, leaders, and to maintain the practical and legislative parents_ of sucl:i g-roups. Senate, or presented, and referred as safeguards for dairy commodities in competi­ "The subversive uses to which schools of indicated: tion with and marketing of inferior products: this character may be put are apparent. By the ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ Now, therefore, be it They afford a ready and effective means of en­ pore: «Resolved by the senate (the assembly con­ listing the ald of foreign-born parents whose A letter in the nature of a memorial from curring), That this legislature respectfully children attend such schools, in projects and Local No. 180, Pacific Colony Employees, memorializes the Congress of the United enterprises inimical to this country's war ef­ American Federation of State, County, and States that our fighting forces and those of fort. They provide a made-to-order oppor­ Municipal Employees, in the State of Cali­ our allies must be supplied with good food, tunity to instm and promote the growth 1n fornia, remonstrating against the ~nactment including butter, and that a fair share of the minds of attending children of views. of the so-called McKellar bill, providing for this nutritive product must be supplied to ideas, and interests subversive in their nature confirmation by the Senate of nominations _ our people on the home front so that they and contrary to the welfare of the United to Federal positions with compensation of will not be compelled to resort to inferior States. They may easily lead to treasonable 1943 CO-NGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . 2449 actions or activities, to sabotage,· to spying, · that our country accept this Inevitable Senate Concurrent Resolution N to the imparting to enemy nations of valuable change in . our world relations, and enter Concurrent resolution memorializing Con­ and vital information, and to the hampering upon such new policy with the courage and gress to enact into lawS. 207, known as the of the struggle of this country and its ames determination characteristic of the United Nye bill, providing for waiver of second­ to liberate the world. They constitute a States of America, and with a full confidence class postal fees upon resumption of pub­ menace to t~e pea~ and welfare of the in the eventual solution of the principal lication by newspapers that were compelled United States. problems ahead, to the end that American to suspend publication because of war con­ "Wherefore, your _memorialist, the House principles may benefit the rest of the world, ditions of Representatives of the State of Arizona, and strengthen and fortify here at home, Whereas numerous newspapers throughout prays: those same principles of economic and polit­ the Nation, and particularly those in towns "1. That.the Congress speedily enact legis­ ical democracy which we so deeply cherish; in smaller communities, were compelled to lation to prohibit the maintenance of any be it further suspend publication because of the economic school which is taught or conducted in a "Resolved, That copies of this memorial be conditions brought about by the war emer­ foreign language, and the teaching of a for­ transmitted by the secretary of state of Mon­ gency; and eign language in any school, private or pub­ tana, to the Honorable Franklin D. Roose­ Whereas the country newspaper is a valu­ lic, except as an incidental study included in velt, President of the United States; to the able economic and social asset in the com­ a curriculum sanctioned by law." honorable Senate of the United States; to munity life of the Nation and should, there­ A joint memorial of the Legislative As­ the Members of Congress from the State of fore, be encouraged: Therefore be it sembly of the State of Montana; to the Montana; and to each of the legislative as­ Resolved by the Senate of the State of North Committee on Military Affairs: semblies of the several States of the United Dakota (the House of Representatives con­ States of America." "Substitute for House Joint Memorial 3 curring), That we memoriallze, petition, and By Mr. GILLETTE: urge Congress to take such steps as are neces­ "Joint memorial to the President and the A concurrent resolution of the Legislature sary to enact into law S. 207, known as the Senate of the United States of America, of the State of Iowa; to the Committee on Nye bill, which provides for the waiver of setting forth the wishes of the Twenty­ Banking and currency: second-class postal fees upon resumption of eighth Legislative Assembly of Montana, ''House Concurrent Resolution 21 publication by newspapers which were com­ relative to the winning of the war by the pelled to suspend publication during the war total defeat of the Axis Powers, and rela­ "Whereas the application of arbitrary rules and regulations by the Rent Control Division and because of war conditions; and be it tive to post-war settlements a1fecting the further peace and stability of our country and of of the Office of Price Administration promul­ gated under the authority of Federal legis­ Resolved, That copies of this resolution be the world, and asking the President and mailed to the President of the United States, the Senate, as the treaty-making power lation has resulted in an unfair and inequi­ table imposition against landlords; and to the President of the Senate, to the Speaker in our country, to fully recognize and ac­ of the House of Representatives, and to each cept our national duty and responsib1lity "Whereas by virtue thereof substandard Member of Congress from the State of North in the reestablishment and future mainte­ rentals cannot be brought to a fair parity with Dakota, and to each of the secretaries of state nance of world peace and order other rentals and undesirable tenants may and to the Members of Congress in the States "To the President and the Senate of the not be ejected from property; and of Montana, South Dakota, and Minnesota. United States: "Whereas as a result property owners in "Whereas young men from Montana are many instances are compelled to accept To the Committee on Indian Affairs: for a second time in a generation fighting rentals insufficient to maintain their prop­ House Concurrent Resolution V and dying on foreign soil for the freedom erties and make a fair return on their in­ vestment; and Concurrent resolution memorializing Con­ and security of our Nation; and gress and the President to authorize the "Whereas the people of our State mindful "Whereas landlords are compelled to r~ain renters who are destructive to property and Indians to elect their Commissioner of In­ of the fact that a nation as large and as dian Affairs and other administrative om­ powerful as the United States of America in some instances the health and welfare of other occupants of the premises; and cials and that treaty rights and claims be will find it impossible to maintain a policy promptly adjudicated and paid of COJ:t!.plete isolation in a world in which "Whereas the rent ceilings in Iowa are far distances are being cut down every day by below the parity of labor and commodities, Be it resolved by the House of Representa­ continually improving means of transporta­ as a consequence of which an unjust burden tives of the State of North Dakota (the Senate tion and communication, and hopeful that is imposed against a landlord; and concurring therein)- in the peace to follow our certain victory "Whereas this situation is the result of Whereas the Indian Americans who have that our country will, together with the national policy and not local administration: loyally been serving their country and ours, other nations, accept its full share of re­ Now, therefore, be it both in the armed forces and elsewhere, have sponsibility in the reorganizing and rebuild­ "Resolved by the House of Representatives long been under practically complete domi­ Ing of the post-war world and the safe­ of the Fiftieth General Assembly of the State nation of the Indian Bureau, with no voice guarding of world peace; and of Iowa (the Senate concurring), That the in the administration of tribal property and Congress of the United States be memorial­ affairs, and have witnessed, without power to "Whereas realizing that the new prob­ effectively protest, the building up of a vast lems our Nation will face in its task of ized to forthwith take such action as may be necessary and appropriate to make more fiex­ array of life-term employees. very few of helping to establish and maintain a just whom are Indians, paid from tribal funds or and durable peace, may require certain ible the arbitrary rules of the Rent Control Division of the Office of Price Administration a charge against tribal property and other sacrifices, a high devotion to the cause resources; and of world peace, a united effort on the part · and provide the means through which unfair and inequitable impositions against land­ Whereas rights, as assured by treaties and of all citizens of the Nation, and a deter­ legislation, have in too many instances not mination to insist on the maintenance of lords may be heard by an impartial tribunal on the merits of the case." been adjudicated and the Indians reimbursed a free and stable order in the world regard­ for their property, neither financially nor by less of race;, or religion: Now, therefore, be it RESOLUTIONS OF NORTH DAKOTA larger, more profitable allotments of lands "Resolved, That the Twenty-eighth Legis­ LEGISLATIVE ASS~LY and equipment; and lative Assembly of the State of Montana, in Whereas on the Standing Rock Sioux In• regular session assembled, the senate and Mr. LANGER. I ask consent to pre­ dian Reservation, near our capital city, mag­ house concurring, do respectfully and sent for appropriate reference and print­ nificent new brick buildings have been erected earnestly urge upon the President and the ing in the RECORD a resolution passed by at Fort Yates for adminiStrative offices and Senate of the United States, our firm con­ the Twenty-eighth Legislative Assembly housing employees, with many Indians living viction that our war effort should not stop of the State of North Dakota, being the year around in poor tents, without coal, short of the total military defeat of all the Senate Concurrent Resolution N. sufficient clothing, or food, and sickness so Axis Powers, our belief in the vital need of ·And, also, another resolution, being prevalent that the agency hospital facilities our country's full cooperation and respon-. are wholly inadequate: Now, therefore, be it sibility with the other United Nations, in House Concurrent Resolution V, which I Resolved, That we believe in preserving the reestablishing order after the present war; present on behalf of my colleague [Mr. personal and property rights of the Indians, in the maintenance of ·peace in the many NYE] and myself and ask to have printed of whom there are nearly 10,000 in our State, countries where civil law has been wiped in the RECORD and appropriately re­ and commend their loyalty, and that we rec• out during this war, and in the necessary use ferred. ommend to Congress and the President that of international pollcing or such other means There being no objection, the resolu­ t:t.e Indians, as citizens and voters under the as may be required to keep such peace: In act of June 2, 1924, be authoried to vote for the readjustment of treaties with 9ther na­ tions. were received, referred to com­ and elect their own Commissioner of Indian tions so the world trade and commercial mittees. and, under the rule, ordered to: Affairs and other administrative officials; and needs and possibilities may be encouraged be printed in the RECORD, as follows: be It further and developed to the mutual benefit of all To the Committee on Post Offices and Resolved, That all tribal and personal nations and peoples; and in the necessity Post Roads: rights and claims, as evidenced by treaties LXXXIX--155 2450 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 25 otherwise, be promptly adjudicated and paid; S. 510. ·A bill for the relief of Inez Smith; By Mr. REYNOLDS: and be it further with an amendment (Rept. No. 141). s. 925. A bill for the relief of certain Resolved, That the secretary of state of By Mr. DOWNEY, from the Committee on widows of Foreign Service officers; to the North Dakota send copies .of this resolution Military Affairs: Committee on Foreign Relations. to the President of the United States, to the S. Res. 113. Resolution requesting certain TEMPORARY ADDITIONAL COMPENSA- Presider.t of the Senate and Speaker of the governmental departments and agencies to TION FOR POSTAL EMPLOYEES­ House of Representatives, the North Dakota assign representatives to accompany the Members of Congress, and to the secretaries Military Affairs Committee in its investiga­ AMENDMENT of state of the States of Minnesota, South tion of labor shortages in certain Western Mr. MEAD submitted an amendment Dakota, Montana, Wisconsin, Kansas, Okla­ States; without amendment, and, under the intended to be proposed by him to the bill homa, Wyoming, and Washington for the at­ rule, the resolution was referred to the Com­ (H. R. 1366) to provide temporary addi­ tention of their respective legislative assem­ mittee to Audit and Control the Contingent tional compensation for employees in the blies. Expenses of the Sena tf>. (The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore Postal. Service, which was ordered to lie ENROLLED BILLS PRES~NTED laid before the Senate a concurrent resolu­ on the table and to be printed. tion identical with the foregoing, which was Mrs. CARAWAY, from the Committee THE LATE GOVERNOR FRANK 0. LOWDEN, referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs.) on Enrolled Bills, reported that on OF ILLINOIS INCREASE OF SOLDIERS' PAY March 23, 1943, that committee present­ ed to the President of the United States Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, last Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I also the following enrolled bills: Tuesday my colleague the junior Sena­ ask consent to present for the appro­ tor from Illinois [Mr. BRooKs] paid a s. 171. An act for the relief of Arthur A. priate reference and printing in the Schipke; very high, glowing, and well-deserved RECORD at this point of a letter received s. 405. An act.for the relief of Mrs. Ernes­ tribute to the late Frank 0. Lowden, by me from Mr. and.Mrs. W. Lynosty, of tine Fuselier Sigler; former Governor of Illinois. At this Duluth, Minn .. in favor of the proposal s. 517. An act for the relief of Vodie time I desire to concur in what he said to raise the base pay of the soldiers to Jackson; · with regard to the life of that great man $100 a month. s. 518. An act for the relief of Robert T. and :fine citizen of Illinois. In addition, There being no objection, the letter Groom, Daisy Groom, and Margaret Groom I ask unanimous consent to have printed was referred to the Committee on Mili­ Turpin; and in the RECORD following these remarks tary Affairs and ordered to be printed in S. 677. An act to amend the National Hous­ an editorial which appeared in the Wash­ the RECORD, as follows: ing Act, as amended. ington Evening Star on Monday last. DULUTH, MINN., March 3, 1943. BILLS INTRODUCED There being no objection, the editorial Han. Senator LANGER, · Bills were introduced, read the :fir-st was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Senate Office Building. time, and, by unanimous consent, the as follows: DEAR Sm: Your proposal to raise the salary FRANK OREN LOWDEN of the soldier, the base pay, to $100 per month second time, and referred, as follows: is a fine one and deserves the support of By Mr MEAD: Historians writing half a century hence every. individual. s. 915. A bill for the relief of Robert Kish may appreciate Frank Oren Lowden more Have talked to _many parents of soldiers Lee and Elizabeth Kish; to the Committee than the generality of his contemporaries did. who have mentioned their having to send on Claims. He was a conservative thinker, yet it hap­ their sons (soldiers) help each month, as ~- 916. A bill relating to the classification pened that he frequently was far ahead of after buying War bonds and paying for their of substitute driver-mechanics in the Postal his contemporaries in his political and social insurance, laundry, etc., they have very little Service; to the Committee on Post Offices and views. The paradox arose from the fact that 1f anything left to work with. his mind was not patterned to a rigid dogma. Post Roads. He was a practicing American in the full and Kindly put forth your every effort toward By Mr. MURRAY: the movement. complete meaning of. that term. Such a man S. 917. A bill to declare that tne United is very apt to be misunderstood or perhaps Thanking you, States holds certain lands in trust for Indian Mr. and Mrs. W. LYNOSTY. condemned by his intellectually lazy neigh­ use, and for other purposes; to the Commit­ bors. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES tee on Indian Affairs. It would be a mistake, however, to suggest By Mr. DAVIS: The following repc.:..·ts of committees that Mr. Lowden was lacking in friends. The S. 918. A bill to amend the Servicemen's contrary is the truth. No political leader of were submitted: Dependents Allowance Act of 1942, as his time was more affectionately loved by By Mr. THOMAS of Utah, from the Com­ amended, with respect to the date of the those who knew him well than he. Particu­ mittee on Education and Labor: beginning of the period for which allow­ larly by children was he appreciated. He s. 400. A bill for the organization and func­ ances are paid; to the Committee on M111tary found great joy in developing a summer tions of the Public Health Service; with Affairs. health resort for youngsters brought from amendments (Rept. No. 133). By Mr. VAN NUYS: Chicago hospitals to recuperate in the coun­ By Mr. STEWART, from the committee on S. 919. A bill to expedite the payment for try. His own distinctive quality of enthusi­ Claims: land acquired under the war period; and astic boyish:ness remained with him to the S. 373. A bill for the relief of Charles S. 920. A bill to eliminate private suits for end. Favors; with an amendment {Rept. No. 134). penalties and damages arising out of frauds Born in a log cabin at Sunrise City, Minn., By Mr. WHERRY, from the Committee on against the United States; to the Committee January 26, 1861, and educated at the Uni· Claims: on the Judiciary. versity of Iowa, Mr. Lowden was a self-made S. 671. A bill for the relief of Charles By Mr. ELLENDER: success from the st art of his active career at Francis Fessenden; without amendment S. 921. A bill for the relief of Mr.s_ Neola 15. His debut in Chicago was in the role of (Rept. No. 135). Cecile Tucker; to the Committee on Claims. a .. clerk in a l_aw office. He was graduated at By Mr. ELLENDER, from the Committee By Mr. LANGER: Northwestern Law School only to become a on Claims: S. 922. A bill to amend the act entitled teacher there, and much of his achievement H. R. 940. A bill for the relief of Howard "An act to expedite the provision of housing in later llfe may be traced back to the skill E. Dickison; with an amendment (Rept. No. in connection with national defense, and for in exposition which he developed as a faculty 136). other purposes," as amended; to the Com­ member His political interests led to his By Mr. ROBERTSON, from the Committee mittee on Education and Labor. election to the House of Representatives in on Claims: By Mr. RUSSELL: 1906 and 1908 and as Governor of Illinois in H. R. 1128. A bill for the rel1ef of Bernice S. 923. A bill to amend the National De­ 1916. The movement for State administra­ James; without amendment (Rept. No. 137); fense Act, as amended, with respect to the tive reorganization which he launched in and minimum age limit for persons appointed as 1917 spread throughout the entire Nation. H. R. 1131. A bill for the relief of the estate second lieutenants in the Regular Army; to · Because of it, t~e chief executive officers of of Ola Fowler; without amendment (Rept. the Committee on Military Affairs. the several Commonwealths ceased to be fig­ No. 138). By Mr. HAYDEN: ureheads. By Mr. WILEY, from the Committee on S. 924. A bill to amend the act entitled When the 1920 Republican convention met, Claims: "An act to aid the several States in making, Mr. Lowden was the outstanding candidate S. 695. A bill for the relief of Joseph F. or for having made, certain toll bridges on for the Presidential nomination. Possibly 1t Bolger, with amendments (Rept. No. 139). the system of Federal-aid highways free was became of his philosophic eminence, his By Mr. TUNNELL, from the Committee on bridges, and for other purposes," as amended distinction of character, his experience, and Claims: · _ by section 1 of the act approved July 19, 1939 his zeal that he was not chosen. S. 252. A bill for the ~elief of Philip Klein­ (53 Stat. 1066), and for other purposes; to Mr. Lowden's farm thereafter was his prin­ man; without amendment (Rept. No. 140); the Committee on Post Offices and Post cipal concern. He made his 5,000 acres at and Roads. Sinnissippi an agricultural laboratory of 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2451 world-wide importance. Better crops, better undoubtedly resulted in hardship for some DEFERMENT OF FARMERS-EDITORIAL stock, better systems of marketing were his packers, especially the smaller operators. So FROM JOURNAL-EVERY EVENING objectives. He achieved them and instructed they clamor for a live bog cei11ng, thus not other agrarian realists bow to do the same. openly but actually expressing the hope that [Mr. TUNNELL asked and obtained leave Meanwhile, the dark shadow of tyranny the result will be a fixed operating margin to have printed in the RECORD an editorial which he repeatedly warned against spread which will give them a certain profit. The enlitled "Deferring Farmers," published in across the sky of Europe and the East. Re­ bog producer can go hang. F.ix hiS income the March 19, 1943, issue of Journal-Every ferring to the war against the Axis on his but not his costs-and his costs are going up Evening, of Wilmington, Del., which appears eighty-first birthday, Mr. Lowden spoke these every day. in the Appendix.] words, which now may be quoted as his epi­ Those agitating live hog ceilings have been ORGANIZATION AND COLLABORATION OF taph: "Of course, we shall have to endure camping· on the doorstep of the price admin­ UNITED NATIONS-NEWSPAPER COM­ great hardship. Let us not forget, however, istrators, and tney have been welcomed there, MENTS that the pioneers of America suffered more, because the price administrators are looking made larger sacrifices, and took greater risks for a way out. The hog producer is too busy [Mr. BURTON asked and obtained leave to conquer this rich continent which they to run to Washington, and he can't hire law­ to have printed in the RECORD an editorial bequeathed to us than any we shall be called yers to represent his cause there. So to heck from the Dayton Daily News of Monday, upon to make to save our great heritage." with the farmer I But if the live. hog ceiling March 15, 1943, entitled "War and the Peace,'' is undertaken there will be repercussions that and an article entitled "The Problem of PIWPOSED CEILING PRICES ON ·LIVE will, to say the least, be politically embar­ American Policy," by Barnet Nover, pub­ ANIMALS rassing. lished in the Washington Post of Thursday, Mr. CAPPER. Mr. President, I ask What we can't understand 1s the naivete of March 18, 1943, which appear in the Ap­ unanimous consent to have printed in the whole thing. Why the boys think when pendix.] they can't make ceilings on meat work they SAFEGUARDS OF THE CONSTITUTION­ the RECORD at this point, following a few can make ceilings on the live animal .work is brief remarks I have to make, an edito­ RESOLUTIONS OF DISTRICT OF COLUM­ beyond us. But they can ruake it work, the BIA SOCIETY OF SONS OF THE AMERI­ rial from the Daily Drover's Telegram, advocates argue. All that will be necessary published at Kansa:- City. The editorial is to allocate supplies. That shortly is to fol­ CAN REVOLUTION. points to dangerous implications in the low the live hog price edict. Simple. Com­ [Mr. REYNOLDS asked and obtained leave proposal by the Office of Price Adminis­ plete control. Under allocation, obviously, to have printed in the RECORD an extract from tration to fix ceilinG prices on live hogs. the hog producer would be told where and the March 1943 Bulletin of the District of Mr. President, the entire livestock in­ when he could sell. Columbia Society of the Sons of the Ameri­ The implications of this new plan are far can Revolution, embodying resolutions adopt­ dustry is practically unanimous that any reaching, and no little disturbing. For steer ed at the February meeting of the society, attempt to fix ceiling prices on live ani­ and lamb ceilings would in time follow a hog Which appears in the Appendix.] mals, particularly on cattle, will be dis­ ceiling, and the livestock producers of this 1 astrous to that industry, and, what is country would for the first time in history be THE OHALLENGE OF WARTIME TRAFFIC- even more serious, that live animal price completely hamstrung. ADDRESS BY PYKE JOHNSON ceilings, particularly on cattle and sheep, Ten thousand farmer telegrams to Con­ [Mr. REYNOLDS asked and obtained leave gressmen this week might save the situation. to have printed in the RECORD an address will bring about lessened product:on of That is. it would appear, the only chance of entitled "The Challenge of War-Time Traf• meats at a time when the need is for saving it. fic," delivered by Pyke Johnson, president increased production. ORGANIZATION AND COLLABORATION Automotive Safety Foundation, at the fifth It looks easy in the offices of Govern- annual Southern Safety Conference at Mem­ • ment bureaus in Washington to fix prices OF UNITED NATIONS-ADDRESS BY phis, Tenn., which appears in the Appendix.] SENATOR MAYBANK on each grade of cattle sold on the mar­ TREASURY AND POST OFFICE kets-or on the farms through direct [Mr. HATCH asked and obtained leave to buying, or to local butchers or slaugh­ have printed in the RECORD a radio address APPROPRIATIONS terers-but, Mr. President does 0. P. A. delivered by Senator MAYBANK on the eve­ The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ ning of Tuesday, March 23, 1943, which pore. The Chair lays before the Senate realize that the ·ange of cattle prices appears in the Appendix.] frequently is as much as $10 from tne the unfinished business. highest to the lowest, and that prices AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND THE The Senate resumed the consideration between these go in jumps as small as 5 SENATE-ADDRESS BY SENATOR BREW­ of the bill

very well up to date. They did not in­ organizations. - However, some of the SIONAt. RJJcoRD, along with a communi­ fluence the House committee to expand Post Office personnel lias been detailed cation from the Lord Chancelor of Great the personnel~ or invite these volunteers for _duty in foreign cou~tries, so that Britain.to the. Vice President. at 3 cents a mile. they may supervise the installaiion of Under the rules of the Senate the mem- Mr. TYDINGS. I think the Senator's the military post offices. Does that an- .bers of other, parlianaentary bodies are statement has much force. I think the . swer the Senator's question? not permitted to speak unless a recess committee could have put some limita­ Mr. GERRY. The Senator bas an­ should be taken,. and that was not tion by way of a: safeguard around this swered my question. but I should like to thought desirable on the part of Colonel proposal. I shall. be very glad to pledge ask him another one. How is the expense Evans. I wanted, however, to call the at­ my abilities for whatever they may be · borne for the mail after it is turned over tention of my colleagues to his presence worth to make certain that this amend- ·to the military authorities? Is that car­ here. to his outstanding and distin­ . ment is safeguarded by appropriate ried in the military appropriations? guished service in the House of Com­ amendment in conference so that it will Mr. TYDINGS. My understanding, mons and his standing in the British not be abused. which I think is correct, is that the reve­ Empire, and to welcome him on the floor Mr. McNARY. Again I may say, Mr. nues siphon back to the Post Office De­ of the Senate .as our guest. We are de­ President, that I am highly gratified partment. lighted to have him; we hope his visit and partially satisfied. The Senator The military post-office personnel act to Washington and to America will be will do that, of course, but he can read­ as quasi agents of the Post Office De­ enjoyable and profitable and that he may ily see the temptation for a private partment in line with the postal regula­ have occasion in the future to return owner to take his car and volunteer to tions, but in fact. are responsible di- often. sell stamps. It might lead to Vf~ry serious . rectly to the military authorities and are

Mr. McNARY. I am glad to rely upon Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angel~s. and San is · in charge of air mail, domestic and for­ that assurance. Francisco. Employees of the War Savings eign, and he also has charge of the Railway Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, as I un­ Staff assigned to these territories are re­ Mail Service. quired to hold several meetings. daily in con­ I find Mr. Purdum oftentimes at his otllce derstand the amendment, it applies only nection with the installation of pay-roll at 7 a1 . 8 o'clock at night. The same with to the employees of the War Savings savings plans in industrial plants. If these Mr. Donaldson and other heads of depart­ Staff. The testimony before the commit­ employees could be permitted to use their merits. They have too much work, and I tee was that there are throughout the own cars, on a reimbursable basis, a serious ttink with a little planning some of the entire United States about 350,000 volun­ loss of time could be avoided. A similar detail can be eliminated'~ proviso has already be'en approved by Con­ teer workers in connection with the sale COST OF MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL FOR POST of stamps. This amendment, however, gress with respect to certain other agencies. The amendment of the bill accordingly is OFFICE DEPARTMENT SLIGHT does not comprehend them, as I under­ recommended. Our low overhead expenses in the Post stand. I do not know the precise num­ Office, compared to the average business, ap­ ber of persons constituting the War Sav­ Mr. President, that is a statement peared amazing to me '\';hen I came in the ings Staff. made by Mr. Bell, Acting Secretary of Department, and I think they have done a Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will the the Treasury, and was read in the com­ remarkable job with very little help. The Senator yield? mittee. I ask that action be taken on expenditures for management personnel in Mr. WHITE. I yield. the amendment. th Post Office Department, including the inspection service, amount to but $0.006 for Mr. TYDINGS. The Senator will re­ The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ each dollar of postal expenditures. call that during a part of the time when pore. The question is on agreeing to I am not ·asking to increase our force very the post-office appropriation bill was be­ the amendment offered by .the Senator much at all. I ·think we just cannot do it fore the Senate ·Committee on Appropri­ from Maryland on behalf of the com­ overnight. ations the Senator from Maryland had mittee. tc be in the subcommittee considering The amendment was. agreed to. TYPE OF CONSULTANTS TO BE EMPLOYED the naval appropriations, and it was Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I send What I had in mind, as I stated to the House committee, was getting somebody who during that time that this 3-cent propo­ to the desk another amendment offered had been engaged in a somewhat comparable sition was being considered.- I make this by the senior Senator from Virginia [Mr. business to study our problems of cost ascer­ statement only because I was trying to GLAss], which I was instructed to offer tainment and cost accounting that improve­ explain this phase of the bill, not from for action by the Senate. ments may be made so that I may supply • having been present but from the man­ The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ the Congress with dependable data concern­ ner in which I understood it had been pore. The clerk. will state the amend­ ing rate structures and costs. acted upon by the Senate committee. I ment. Fortunately, I am in touch with a man am very glad to have the correction The CHIEF CLERK. On page 33, line 25, who has been comptroller of the American made, because I thought this applied Telephone & Telegraph Co. It is highly desiz:­ after the words "Bureau of Accounts", it able to get a man of that type. We are not only to the group~ to which I said it is proposed to insert the following: taking a young man from the armed services, applied. Including the employment of temporary or one of the essential war industries, but Mr. WHITE. To repeat, I understand personnel by contract or otherwise without one who has. considerable experience and the amendment does not apply to about regard to section 3709 of the Revised understudies for his present position. I 350,000 volunteer workers scattered Statutes or the civil-service and classifi­ think he streamlined the accounts for rail­ throughout the United States, but only cation laws, for the purpose of making roads some years ago in the Interstate Com­ to the staff of employees in the Treasury studies of the cost, rating, and accounting merce Commission, and for the last 17 or 18 Department. I do not know how many procedures · of the Postal Service. years has been comptroller of the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. They have a of those there are, but I understand that The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ great many problems in estimating their the estimates called for only about $9,- pore. The question is on agreeing to the costs, as we have here in our business, which 300,000 for the staff of War Savings em­ amendment. compares somewhat to telephone, telegraph, ployees in the Treasury. Mr. TYDINGS. Mr: President, I sup­ and express businesses. Mr. President, when this matter was pose the Senate would like a brief word I do not think we will be able to establish before the committee I felt that there of explanation of the amendment offered our costs with absolute accuracy. You can­ might be great advantage in the amend­ by the Senator from Virginia [Mr. not do it mathematically the way it is being ment if it were wi~ely aduinistered, but done now. We are hazarding a guess because GLASS]. It has to do with the cost ac­ we have such an immense volume of busi­ that there might be great harm and counting board of experts. Postmaster great abuse if it were improperly admin­ ness and so many small articles. General Walker, testifying, made the fol­ Large business concerns know when it istered. I was inclined to assume, of lowing statement: pays them to utilize the post-otllce system course, that it would be wisely handled, They allowed me some money last year. to carry their parcels, papers, and circulars and on the merits I was disposed to sup­ I started on this shortly after I came in to the and when it pays to provide their own trans­ port it. But I am so much opposed to Post Office Department and got an appro­ portation because they know their costs. legislation by the Committee on Appro­ priation last year, and set up a budget and We do not know our unit costs and cannot priations, I am so firm in my belief t~at planning board of men in the otHce, and that successfully present changes for increases or it is in the interest of good general legis­ has been very helpful. decreases in our postal-rate structures. lation that matters of this character TOO MUCH DETAIL WORK DEMANDED OF ASSISTANT Mr. President, I think that statement should be considered by the appropriate POSTMASTERS GENERAL presents the view of the Post Office De­ legislative committees, that I did not We have been so crowded witt work that partment on this matter better than I give my approval to the· action taken by mcst of our men over the years have had too could state it. the chairman under the authority of the much detail, and the executives have had Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, I lis­ full committee. I shall not vote now to little opportunity to do any thinking about suspend the rules in order to make this constructive plans. tened as best I could to what the Sen­ ator read. · I really do not know now amendment in order. I wish to commend Mr: Walker's what the amendment is about. I gath­ Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I was statement. It has seemed to me that ered from the reading of the hearings not present when the amendment was in some of the other departments the by the Senator that the House Com­ discussed and authorized by the com­ experts have been doing nothing but mittee on Post Offices and Post Roads mittee, but in order to get the facts be­ thinking, and that down the wrong line. very definitely rejected this proposal. I fore the Senate, having unwittingly not I continue reading from Mr. Walker's am seeking confirmation. stated them in accordance with the rec­ statement: Mr. TYDINGS. I may say to the ord, let me read for the RECORD one I think the Postal Department, in my Senator from Oregon that the House paragraph: opinion, especially the home office is guilty allowed the same amount of money that This proviso was incorporated in the item in not taking away details from the_ desk of Deputy First Assistant Donaldson, who the Senate Appropriations Committee .. Expenses of loans" by the Budget Bureau recommended, but Mr. Walker submitted upon the Department•s ~ recommendation. has so much detail work ht' has not had an The restoration of this proviso would ma­ opportunity to get a full picture of the postal to us that the language of the bill was terially assist the War Savings Staff in the situation. . not such as would enable him to use the performance ot its duties in many large That applies equally in the Second Assist­ money as he-wanted to use it. Hence we cities, as, for example, the ci~ies of Chicago, ant's Bureau, Mr. Purdum's department. He had to amend the language. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2459

Mr. McNARY. What does the pro~ Mr. McCARRAN, Mr. BAILEY, Mr. LoDGE, H. R. 2076. An act to authorize the de­ posed language enable him to do that and Mr. WHITE conferees .on the part of portation of aliens to countries allied with the United States; to the Committee on Im­ he could not otherwise do? the Senate. migration. Mr. TYDINGS. The proposed lan­ MESSAGE. FROM THE HOUSE H. R. 2238. An act to authorize the return guage would permit him to go outside to private ownership of certain vessels for­ the civil service and obtain a competent A message from the House of Repre­ merly used or suitable for use in the fish­ man to make a survey of the Post Office sentatives, by Mr. Taylor, its enrolling eries or industries related thereto; and Department in all its functions and clerk, announced that the House had H. J. Res. 92. Joint resolution to authorize branches, into income and expenses, and passed the bill (S. 660) to prevent cer­ the refund by the War Shipping Adminis­ so forth. tain deductions in determining parity or trator of certain freights for transportation comparable prices of agricultural com­ on frustrated voyages; to the Committee on Mr. McNARY. As I read the amend­ Commerce. ment it provides for "temporary per­ modities, and for other purposes, with sonnel." an amendment, in which it requested INCLUSION OF COST OF LABOR IN DE­ the concurrence of the Senate. . TERMINING PARITY PRICES Mr. TYDINGS. Yes. The message also announced that the Mr. McNARY. As the Senator read House had disagreed to the amendment Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, I move Mr. Walker's statement I understood he of the Senate to the bill <1) Mr. GLASS, Mr. McKELLAR, Mr. TYDINGS, titles and referred, as indicated: of the Agricultural- Adjustment Act of 2460 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 25 1938, as amended, and the first sentence Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. commodities which involve labor-such of paragraph <1) of section 2 of the Agri­ President, if the Senator will yield for . commodities as corn, wheat, cotton, rice, cultural Adjustment Act of 1933, as a brief statement, let me say that the edto~oo~ . amended, and as reenacted and amended amendment which the Senate considered Mr. VANDENBERG. Does that mean by the Agricultural Marketing Agreement on a former occasion was a very simple that the increase in the market price Act of 1937, approved June 3, 1937, as amendment embracing only about one would be in proportion to the increase amended, so as to include the cost of all line. in the parity price caused by the rise irl farm labor in determining the parity The pending .bill proposes to amend wages and the cost of labor? price of agricultural commodities. all of the law which is on the statute Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. The bill Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, it might books at the present time, for one spe­ would increase the parity price. It has be very well to have the bill read, but to cific purpose-to include in the parity nothing to do with the market price. do so would consume time. All the bill formula farm labor of all kinds. As the The market price is controlled by the proposes to do is to provide that in cal­ law now stands on the statute books, it supply and the demand. The record culating parity prices for agricultural refers only to certain kinds of agricul­ shows that some commodities now are commodities the increase in farm wages tural commodities. If the pending bill far above parity. The bill, if passed, and since the base period 1909-1914 shall be should be passed it would affect and ap­ if it should raise prices to the extent included. That is all; there is nothing ply to all agricultural commodities. The claimed by its most extreme critics, else to the bill. bill is in a different form, but it is in­ would not raise prices to the level of I may say that the bill was passed al­ tended to come to the same point or to some of the present prices in the market most unanimously by the House of Rep­ establish in the law the same point as places. resentatives. It is so just and fair that that which would have been established Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, I think it is hardl;r necessary for me to by the amendment we had under· con­ has the Senator an estimate as to· w· 1.t mal{e any further remarks. I should sideration in connection with the second would be the impact upor market prices, like to state that in America there are price-control bill. as he views the situation? only 8,425,000 farmers and farm families Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, if I may Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. At the to feed not only the population and mem­ obtrude at this point, let me say that I present time it would be practically bers of the armed forces of our country am now coming to the general scope of but also our allies. nothing for the reason that the bill would the proposal. have no effect whatever upon prices The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill In the Agricultural Adjustment Act which now are above parity. It would is before the Senate and is open to passed in 1934, which was declared un­ amendment. have no effect upon prices which now are constitutional by the Supreme Court, below parity because of the existence of Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, of and reenacted in 1938, parity applied course I know the general purposes of only to the so-called major commodi­ surplus crops. The bill, if passed, would the bill and the laudable objects which ties-wheat, corn, cotton, tobacco, and have an effect upon the parity prices of are attempted to be accomplished by it. rice. this year's crops.· For example, when Let me ask the distinguished Senator in Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. The five wheat comes on the market in July and charge of the bill whether the bill is the basic commodities. August the parity price would be in­ one which is known as the Pace bill? Mr. McNARY. I say they were so­ creased. Then, if loans are provided for Mr. SMITH. It is the Pace bill. called. I never considered all five of wheat, the farmer will get a larger Mr. McNARY. Does it follow the out­ them as wholly basic, as there .are many amount of money on his loan because he lines of the formula for parity which was other commodities, as I have stated on will have from 85 to 90 percent of a proposed in the Senate a few months ago the floor of the Senate, the income from higher parity price. The same thing by the distinguished senior Senator from which is very much greater, but which would be true with respect to cotton and Oklahoma [Mr. THOMAS]? were not considered basic or treated so the other crops which are eligible for Mr. SMITH. No. All it does is to re­ generously as were the five commodities loans. That is the only respect in which, peat the law as it is, and to include the just enumerated. However, that matter so far as I can see, the bill would have estimate as to labor which the Depart­ is quite apart from my inquiry. any effect on the loan value this year. ment has determined represents 32 per­ As I understand the bill, it includes Mr. SMI'IH. The estimate is that it cent of the cost of production. all agricultural commodities; is that may increase by 3 percent the parity on Mr. McNARY. The answer does not correct? certain commodities as to which labor Quite cover my inquiry, or at least it does Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. That is is involved. not have direct application to it. correct; it applies to all. Mr. VANDENBERG. Would that be I recall the amendment-and I sup­ Mr. McNARY. Not merely to the five? translated into an increase in the market ported it-offered some months ago by Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. It ap­ price? the able senior Senator from Oklahoma, plies to the five ·and to all others. Mr. SMITH. I do not know. Usually, the purpose of which was to include labor Mr. McNARY. Yes. if we start with a certain increase to the costs in the definition of parity. . Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, I farmer, by the time we reach the con­ Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. should like to ask the Senator from sumer the increase is doubled. We have President, will the Senator yield? Oklahoma a question? nothing to do with that. We are look­ Mr. McNARY. I shall be through as Mr. THOMAS cf Oklahoma. I do not ing after the 8,000,000 farmers who now soon as I finish stating my thought. have the floor, but with the permission feed the world. Parity was described, as I recall, in the of the Senator who has the floor, I shall Mr. VANDENBERG. I sympathize Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. It be glad to answer a question. with the Senator's objective; but I should omitted labor costs; and the Senator Mr. VANDENBERG. Can the Senator like to know the ultimate impact on 122,- from Oklahoma offered an amendment tell me precisely what would be the net 000,000 other people. embracing labor in the definition. result in respect to parity prices? Mr. SMITH. That would depend My direct question was whether the Would the bill result in raising the ex­ upon other factors than the amount Pace bill which passed the House and is isting parity price upon every com­ of parity. We.should do our duty and now being presented by the very able modity? take care of those who multiply the senior Senator from South Carolina, Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. It costs from the farmer to the consumer. chairman of the Committee on Agricul­ would, in cases in which labor costs are Our committee is now investigating that ture and Forestry, would be similar in involved. question. operation to the amendment which was Mr. VANDENBERG. And they are Mr. McNARY. The bill would not offered a few months ago by the Senator involved in the case of every commodity, affect the price of the carry-over of 600,- from Oklahoma and adopted by the are they not? 000,000 bushels of corn and 100,000,000 Senate? Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I think bushels of wheat. Those crops are har­ Mr. SMITH. That is correct. so, unless the Senator can mention vested. The costs have been deter­ Mr. McNARY. That is what I wanted some commodity about which ·I -do not mined. I believe I am safe in saying to know. , know.. The bill would affect the basic that practically all farm crops have :1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2461 attained parity under the present· fol'­ and· the increased cost reflected to the ment in the press, which was attributed· mula. Is that not true? consumer would be very much greater to one of the leaders of a great indus­ Mr. SMITH. That is practically than in the case of wheat, cotton, or hay. trial group, to the effect that the passage true. Mr. SMITH. I am not very familiar of the Pace bill would increase the cost Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I might with the large-scale production of wheat. of living practically 30 percent. I do give the Senator some information on However, the House committee has this not believe that is true, but there must that point. to say: be some estimate by some Government Mr. McNARY. I am asking for some But that relationship cannot be main­ agency. I believe that the increased data. I was not present at the meeting tained and the goal of parity income can cost to the consumer would be very much of the committee. I believe the com­ never be realized, unless all of the things less, and in some instances would per­ mittee reported this bill without holding which the farmer must buy in order to pro­ haps not be appreciable. However, hearings. Is not that true? duce that bushel of wheat are included in the there would be some increase. calculation of parity prices. Most of them Mr. SMITH. There were no hear­ are included. The cost of farm machinery Mr. SMITH. We might obtain an ings. has gone up quite considerably, and this has average from various markets, and an Mr. McNARY. The only way we can brought about a slight increase 1n parity average of the costs of those who per­ obtain information is by asking the prices. form various services. The Senator from Senator in charge of the bill or some Alabama [Mr. BANKHEAD] says he has member of the committee or some other Of course, they are calculated in parity some figures. Senator who is fully advised on the gen­ now. Mr. McNARY. I know, Mr. President, eral question. As I understand, under Each item is weighted according to its that there are plenty of Government the present formula corn is now at respective percentage of use by the farmer. agencies which can give estimates of in­ parity. Then follows a list of the things bought creased costs on all goods supplied to Mr. SMITH. Yes. by the farmer, and the percentage of consumers if'the costs of the raw ma­ Mr. McNARY. Wheat is slightly increase. terials are increased. Every Senator below parity; but, of course, the market Mr. McNARY. Some one should an­ who has been here for some time and has price is controlled by the law of supply swer this question: Assuming that the been patient enough and careful enough and demand. There is no question about Pace bill becomes law, what reliable esti­ in legislative matters readily under­ that. The bill would affect the loan mate have we regarding the increased stands that. value which the farmer could receive for cost of living to the consumer? Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President. will his corn, wheat, or any other commodity. Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President--­ the Senator yield? Is not that true? Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, it is hardly Mr. McNARY. I yield. Mr. SMITH. That is true. possible to calculate what increase there Mr. BANKHEAD. I fully agree with Mr. McNARY. Let us take the crop will be to the ultimate consumer. The the Senator. which is coming on and will be harvested Senator is well aware of ti:ie fact that Mr. McNARY. Of course the Senator during the marketing year beginning costs to the producer are multiplied be­ does. Augus~ 1. If we should now include yond all reason by the time the product Mr. BANKHEAD. I have some figures farm-labor costs, the parity price would reaches the consumer. I cannot tell to which were prepared by the Bureau of be raised, would it not? what extent an increase in the parity Agricultural Economics, based upon es­ Mr. SMITH. ·That is correct. price would ultimately increase the price timates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Mr. McNARY. What estimate have· to the consumer. That is outside my Mr. McNARY. Those are the two we with respect to the amount, in cents, jurisdiction and control. agencies which I have in mind. which would be added to the parity price Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, I hesi­ · Mr. BANKHEAD. They apply to under the present formula during the tate to concur in the Senator's view that wholesale food prices and retail costs marketing period beginning August 1 if anything in the farm picture is outside during the period from 1942 to 1944. we should pass the bill? his jurisdiction or ability to understand. They show the retail costs of food for Mr. SMITH. Taking the House com­ Mr. SMITH. The Senator knows that 1943, this year, without the Pace bill. mittee report, which I think every Sen­ the original raw material cost may be so This information shows the index figure ator should read, it is claimed that there much, but when the product gets into to be 140. would be an increase in the parity ·price the channels of trade no one knows Mr. McNARY. Yes. of approximately 3 percent. where the price will go. To illustrate: A Mr. BANKHEAD. With the Pace bill, Mr. McNARY. On how many crops? Senator went to a packing house and it is 144. Mr. SMITH. On all crops with re­ found out what pork chops cost. When ·Mr. McNARY. There is an increase of spect to which the cost of labor is in- . they reached Washington the price was 4 points. eluded. almost 75 percent higher. He then as­ Mr. BANKHEAD. Yes. The state­ Mr. McNARY. That is not very clear. certained the freight cost, which was ment says: Some crops are highly mechanized. A about a cent and a quarter. On the basis of estimated 1943 consump­ great deal of machinery is used in har­ Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, the tion separate computations indicate that vesting wheat and com, and labor is a Senator knows, as I know-and I have each point increase in the index of retail small item. To my own knowledge, one food costs will cost the consumers $190,000,· never heard it contradicted-that there 000 for food. Therefore, the above table in­ combine pulled by a tractor can harvest is a relationship between the raw mate­ dicates that consumer expenditures for food about 40 acres of·grain a day, with two rial cost and the price of the finished would be increased $760,000,000 in 1943. men. The cost lies chiefly in the opera­ product. There has always been such a tion of the mechanized unit, and the relationship. In the Department of And not into the billions, as has been manpower is small. However, in the Agriculture, the Department of Labor, so frequently publicized. Multiplying 4 case of other crops as to which hand and the Department of Commerce, there by $190,000,000 is how we get the total labor is necessary in planting, thinning, are statisticians who from time to time cost to the consumers for this year. and harvesting, and no mechanizej fa­ furnish estimates as to what an increase Mr. McNARY. I appreciate the very cilities can be used, labor is e, large item. in the cost of a raw product will repre­ great courtesy of the distinguished Sen­ I have lived on this earth too long and sent when the finished product reaches ator from Alabama. I know of the sta­ have farmed too long to be fooled by the the consumer. Of course, there may be tistics to which he has referred, although statement that the 3-percent increase some variations. I could not place my fingers upon them. would be a level increase applied to all Mr. SMITH. I have never been able Mr. President, I wish to make a fur­ crops. It must vary greatly. Let me to see ·any connection between the price ther observation. I have supported give an illu~tration. In the case of wheat of the raw material and the price to parity; I believe in parity. I believe the the increase in cost under this formula the ultimate consumer. Of course, there cost of labor should be included in a would be very little, and, in my opinion, are many theorists who speculate on the proper definition of parity, in all fair­ the impact on the cost of bread would be question. ness to the agricultural producers of the almost nominal. In the case of fruits, Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, I am· country. Following that observation, I vegetables, poultry, and dairy products, asking only for information to guide our wish to ask if it is the opinion of the the labor costs are very much higher, course of action. I have seen a state- distinguished ~enator in charge of the 2462 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 25 bill that the enactment of the proposed ing. If it were in my power, I would ' ever is produced shall take care of the legislation would bring about inflation, permit in every possible way the law of extra cost of agricultural labor. That is or increase the inflationary spiral that supply and demand to operate. I think · all I am concerned with. has attended our war efforts? some of the present ceilings should be So far as the consumer is concerned, Mr. SMITH. r~r. President, I think punctured, but I do not know that the if he thinks I as a farmer must work many sins are being committed under enactment of legislation is the right. and feed him at a loss to myself, I shall the word "inflation." With the way way in which to handle it. I should tell him that I am going to try to get the things are going at the present time rather see the law of trade, rather than cost of what I produce. there cannot be very much inflation be­ legislation, direct our course. As to the "ultimate price," that will cause there is not very much to buy. I This is a matter which disturbs me, depend upon many conditions which are see the American family has been although I have always supported farm not open here to us. I do not want to be rationed to 2 pounds of meat a week. legislation when I thought it was within put in the attitude of trying to protect So far as inflation is concerned, I do not reason. I have had the problem before others when justice to the group for see how there can be inflation when me for a good many years, but there is which I am now speaking is absolutely there is an abundance of things to sell. involved the question whether we are essential. · The pending; bill is an attempt to arrange justified at this time in expanding the. Labor has-gone up; the cost of the ma­ matters so that 8,000,000 producers will definition and operation of parity, or terials the farmer must have in order have the means with which to produce. should permit a continuation until some to produce are taken care of in the old The way we appropriate money, it seems future time of present prices, which are formula, but the element of labor is left to me, that if there is any danger of in­ close to or above parity, thereby pre­ out. I insist that the Senate, in justice flation it will come from that source. I venting an excuse for some of the groups to itself, should see to it that in fixing do not think there is any danger of infla­ to claim larger compensation for labor the parity, which is the terminology used tion from doing justice to the people who or supplies. to express fairness to the farmer, his produce our foodstuff. Thirty-two per­ Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, all that labor shall be counted in it. That is all cent of the cost of production is repre­ concerns me and every other honest I have to say about this bill. sented by labor. We are merely asking thinking man is whether farmers are Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, I am to have the amount of increase since entitled to their cost of p'roduction. grateful to the distinguished Senator the period from 1909 to 1914 taken care Everyone knows that labor is 32 percent from South Carolina for his remarks. Of of in the parity price. of the cost of production. Therefore, course, we all know that the idea of parity Mr. McNARY. .Mr. President, I ap­ to repeat, the Government has under­ is based upon the interchangeability of preciate the kindness of the able Sen­ taken to fix prices. It is fixing the prices the farmer's dollar with the service dol­ ator, the chairman of the Committee on of articles, and it decrees that the price lar and the industrial dollar. That has Agriculture and Forestry. I desire to the farmer shall receive is parity. As been known to some of us for a good support the propcsed legislation. I am we understood parity, it meant the cost many years. That, however, is not what sorry we did not have hearings on the of production. That was the Govern­ I am discussing. · measure, and go into some of the mat­ ment's act. In order to be fair, What I supported the formula which was of­ ters which rather disturb me. There are have we considered as constituting fered, very similar to this one, by the certain complexities involved in the bill parity? It is that the farmer's dollar disting-uished Senator from Oklahoma, about which I am concerned, particularly shall be equal, as nearly as may be, to and I can see that labor costs are re­ with regard to what effect it may have the dollar which he purchases. That flected in all commodities which are on other groups who may claim the right was the concept of parity. Then, when above the parity line. and privilege of asking for an increase those charged with the responsibility I am not sure that all the great farm in their wages. fixed parity, they left out the cost of organizations are happy about the pres­ Mr. President, I realize that psychol­ the farmer's labor. They did not in­ entation of this bill. Much as I love the ogy has to do with everything in life. It clude the rise in the cost of labor. Now . great Senator from South Carolina--· affects us in our war efforts and our ·comes a time when the labor cost is 100 Mr., SMITH. Mr. President-- domestic efforts. It affects the man in percent higher than it was when parity The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the public life, as well as the private indi­ was fixed. The farmer says, "Just give Senator from Oregon yield to the Senator vidual. The psychology may be a sub­ me the rise in the cost, and it will be all from South Carolina? stantial factor or it may be a fantasy, right." What have we to do with what Mr. McNARY. I yield. but it has its direct effect upon the in­ effect it will have, when we are face to -Mr. SMITH. According to the report, dividual. lf we should do something face with an honest-to-God obligation it has the endorsement of all but one of now which probably was not .necessary to deal fairly? Is it right to say to the the so-called farm organizations. which would serve as an argument to farmer, "Your parity shall be without Mr. McNARY. Well, Mr. President, I those who represent certain groups for consideration of the cost of labor"? still express my doubt that all the farm demanding increases, I think probably I just had a report which indicates organizations at this time are supporting such action would be unfortunate. Un­ that a certain telephone con~rn is de­ this proposal, and I had occasion to visit less there is something in the pending manding that wages paid every laborer some of them within the last few days. proposal which merits attention at this shall be considered in fixing the price of I am not at this time attempting to say time, I am in doubt about this being the its service. Then, why should not the that I think this amendment should be proper time to urge its adoption. I farmer have the right to have the cost defeated. I have been trying to inquire place great stress on timing, whether of his labor included in fixing his tariffs? as to some of the reactions which may it be in golf or farming. If we can avoid That is all it is proposed to do. It is follow its. adoption. doing anything at this time which will not a question of how it will affect other I particularly state that a great many prove an excuse to someone else to con­ groups. According to that logic, if it is farm products-! do not know how many, tinue the upward spiral, I should like to necessary to bring the farmer down to because there are no hearings printe-d see that course followed. poverty in order to preserve other upon this bill-are above parity, and in My remarks are in the nature of an groups, then we should do it. The those instances labor costs are naturally inquiry. I am not finding fault. I think farmer represents the line of least re­ reflected because of the operation of the this is a matter which we should discuss, sistance. He is not organized. Through great law of supply and demand. and arrive at some sane conclusion with certain leaders he comes here and does Secondly, Mr. President, I think it is respect to it. I know that, in order that some lobbying, but today he is the only unfortunate to bring this question up he may expand his production, the individual who is left in America who is now. I voted for a proposal such as this farmer should receive more money for not organized, and he thinks that we 3 or 4 months ago; I would support it at his products. If I had my way, there who represent him should deal fairly almost any time; but when one reads would be fewer restrictions, fewer ceil­ with him. This bill provides only that the .newspapers, as we all do, and finds ings, less regimentation, and less ration- whatever the publi-c consumes of what- what some of them want to do in case the 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORP-SENl\ TE 24~3 cost of living is increased, there must labor. All other considerations are pure duty to deny a man the cost of the things come to mind the picture of almost un­ theory. · the Senator eats and the clothes he controllable inflation-not that I think The question seems to be what the ef­ wears? Because the farmer is not or­ the cost would be so high as· to be par­ fect will be on· other groups. I am ·con­ ganized as a political unit, does the Sen­ ticularly severe on any consumer, but cerned with what the effect will be on ator think he can be fooled, and that we there are certain groups in this country the 8,000,000 men who produce the food should not give him that to which he is that like to take advantage of an increase and feed for this country, as well as for entitled? in costs to further their plan of asking our allies. I think it is up to the Senate Mr. LUCAS. I think the farmers of for greater compensation for services to decide here and now, without regard this country are pretty well organized, rendered. That is as plain as I can mal{e to what effect it will have on the price to if I know anything about organization. it, and that is a fact that must be the ultimate consumer, that the farmer They have about the strongest groups considered in the broad framework of is entitled to justice. That is all that is that come before Congress. Labor and this proposed legislation. involved in this matter. I must go and agriculture are both strongly. organized. No formula can stand by itself; no one hire hands to work my crops, and I· must Their leaders are constantly before us can be fair to legislation proposed if he pay the cost out of my pocket, and is it advocating their views on legislation. does not take into consideration and to be said that the price is not to be At this particular time I am not talk­ properly analyze all the matters that go reflected? I do not see how that can be. ing for either one of these groups. I am into its simple application. That is what Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I always trying to look at the picture from a na­ we want to do now. dislike to find myself in disagreement tional viewpoint. I am attempting to I should like to know if we have to do with the very able chairman of the Com­ look at the picture from the viewpoint this now? Would it not be better to mittee on Agriculture and Forestry, of of the consuming public. That is the wait for a while and see if we cannot which committee I am a member. I unorganized, inarticulate group, which handle the farm problem by other have learned much under his guidance never has any representation in the Halls methods? . and leadership, as a member of that com­ of Congress. There are millions and mil­ I stated a moment ago, and it is worth mittee, since I have been in the Senate, lions of those people, who are frozen to repeating, that there are some instances but I find myself in complete opposition salaries, who cannot obtain any relief of where ceilings unfor.tunately are low but to the consideration of the Pace bill, any kind. Those are the individuals who it has been the theory of those who Placed especially at this particular time. are going to suffer if the Pace bill shall the ceiling that we could get by with that I take this opportunity of congratu­ be enacted, because that is the start of through subsidization of either the lating the minority leader in this body, the spiral of inflation, a dangerous leap, processor, the manufacturer, or probably tbe Senator from Oregon [Mr. McNARY], which, in my opinion, cannot be con­ the producer of the raw material. I do for the .fine presentation he made, and trolled once it is started. That is what not believe in subsidies. On the other the reasons he assigned as to why the I fear. hand, if we are going to discuss parity Senate should not at this particular It is a strange thing to reflect that I, as a permanent solution to the farm time consider the pending measure. I coming from the corn section of the problem, we must include the . cost of think he gave the Senate some wisdom country, and the Senator from Oregon, labor but is this the time to do 1t, when and advice which at this moment we representing a great wheat section of the most' of the processed products of agri­ should follow. I hope that in the final country, are the two individuals most culture are in excess of parity? That is analysis those in charge of the bill will vitally concerned in suggesting this be the plai_n question that I want someone decide to ask for postponement of the returned to the Senate committee, be­ to discuss and answer, and I know of no consideration of the measure, for many cause both those basic commodities are one quite so capable of answering it as reasons, and the reasons have been more below parity, while every other com­ the distinguished Senator in charge of or less stated by the able minority leader. modity that is worth while is above par­ the bill and his and my colleague from I shall have quite a little to say in con­ ity. Yet we stand here and ask, under Oklahoina, whom we all admire, and our nection with the pending bill before the those circumstances, that the pending other colleague from Alabama. debate shall be concluded, but at this bill not be considered at this particular Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, the onlY moment I wish to state that it seems to time. question that concerns me, and which me rather unusual that the farm group Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, will the should concern everyone else, is, Are would play into the hands of the labor Senator yield? the farmers entitled to add labor costs leaders of this country; and that is ex­ Mr. LUCAS. I yield. into the price of their product? That is actly what is being done when we start Mr. McNARY. I am merely seeking all that is involved. out upon the road that is before the Sen­ information. I did not catch the last In reply to the Senator about the farm ate at this moment. Only yesterday, remark of the Senator, because I was organizations, I do not knoW where the before the Truman committee, we found discussing the bill with the junior Sena­ information was obtained but it is print­ Mr. Green and Mr. Murray both com­ tor from Minnesota. What products ed-and I have not heard it denied­ plaining at this time against the War does the Senator say are under parity? that the farmers of the Nation are prac­ Labor Board for failure to increase the Mr. LUCAS. Corn is practically at tically unanimous in their demand for wages in certain cases. All they are parity. Wheat is under parity. the passage of this bill. I will enumer­ waiting for is an opportunity to use the Mr. McNARY. Are there any others? ate some of the organii:ations: The Na­ Pace bill to go before the War Labor Mr. LUCAS. Oats and rye. tional Grange, the Farm Bureau Federa­ Board again and insist on an increase in Mr. McNARY. That is, the cereal tion, the National Council of Farmer Co­ wages, as a result of the increases in the group? operatives, the National Cooperative Milk prices, not 3 percent, but, according to Mr. LUCAS. Yes. Practically all Producers' Federation, and other farm the best authority, 14 or 15, or 16 percent, other commodities are above parity. groups. I think those, however, about so far as the Pace bill is concerned. . They are all doing quite well, in the opin­ cover the situation. Mr. President, what will be the result? ion of the Senator from Tilinois. Mr. President, I have been here a long The effect will be that the War Labor Mr. President, I have a deep feeling time, and have heard much said to the Board will not be able to stand the about this question. I contend that if effect that this is not the time to help the pressure. the bill is passed, and should then be farmer. I never saw a time when it was Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, will the passed over the veto of the President, it admitted that it was time to do it. If Senator yield? would be the beginning of the end on there happens to be speculation that puts Mr. LUCAS. I yield. the home front. Inflation then would be the price of some commodity above par­ Mr. SMITH. Because we desire to here, and we could not stop it. We are ity, how can we know that speculation have the labor costs on the farm taken having a difficult time right now dealing will not put it down ·tomorrow? This is into consideration.:_it is not fixing the with inflation. an effort to see to it that the farmer price of farm labor, it is taking the aver­ I rose primarily to furnish a little in­ shall receive in his parity the cost of his age-does t)?.e Senato?-" think it is his formation to the Senator from· Oregon, 2464 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 25 because · there is not a scintilla of evi­ life of- the Nation. There is a strange s-tantly tried to make, to keep !iown in- dence in the record anywhere as to what thing about this parity formula, as the . flation. . this bill would do with respect to the able Senator from Oregon said a while OriJ.y a few · days ago, when the distin­ increase in price to the consuming public. ago. In all · commodities above parity, guished Senator from Ge·orgia · [Mr. There was not a line of evidence concern­ of course, -the cost of labor is reflected, GEORGE] brought in a bill dealing with ing that before the House· committee. I and I undertake to say in commoditie·s the $25,000_limitation on salaries, he ex­ called Monday last and requested -the below parity the labor costs are also re­ plained that the Disney amendment was clerk of the House committee to furnish flected. Why do I say that? Back in defeated in the.Senate committee-why? me the report on the matter, and she 1933, when the parity formula· was given Because it permitted the salary of one P.civised me that the committee had taken to the people by the Congress, corn, for having· $2,000, $5,000, or $10,000 to be no evidence. Like the Senator from instance, according to the base period, raised to a point of $67,000, if necessary. Oregon, I was unfortunate in not being was worth 62% cents, as I recall. -That Such· a raise in salary could be made present at the meeting of the Committee base period was figured over 5 years under the Disney amendment. We all on Agriculture and Forestry last Mon­ from 1909 to 1914. The average price of agreed that that would be inflationary day, ·and I am told that in 15 minutes corn for each month during that period and shoUld · not be done. That was the time the bill was reported favorably by of time was taken, the figures were added primary reason why the Disney amend­ the committee; and here it-is on the floor up, and the general average obtained. ment was amended, and why the Senate of_the Senate. That is what is called the base period on acted as it did. Mr. President, millions upon millions corn. If the bill now under consideration is of dollars in the future are invQlved in What has happened to corn since that not inflationary, then I do not under- this bill. The life of the home front of time? The parity price then was 62% · ; stand the meaning of inflation. No one, America is involved in it; and if the cents. Has it " remain~d there? Not at Mr. President, has more interest in the home front goes down, watch out for the all. Parity today on corn is 99 cents or farmer than has the Senator from Illi­ military ·front. As a result of a Hi-per­ $1 per bushel.· Parity is a relative thing. nois. I know what happened after the cent increase to the consuming public in It has no fixed or definite scheme in the last war.' I know what will happen after this instance, I can see other · groups affairs of .things. It moves up and down. this war if we do not control inflation. coming in to ask the same thing, to So when parity on corn mt>ves up, labor The individuaLwho thinks he is receiving ask what they think they are entitled is reflected in that move, or in that price a little benefit as the result of a 16-per­ to receive. The result will be that we increase in corn.. The price of corn may cent increase in wages may find himself will get into the old vicious spiral of in­ go up and it may go down, but in the ruined and bankrupt after the war, if flation, and the little 16 percent or- 14 beginning those who had anything to infl.ation hits us, as I think it will if the percent increase, or whatever the farm­ do with the parity formula left labor bill is passed. er is going to get at this particular time, out of it. Why? Because then labor That is all I care to say at this time, which he may .think will help him, will, was cheap, and if labor had been placed Mr·. President. as he will find out in due course of in the parity formula at that moment SuPPLEMENTAL NAVAL APPROPRI:A­ time, cost him six times 16 percent. as a factor, instead of corn being 62Yz TION$-CONFERENCE REPORT Mr. President, why is it that we could cents it probably would have been about not have had the Secretary of Agricul­ 59 or 58 cents a bushel. So labor costs Mr. OVERTON submitted the follow­ ture, whO is against the bill-, testify be­ were left out. But in the -last 2 years ing report; fore the committee? Why is it that we labor has spiraled to the top, and now, The committee of conference on the dis­ could not have had 0. P. A. Director, Mr. because wages are high on the farm, an agreeing votes of the two Houses on the Brown, who is against the bill, testify effort is made to change the basic for­ amep.dments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. before the committee? -Mr. Brown mula in parity in order to obtain an 2068) making additional appropriations for wrote a letter to rae this morning, in increase. the Navy Department and the naval service which he said, among other things: Mr. President, mark my words when for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943, and for other purposes, having met, after full and The Pace bill would raise parity prices of the war is over, and the farmers who free conference, have agreed to recommend farm products by 14 percent. This, in the are now in the service of the country, and do recommend to their respective Houses course of time, would drive up the retail ,who are in the shops, and in the indus­ as follows: prices of food 10% percent, and add two tries making munitions and implements That the Senate recede from its amend­ and one-third billion dollars to the con­ of war, flock back to the farms, labor ment numbered 2-. sumers' annual food budget. It would in­ That the Hot

warrant. As I see it, all these fine for­ tention that labor is included, and o~ · -everyone-, •including the farmer. There­ .mulas become so difllcult for the Admin­ the other hand we have the ·contention · fore I wish to say to the Senator from istrator to administer in a changing sit­ that labor is not included. Kentucky that if .a motion is made to uation that in the . end he really must Mr. BANKHEAD. I do not know of recommit the bill I shall vote for the be a sort of umpire between the consum.­ anyone who contends that labor is in­ motion. although if the issue were pre­ ·mg publlc ·on · the one hand and th~ _cluded. sented on the main question, without producer on the other. He hopes to Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, that a motion to recommit, I would vote for high heaven that he will not· . injure observation was due to what I . stated a the bill. I think it would be very much either side too much, and will not have while ago, that the cost of industrial better procedure, and a safer way to too many bricks thrown at hinl by either labor is included in parity, and must be, handle it, to send the bill back to the side·. because the cost of industrial labor goes Committee on Agriculture and Forestry Mr. BARKLEY. The Senator's assess­ into the manufacture of what the farmer and let the committee use its best judg­ ment ·of the situation is substantially ac­ buys; and the price of what he buys, in­ ment. Let the committee hold hearings 'cirrate: cluding that labor, goes into parity. The if it so desires, and bring the bill back I now yield to the Senator from Ala­ question really is whether we are to in­ in a few weeks. bama. clude both industrial labor and farm Mr. President, any change in the parity Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, it labor in parity. If we are to include the price, up or down, does not necessarily has been so long since I rose to try to get cost of farm labor as the criterion, the affect the price of the product. Parity into this discussion that I fear Senators question is, Are we to include also t:Qe price is only a price at which we think have forgotten the point. · · cost of industrial labor, ·which is greater, the farmer may have an equitable return. The Senator from Maryland [Mr. TYD­ and has been subjected to greater in­ As a matter of fact, wheat, which is the INGS] insi*d that the Administrator of creases? The price of industrial labor fs principal crop in my State, is below 0. P. A. or the Secretary of Agriculture reflected in parity through the cost of parity. Notwithstanding the fact that should state whether or not the cost of what the farmer buys. As stated awhile the parity price of wheat in Kansas City, farm labor has been included or is in­ ago, it is a part of parity, although I we will say, is $1.35, or $1.39, wheat has cluded in parity or ceiling prices. said then, and I now say, that until we never been sold at that level. · Mr. TYDINGS. That is correct. passed the act of October 2, 1.942, farm On the other hand, livestock, cattle, Mr. BANKHEAD. Everyone who has labor was not specifically included in the and hogs, have been constantly above the been connected with this legislation dur­ parity formula. Even now it is not in­ parity price for the last 15 or 18 months. ing the past 10 years knows that time cluded. May I impress upon Senators that and time again the statement has been Mr. BANKHEAD. That is correct. "parity"-:-to fix a parity price-is only made that it was not included as a factor Mr. BARKLEY. I have never said that an expression of the price the farmer, in the original A. A. A. law, and has never it was. in equity, ought to have? It does not in been included since, as we all know, as a Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, that and of itself do anything to the price. factor in working out either parity or statement satisfies me. The Senator from Kentucky will remem­ price ceilings. · Mr. BARKLEY. It is not included; ber that I had a fairly active part in I have read the debate which occurred but, without modifying the formula working out the solution which was later in the House of Representatives the other which we had written, we said last Oc­ adopted. It is true we did say that in day. The whole debate was pitched upon tober that in considering maximum agri­ fixing a ceiling the price administrator the proposition, concededly, that the .cultural prices, consideration shall be could not fix a ceiling without considera­ farmers are entitled to have considera­ given to increases ·in farm labor in the tion of the increased cost of labor to the tion of their cost of labor, and that they past 2 years. farmer, and other costs, as I remember · have never had such consideration. No­ Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the the language. The point I wish to make 'body denies it. No Senator will deny it, Senator yield? is that a delay of 4 weeks would not hurt because there are no facts upon which Mr. BARKLEY. The Senator from the farmer in his prices at all. It might · to deny it. It is an admitted and con­ Kansas [Mr. REED] asked me to yield have an effect on a situation in the fessed situation in all the debates. to him some time ago. I am glad to do United ~tates which is very delicate and We had the same question before us so now. which I do not wish to disturb. There­ when we passed the stabilization act. Mr. REED. Mr. President, perhaps I fore, if a motion to recommit is made, We had the Thomas amendment before misunderstood the Senator from Ken­ with all the friendliness I have had for us, which is the same as this amend- tucky and the Senator from Alabama. I the farmers during all these years, I shall . ment, and debated it for a day or two. understood · the Senator from Kentucky vote for it. I think it would be a wise That same proposition was conceded on to agree with the Senator from Alabama thing to recommit the bill to the com­ all sides. There is no use in leaving the that the parity formula has not been mittee and let it come back to the Senate question in doubt on a proposition which changed by legislation since the begin­ after further consideration. is so well known and so generally admit- ning. - Mr. BARKLEY. I thank the Senator. . ted by everyone who knows anything Mr. BANKHEAD. No. I said that so I represent an agricultural State. We · about the subject. far as farm labor is concerned, it has produce a variety of farm crops. We Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I cer­ not been changed. There have been produce cotton, corn, wheat, tobacco, tainly want to give the farmer all the other additions to the formula. hemp, and rye. We raise large quan­ consideration to which he is entitled in Mr. BARKLEY. There have been tities of cattle, hogs, and every other every way. I should be grateful if the other additions. In the Price Control type of livestock. I have not received Senator would get either from Mr. Act we superimposed on that formula an any complaints from the farmers of my · Brown, Mr. Wickard, or both of them, a additional equation but we did not State about the prices they are receiving. simple statement that labor has not been change the formula itself. We added a The great complaint of the farmers of included in the price ceilings which have superstructure to it. my State, and of farmers all over the heretofore been fixed. Mr. REED. Mr. President, it is un­ . country, is because of the labor situa­ Mr. BANKHEAD. I know about it. If necessary for me to say to the Senator tion. They will produce, at the prices the Senator is still in doubt after my from Kentucky that during the years I · they are now receiving, all the farm prod­ statement, let him get such a state­ have been in the Senate, and for years ucts they can· grow with the labor they ment. previously, I have been a champion of the have. There is no question about that. Mr. TYDINGS. I do not question the farmer. I want the farmer to have There has been some question among . Senator's good faith; but I think we recognition of all his costs, including dairymen not only in this vicinity but in ought to act on the basis of primary labor. . . other places, as to what they were getting evidence from those in a position to give In my opinion this is an unfortunate for their milk, in view of what they have it. just as we would do in trying a law­ time . to bring up. this question. I am to pay in the way of adequate comp.ensa­ suit. We ought to have the statement sorry·that it is here. We are in a delicate tion. I think that is a serious :Problem; made directly, beyond peradventure of situation. I do not want to do anything but, speaking by and large of all agricul­ doubt, and then we could vote to do jus­ in the Senate which will upset the ex­ tural commodities, I do not think there tice. On th~ one hand, we have the con- isting situation to the disadvantage of 'is any dissatisfaction among the farmers 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2473 of the country with the level of prices the Illinois agricultural group in Illinois. front," if he wants to, but any time the they are receiving. If we could find some . In writing to me, Mr. Smith said: home front is . crushed in a great meas­ way to help them to get labor to produce The Illinois Agricultural Association does ure· the military front is ·also seriously at the prices which they are now receiv­ not favor the passage of this legislation for a damaged. Mr. Hitler will be pleased. ing we should see the earth bursting with number of reasons, chief among them being: whenever dangerous. inflation starts in -a surplus of products which would be (1). It would greatly.impair, if not destroy, this country, He is one; along with some justified by the prices which farmers are the basis of fair exchange value of the prices others, who is hoping that we will pass now receiving. of farm commodities with th~ prices of in~ this very bill in order that disunity and dustrial commodities that are now used for troubl- may be promoted here. This Therefore I do not think the main dif­ determining parity prices. ficulty is with agricultural prices. It is bill should be recommitted for further largely one of labor supply; and on that This is the point I just made- study . and consideration. It must be, subject we have recently undertaken to (2) While it is recognized that the Pace , Mr. President. At the proper time, I bring about some remedy. bill would temporarily increase farm prices, shall make such a motion. Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, I do not this would not have been true until 1941 had Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I wish want the Senate to be misled by the such inclusion been In effect, and it is very to confirm what the Senator from Illi­ statement that those of us who are ad­ doubtful it would have this result in post­ nois has said about the effect which vocating this bill are hoping that the war years. would have resulted if the farm labor farmers will receive an increase in price. Mr. President, that is the point · ex­ price had been included in the original Of course, we know that they will not. actly. If the farm wage rate were not parity formula. -It would, undoubtedly, But we want the formula upon which 234 today this bill would not be before have dragged down the price of agricul­ their basic prices are fixed, so far as leg­ us now. tural products, and it is because it would .islation is concerned, to have in it all the The point I made earlier-and I re­ have dragged down the price that elements of expense. How long would iterate it-was that after the war this neither the farmers nor their repre­ an industrial organization continue if it parity formula with labor costs included sentatives nor their friends in Congress did not charge for its labor? Take the would be a detriment to the farmer, be­ would include it. I will add that, in my railroads. If they could not charge for cause farm wages are bound to go down. judgment, if this bill should pass,· or if labor, how long would they be in busi­ When farm labor is cheap it pulls the the present price of farm labor should ness? The farmer· can always make a formula down on parity. In the interest be included in the parity formula with­ scratch in the ground and put in his seed, of the American farmer I submit that it out at the same time considering the and nature will do the rest. If he had to is to his detriment to have Congress increase in industrial wages as reflected buy his farm every year, as the manu­ change the basic parity formula at this by the cost of what the farmer has to facturer buys his raw material, the situ­ particular time. Just as sure as I am buy, even this bill would drag down farm ation would be different. It would be standing here, the wage rate which the prices in the United States. artificial. I am contending that we have farm laborer is receiving will spiral Mr. President, that is all I had in­ an unfair parity base. Why not put into downward after the war. When it goes tended to say, and I now ask that the parity all the elements, and do justice, below what it was in 1941 then it will clerk read from the desk a letter which regardless of what effect it may have? impair the parity structure. The farmer I received today from the Price Adminis-­ Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the will get less. trator, our former colleague, Mr. Prentiss Senator yield? That is the reason Congress did not M. Brown, giving his views as to the Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. include the cost of farm labor in the effect of the legislation now pending Mr. LUCAS. Just before the Senator beginning, Now, because the farm price before the Senate. For the reason i from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS] left the index for farm labor is higher, an at­ have expressed, confirmed, and fortified chamber he was discussing with the tempt is being made, if not to destroy, by the statements Administrator Brown Senator from Alabama and the Senator certainly to juggle something which was has included in his letter, I shall myself from Kentucky the question whether or ' carefully thought out in the beginning vote to recommit this bill to the Com­ not farm labor had ever been included in by some of the best minds in agriculture mittee on Agriculture and Forestry, in the parity program. Of course, it has in this country, The farmers through­ the hope that, if and when, the com­ not been included, as I pointed out earlier out the Nation agreed to the· parity mittee rereports it to the Senate it will in the debate upon this measure. There formula at that time. Congress agreed be accompanied by some information was a very good reason why farm labor to it, and it has never been changed, from those in charge of the responsi- , was not considered as an element or fac­ with the exception that taxes, interest, bility of administering the law as well tor in parity at that time. and a few minor things have been as those who are interested in its passage. When the parity formula was written added; but no basic change such as is Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, I should in 1933 farm labor was far below all other being attempted today by the pending like to make a brief remark about what factors. It was deliberately left out of bill was made. Now we see an attempt the Senator from Illinois said that when .the formula, because if it had been in­ being made to make a fundamental the time shall come when the element cluded, as I stated a few moments ago, change in the original parity formula. of cost in the production of farm com­ parity on corn, for example, instead of The pending bill is nothing more or less modities goes down, parity will go down. being 62% would probably have been than a cost-of-production bill. Con­ , Of course, that ·is what we are here for around 58 or 59. gress has never gone on record in favor now, because we are not getting a just The record shows, Mr. President, that of that type of legislation. parity, and when costs go up we want when the parity formula was written in Although it has been tried time and parity to go up, and when costs go down 1933 farm wages had an index figure of time again since I have been here, never we want parity to go down . .85; in 1934, 95; in 1935, 103; in 1936, 111; in either branch of Congress has it been Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, does and in 1937, 1'26. In 1938 it had an index able to muster enough strength to win. the Senator mean by that that when the figure of 125; in 1939, 123; in 1940, 126; Furthermore, this is the worst time war is over and all farm wages go down and in 1941, 154. Nineteen hundred I can conceive of to bring up an impor­ he will be here advocating that farm forty-one was the year in which the farm tant mea·sure of this character and at­ labor will be excluded from the calcula­ wage rate exceeded by 6 points the parity tempt to enact it into law. I am con­ tion of parity? rate. In the next year, 1942, the figure vinced beyond the shadow of a doubt Mr. SMITH. No; but let parity go ·was 201. In 1943 it is 232. that if the bill passes it will start roll­ down to represent the fall in labor. The When farm labor is now at its highest ing the ball of inflation, and, Mr. Presi­ farmer is just as patriotic as is the Sen­ peak, in comparison with what it was dent, I do not want that responsibility at the time when the formula for parity upon my shoulders. Not by my vote ator from Kentucky or as I am. was written, it can be understood, when shall there be ignited the spark of infl.a'­ Mr. BARKLEY. I think so, too, and I taking into consideration the index of 'tion which will ultimately, in my humble include the Senator from South Carolina 232, why there would be such a startling opinion, for whatever it may be worth, in that superlative. - Nobody has ever re­ increase as testified to by the Honorable hke us on the road to doom on the home ilected upon the patriotism of the farm­ Prentiss Brown, 0. P. A. Director, and the front. The Senator from South Caro­ er; least of all have I ever done so. I Honorable Earl Smith, who is the head of lina may 'Uilile at the words· "home think if the Members of the Senate of 2474 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN~ TE MARCH 25 the United States, of the entire Con­ Enactment of the Bankhead bill would the prices farmers pay and so will farm costs. gress of the United States, and the :force up the price of sugar by a cent to a In the end the farmers will lose just as they cent and a half a pound, the price of bread did during and after the last war. officials of the Government of the United by a cent a loaf, and the price of family It is on the basis of these broad and crucial States should go among the farmers of fiours by 18 percent. Furthermore, it would considerations that I am writing you to ex­ this country and sit down and talk with compel us to raise the price of corn between press my deep opposition to the Pace and them they would find, we would all find, 9 and 10 percent and thus increase the cost Banlchead bills and my hope that the Con­ that there is not a more patriotic, loyal, of producing beef, hogs, poultry, eggs, and gress will reject them. or dependable group of people in the dairy products. If the producers of these es­ Sincerely yours, United States than are the farmers of sential foods were not to suffer injury, these PRENTISS M. BROWN. our country. prices would have to be raised too. In the end the Bankhead bill would raise the retail Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, in Mr. SMITH. I merely wanted to reply price of foods by 7 percent and add $1,500,- view of the fact that the letter just to the insinuation that after the war, 000,000 to the consumers' food budget. It read refers frequently to the Bankhead when farm labor and the cost of pro­ would force the Government itself to spend bill, I feel that somo of the statements duction went down, parity would not go an additional $500,000,000 every year in order in the letter should not go unchallenged. down. We are not trying to put it up to feed the armed forces and to supply our It will be recalled that the Bankhead r..nd keep it up. allies. bill was considered by this body a few Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. The Pace bill would raise parity. prices of farm products by 14 percent. This, in the weeks ago, an<'l on a yea and nay vote President-- course of time, would drive up the retail was passed by a vote of 77 in favor to The PRESIDING OFFICER. Will the prices of food 10¥2 percent and add two and 2 against. The record has been made in Senator from Oklahoma wait for a mo­ one-third billion dollars to the consumers' the Senate, and the bill has also passed ment until the clerk reads the letter annual food budget. It would increase the the House, and all tha,t remains to be which was sent to the desk by the Sena- Government's expenditures for food by about done is formal action on a minor amend­ . tor from Kentucky? three-quarters of a billion dollars per annum . ment. In the face of that record, now Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I inquire Taken together, these two bills would thus comes this letter to the leader of the what is pending before the Senate? raise the retail price of foods between 17 and 18 percent, ·increase the annual food budget Senate. I am at a loss to understand Mr. BARKLEY. If there is objection of consumers .bY three and three-quarter bil­ why now, from an agency of the Gov­ to the clerk's reading the letter, I myself lion dollars, and cost the Government an ad­ ern.!lent, this criticism is directed at will read it. ditional one and one-qu1U'ter billion dollars the bill. Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I have a year. I have the very highest regard for the no objection to the letter being read. So radical a change in the price of foods Administrator of the 0. P. A. I really Mr. BARKLEY. I asked that the would end the stabilization of prices. ·It have an affectionate regard for him, but clerk read the letter in my own time. would end the staJJilization of wages as well. I am convinced that some theorist in Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I want The stabilization of wages can be Justified only upon the basis of a stable cost of living. his department, who has invented a new the floor, and I merely desired to know We must face the fact that radical change in multiplication table, prepared ·he fig­ what was pending. the cost of food means radical change in the ures for him which are included in his Mr. BARKLEY. What is pending is Little Steel formula as well. If the Con­ letter. - my request that the clerk read the letter gress requires the one, it must accept respon­ Let us see what the situation is with from former Senator Brown, which he sibility for the other. regard to the Bankhead bill, which the sent here to have read in connection I recognize how strong are the claims of the with the pending bill. I did not suppose farmer upon the Nation, how great is his Administrator at this time so vigorously the Senator would object to that. service, how difficult his task. I recognize criticizes. What was that bill? He says The PRESIDING OFFICER. The that for two decades farm prices were in­ it would raise prices in staggering clerk will read the letter as requested. equitably and uneconomically low, and that amounts. The Bankhead bill, so-called, it was urgent that farm prices and farm in­ merely prohibited the deduction of ben­ The legislative clerk read as follows: comes be raised to fair levels. efit payments under an Executive order OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION, I believe, however, that farm prices and by the President, the authority sup­ Washington, D. C., March 24, 1943. farm incomes have in fact been raised to fair posedly being given in the Price Control Hon. ALBEN W. BARKLEY, levels. Between August 1939 and January United States Senator, 1943 the prices farmers receive rose 110 per­ and Stabilization Act. It prohibited the Senate Office Building, cent. During the same period the prices that deduction of benefit payments from par­ Washington, D. C. farmers pay were held to an increase of only ity or ceiling prices, as had been ordered MY DEAR SENATOR: I am writing you to ex­ 26 percent. As a result, farm prices, which in the Executive order called the stabi­ press my opposition to the Pace blll, which were 30 percent below parity at the time war lization order. has passed the House and is now before the broke out in August 1939, reached a level It merely reaffirmed the law on that Senate, and the Bankhead bill, which has 15 percent above parity in January of this passed the Senate and is now before the year. subject, as contained in the Stabiliza­ House. Not only have prices the farmers receive tion Act. It reinstated, regardless of Ex­ The Congress is troubled, and not Without risen four times as much as the prices farm­ ecutive order, the decree of the Congress justice, by the management of the stabili­ ers pay, but they have also risen four times of the United States, made with the ap­ zation program. The Otfl.ce of Price Atlmin­ as much as farmers' cort of production, in­ proval of the President, fixing parity tstration, more than any other agency, I sup­ cluding the cost of hired labor. The prices prices or other prices between January 1 pose, must bear the respQnsibility for this. farmers receive therefore yield to the· farmer, and October 1 as the point below which We recognize this and are moving with might for his own labor and that of his family, a and main to improve our regulations, to re­ better return than he has ever known. The ceiling prices could not be fixed. move the sources of irritation, to remedy the net income of farm operators in 1942 was Former Senator Brown is an able man, mistakes which were made in the agency's $10,200,000,000 128 percent higher than the a persuasive man, a man who had our pei'iod of expansion. I am confident that we level of 1939. This income was $1,400,000,000 confidence, and who still has mine. As are making progress in remedying past mis­ greater than ever before received by farmers. a Senator he was in charge of the sta­ takes. I am equally confident that we shall The highest previous peak was reached in the bilization bill here on the floor of the · make fewer mistakes in the future. year 1919 at the height of World War No. 1 Senate. He was the author of it. Al­ But while mistakes must be remedied and infiation, and because of that infiation every most entirely, with only a few exceptions, Inequities eliminated, the line must be held, dollar of the farmer's income in that year It would be fatal if the Congress, in its an­ bought far less than it does today. he had his way about the contents and noyance with the management of the pro­ While under other circumstances I should provisions of the bill. Members of the gram, lost sight of the basic objective of be the last man to oppose an increase in farm Banking and Currency Committee know, stabilization. income, as my record will show, I am deeply as other Senators know, and as mem­ Because the issues are so grave, I must convinced not only that the economic posi­ bers of the conference committee know, speak with the ut~ost frankness. I have tion of the farmer is more favorable than that he was the dominant spirit in the given the most careful consideration to the it has ever been before, but that farm prices framing and passage of the bill. He Pace and Bankhead b1lls, to the reasons ad­ and farm incomes are fair. Our job iS to keep vanced in their support. as well as to their them fair and to preserve the favorable posi­ looked upon it with pride then. Why consequences. Enactment of these billa tion which the farmer has reached. We can't this change now with reference to the means not an adjustment to improve the do so if the stabilization program is destroyed. effect of the Bankhead bill and of the program-it means a break-down of the pro­ I! that program is destroyed, farm prices will Stabilization Act, of which he was the gram. go up-there is. no doubt of that-but so will author? 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2475 Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi­ Mr. BARKLEY. I understand. I did Senate. The Senator from Alabama has dent-- not say that the Senator meant to be un­ correctly stated the situation. The The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. MAY­ fair to him. Mr. Brown's. letter is in­ Bankhead bill, which passed this body BANK in the chair). Does the Senator tended to reflect the cost to the con­ by a vote of 78 to 2, only reiterated our from Alabama yield to the Senator from suming public, which would be more than understanding of the law, and only told Missouri? the actual amount paid out of the Treas­ the executive departments that the bill Mr. BANKHEAD. I yield. ury by the time all the turn-overs were expressed wh~t the law meant. That is Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Will the made in the cost of the agricultural prod­ what we thought in the first place. The Senator from Alabama tell the Senate ucts. The farmers would receive the Pace bill is an entirely different thing. what difference, if any, there is between $600,000,000 or $650,000,000, but by the The Bankhead bill would not change the the Pace bill and the Bankhead bill, time the products reached the consum­ law in any respect. It was directed only the latter of which passed the Senate ing public the whole transaction would at the interpretation of the law which some time ago by an overwhelming vote? involve one billion and a half dollars in the Senator from Alabama and I thought Mr. BANKHEAD. There is no con­ increased cost of living. was wrong all the time. The bill now nection, really, between the Pace bill and Mr. AIKEN. That simply illustrates before the Senate, however, would the Bankhead bill. The Bankhead bill, how small a part of the consumer's dol­ change the law. I wish to say again which the Senate passed by an over­ lar the farmer receives. It is that spread that on the basis of the main question whelming vote, nullified the Executive or­ which ought to be corrected. and fundamentally I would vote for the der which required a Government agency Mr. BANKHEAD. I can make onere­ pending bill. If it should go back to the to deduct from parity or ceiling prices mark at this point which ought to con­ Committee on Agriculture and Forestry all benefit payments, and thus, in that vince the Senator from Kentucky that and be retm ned to the Senate in its indirect way, to reduce below the level that statement is totally inaccurate. Mr. present form I should vote. for it. of prices prevailing at that time the par­ Brown talks about a $600,000,000 increase Mr. President, I am sorry that former ity price and the ceiling price. to the farmers resulting in an increase Senator ,Brown has confused the two That was the order under which there of one billion and a half dollars to the bills. I have imposed on the Senator has been brought about the situation retail consumers. from Alabama only to do what I could whereby the sale of corn has been stag­ Mr. BARKLEY. Former Senator to clear up any :misunderstanding which nated all over the Corn Belt, because no Brown said that the cost of the Bank­ may have been left in the minds of Sen­ one knows what the parity price is. Un­ head bill to the public, to the consumers, ators. der the order, deductions were- made would be one billion and a half dollars. Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, I from the parity price as figured by the He said that that is accounted for by the do not care to prolong the argument. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The increase in the turn-over of these prod­ If the consideration of the measure goes Bankhead bill nullified that. ucts, because every time they turn over, over until tomorrow I shall discuss more Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Let me say based upon the original amount involved, in detail the statements made by Mr. to the Senator from Alabama that I pro­ there is an increase in price. Brown and by others with respect to pounded my inquiry because as I heard Mr. BANKHEAD. What I want to the Pace bill. The two bills in question former Senator Brown's letter read, it point out to the Senator is that the De­ are so entirely separate and directed to seemed to refer to the Bankhead bill and partment of Agriculture, through its such different objectives, and have such the Pace bill as one measure. As a mat­ statistical bureau, the Bureau of Agricul­ totally different effects, that I do not ter of fact, they are two entirely differ­ tural Economics, has been carrying for care to confuse the situation by discuss­ ent measures. months and months tables and figures in ing them at the same time. I simply Mr. BANKHEAD. Absolutely. its releases showing that the farmers re­ wish to say this, and then I shall yield Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the ceive 53 percent of the total amount of the floor, that the Bankhead bill was Senator yield? the cost .of the product when sold by the written in a spirit of loyalty to and ad­ Mr. BANKHEAD. I yield. retail stores to the consumers. So it miration for former Senator Prentiss Mr. AIKEN. I should like to ask the would be impossible to increase an ap­ Brown. The Bankhead bill was written Senator from AlabamF if he can give us propriation of $600,000,000 paid to the in the· spirit of the act sponsored in the approximately the amount of benefit farmers to a billion and a half dollars, Senate by former Senator Brown, of payment~ paid to the farmers during unless one should want to falsify and which he was proud when he was in the the last year? nullify the statistics prepared over a Senate, regardless of his present atti­ Mr. BANKHEAD. I do not have the long period of years by the Bureau of tude toward it. It did nothing but re­ figures before me, but $212,000,000 was Agricultural Economics. affirm the provisions of the act spon­ appropriated for parity payments and Mr. BARKLEY. I wanted to say that sored by former Senator Brown, with $450,000,000 for soil-conservatio•1 pay­ the average of 52 or 53 percent of the which he was so fully in accord and of ments. Those payments practically all consumer's dollar which the farmer re­ which he was at the time so proud. went to corn and wheat producers. ceives is a · percentage figure which has Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. Mr. AIKEN. In other words, the continued over a long period of years, President-- total is approximately $600,000,000? and does not fluctuate very much. Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the Mr. BANKHEAD. Yeu. Mr. BANKHEAD. It has fluctuated Senator yield to me for a moment to Mr. AIKEN. It does not amount to somewhat and increased somewhat. make a statement to clear the record? a billion and a half dollars, as is inti­ Mr. BARKLEY. I think the Senator Mr: THOMAS of Oklahoma. Yes. mated in the letter of the Price Admin­ will find that from year to year it has not Mr. AIKEN. When the Senator from istrator. fluctuated more than 2 or 3 percent up Ohio [Mr. TAFT] was speaking, I called Mr. BANKHEAD. No. or down. But even at that rate it would his attention to the fact that profits in Mr. AIKEN. And that total will be be over a billion dollars, or approximately industry had increased 300 percent since taken out of the tax bills of the peopie a billion dollars, assuming that former 1939, and gave as my authority for that for this . year and succeeding years? Senator Brown was mistaken in his statement the Chairman of the Mari­ Mr. BANKHEAD. Yes. figures. time Commission. The Senator from Mr. AIKEN. And simply added to the Mr. BANKHEAD. Of course he was Ohio seemed skeptical. I wish to say cost of the farm products? mistaken. It is self-evident that he was that that statement is not exactly cor­ Mr. BANKHEAD. Yes. mistaken. rect. The authority is to be found in a Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will Mr. REED. Mr. President, will the letter from the Chairman of the Mari­ the Senator yield? Senator yield? time Commission to'the Chairman of the Mr. BANKHEAD. I yield. Mr. BANKHEAD. I yield. Commerce Committee of the Senate, and Mr. BARKLEY. I think in fairness to Mr. REED. I wish to emphasize what was inserted in the RECORD of March 23. former Senator Brown, who wrote the the Senator from Alabama has said, and I should lilce to quote from that letter: letter, it should be stated- to express my regret that former Senator The Office of Price Administration has Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, I Brown confuses the Bankhead bill with recently reported that railroad earnings have do not want to be unfair to him. the so-called Pace bill now before the increased over 2,000 percent before taxes 2476 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ~tfARCH 25 since 1939 and that the profits of mining, for the commodity which will give to the During the past several years-begin­ manufacturing, and trade in general have commodity a. purchasing vower with respect to ning in 1929-the price level fell far be­ increased over 300 percent, before taxes in articles that farmers buy equivalent to the low that goal. The price level fell from the same pe1·iod. purchasing power of such commodity in the base period; and, in the case of all com­ 100, starting in 1929, to 63 in 1932. It will be seen that the Office of Price modities, which Will also reflect current in­ That meant that the dollar bad a buying Administration is the real authority for terest payments per acre on farm indebtedness power of some 160 cents in 1932. At the those figures, and that is the agency the secured by real estate, tax payments per acre beginning of the present administration: Senator from Ohio was praising very on farm real estate, freight rates, and the in March 1933, we adopted a policy of highly at the time he questioned my cost of all farm labor {on the basis of the raising the price level which policy was national average and including hired workers, statement. farm operators, and members of the families primarily in the interest of the farmers Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the of farm operators engaged in work on the and the producers of raw materials gen.:. Senator from Oklahoma yield? farm, computed for all such labor on the erally. For almost 10 years we tried to Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I yield. basis of wage rates lor hired farm labor), as get the price level up to 100. All the Mr. TAFT. All the figures given are contrasted with such interest payments, tax money we spent and all the legislation we of earnings before taxes. As a matter payments, freight rates and costs of all farm passed with respect to agricultur e was of fact the railroads were earning noth­ labor during the base period. The base pe­ in an effort to get the price level up to ing, or practically nothing, at the time riod in case of all agricultural commodities except tobacco shall be the period August 100. We did not reach that goal until referred to. We have now_increased the 1909 to July 1914. In the case of all kinds last November. On November 19, 1942, tax about four or five hundred percent. of tobacco except Burley and fiue-cured such the price level reached 100. The price This year we are taking about $8,000,- base period shall be the period August 1919 control bill was passed the 31st of 000,000 out of corporation profits, to July 1929, and, in the case of Burley and January, 1942, as I remember. It took whereas in 1939 we were taking about flue-cured tobacco, shall be the period August about 3 months to get the Price Control one billion and a half dollars out of cor­ 1934 to July 1989; except that the August Act into operation. Mr. Henderson set poration profits. So I think the .figures 1919-July 1929 base period shall be used in up his or ganization. and the act was in allocating any funds appropriated prior to to which I referred are substantially September 1, 194C." full operation about May 2, 1942. At correct. Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, as that time the price level stood at 98.7- Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. amended and as reenacted and amended: not yet up to 100. That was almost 11 President, before the final vote on the "DECLARAT!ON OP POLICY ·months ago. During the past 11 months the price level has risen only from 98.7 bill, H. R. 1408, is taken,. and before any "SEc. 2. It is hereby declared to be the vote is had upon any amendment thereto, policy of Congress- to 103. On March 20, 5 days ago, the I desire to submit some observations and " ( 1) Through the exercise of the powers price level stood at 103. to ask some questions. The bill pro­ conferred upon the Secretary of Agriculture That means that in the last 11 months poses to give farmers the benefit of farm under this title, to establish and maintain all the inflation we have bad in this labor costs in arriving at the parity such orderly marketing conditions for agri­ country has been less than 5 percent-­ prices on the products which they cultural commodities in interstate commerce to be exact-only 4.3 percent, which as will establish prices to farmers · at a level means less than one-half of 1 percent produce. that will give agricultural commodities a pur­ My first question is: What article can chasing power with respect to articles that a month. Figured in terms of money, a farmer purchase that either he or some farmers buy equivalent to the purchasing one-half of 1 percent is 5 mills. During other farmer did not produce, upon power of agricultural commodities in the base the . past 2 weeks the price level 1·ose which he does not pay the labor cost of period; and, in t.he case of all commodities two-tenths of 1 percent, or in terms of production? I pause for a moment and for which the base period is the pre-war money, 1 mill a week. I do not call that wait for some Senator to reply. periOd, August 1909 to July 1914, will also violent inflation. The price trend is up­ reflect current interest payments per acre ward, that is true. It has been upward My answer is: There is no article, save on farm indebtedness secured by real estate farm commodities, in which the cost of and tax payments during the base period; for some time, due wholly to the fact labor is not included. as contrasted with such interest payments that now we are spending mere than Mr. President, my next question is: and tax payments during the base period; $6,000,000,000 a month in financing the Are farmers members of our economic and in the case of all commodities, which war effort. We are collecting taxes, we system? will also reflect the cost of all flum labor are selling War stamps and bonds, and My answer is: At present; no. (on the basis cf the national average and we are placing bonds in banks and writ­ including hired workers, farm operators, and ing checks against the credit thus cre­ My next question is: Should farmers me)llbers of the families of farm operators en:.. be members of our economic system? gaged in work ou the farm, computed for ated in order to get the money to meet My answer ·is: Yes. all such labor on the basis of wage rates for our war bills. To meet our bills we are The pending bill does nothing more hired farm labor), as contrasted wit:: the paying out at the rate of over $6,000,- than to permit the farmers of this coun­ costs of all farm labor during the base pe­ 000,000 a month, which means over try to join and become members of the riod. The base period in the case of all $72,000,000,000 a year. agricultural commodities except tobacco and Yet in spite of those large payments, economic system of America. potatoes shall be the pre-war period, August Much has been said today about infla­ the price level is being held down to a 1909-July 1914. In the case of tobacco and rise of less than one-half of 1 percent tion. Before I discuss that subject, I potatoes, the base period shall be the post­ desire to have printed in the RECORD at war period, August 1919-July 1929." a month. Nevertheless, with this fine this point, in connection with my re­ record, Senators will stand upon this marks, a copy of the act in full as it Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. floor and try to frighten other Senators would appear if amended. The bill would President, in 1926, during an adminis­ and try to frighten the co'Ultry into be­ add only a few words, and states where tration of which I was a Member of the lieving that we are now to be engulfed the words would appear in existing law. minority of the House of Representatives in an or gy of uncontrolled inflation. I desire to have printed at this point in sucli administration in power fixed a Mr. President, how can farmers pay the RECORD the existing law with the price level goal. The then administra­ their fair share of the tax Dills if they amendments proposed in this bill. I do tion set that price level goal at 100. cannot obtain costs of produc ~i on for not ask that the text be read, but be The administration said that the price the things they produce? Farmers em­ printed at this point in connection with level or commodity index should be 100, brace some 30,000,000 of our popu­ my remarks. which would mean that the dollar would lation. We now have a population of have a buying power of 100 cents as 133,000,000. Farmers make up about There being no objection, the matter measured in terms of property as 30,000,000 of that 133,000,000-a most referred to was ordered to be printed in measured by the price level or commodity the REcORD, as follows: substantial number of our society. Yet index. That goal was fixed at a time the issue is raised hert that 30,000,000 Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as which I have heard described as the American citizens should not be allowed amended: Coo~idge era of prosperity. costs of production, especially their labOr "SEC. 301. (a) GENERAL DEFINITIONS.-For the purposes of this title and the declaration Mr. President, that 100 percent priee costs, in making up their parity formula. o1 policy- level has been the goal for these many If my good friend, the junior Sen­ "(1) •Parity' as applied to prices for any years. So far as I know, it still is the ator from Virginia ·[Mr. BYRD], produc­ agricultural commodity, shall be that price goal of the American people. ing the finest apples I ever saw or ever 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2477 tasted-! say that because I have had a $1,00J,OOO,OOO. That means that the terned or prison labor-and I do not chance to sample his apples; he sent me original contracts were not only let at say that in any invidious sense-what a box of them, and I now make proper a profit but were let at a figure approxi­ will be the effect upon 30,000,000 of our acknowledgment of his gift-could mately $1,000,000,000 over and above people, who are expected not only to not charge for the apples he sells a· what has been construed to be a liberal produce as much food as they produced price including the amount of his labor profit; and yet some Senators are not last year, but 30 percent more, when this cost, how long could he live and exist willing to write into the law of the land a Senate says, "You cannot even have the economically? He might draw on his provision that farmers shall receive even cost of your labor figured in your parity surplus capital and last awhile, but in the cost of their labor and the labor that formula?" _ time the surplus would be gone. Then · they employ in their parity formula. Mr. President, this issue will be upon what would happen? Probably onP of Mr. President, at this moment there is the backs and may gnaw at the stom­ the finest orchards in Virginia would pending before the Appropriations Com­ achs of multiplied millions until it is wither and decay mittee of this body a bill on which hear­ solved. · .---- Mr. President, at this point I desire to ings are now bang held proposing to Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ have printed in the RECORD-and I shall appropriate some $65,000,000-for what sent to have printed in the RECORD at hurry through my remarks-some facts purpose? To import to this country, if this point as a part of my remarks an which I think cannot be controverted. they can be secured, Mexican, Haitian, They are taken from official statistics. I and Bahaman laborers to work upon the editorial published in a recent issue of refer now to the committee report on the farms. In addition, the Government is the Chicago Daily News. The editorial bill, submitted by the chairman of the considering proposals to enter the Fed­ is enti'tled "Farm Facts and Fancies." committee. On page 11 of the report is eral and State prisons and, if proper There being no objection the editorial found table No. 1 "Nonfarm family in­ paroles can be obtained. take from those was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, come and cost of family food purchases, prisons men and place them upon the as follows: · 1913-42." farms. The Government is considering FARM FACTS AND FANCIES In 1913 the food cost as percentage of the advisability of taking internees in Fortu.nately for the American people, the income was 31 percent. At the begin­ the prison camps and place them on the wiggling and wobbling at Washington over ning of 1942 the food costs, expressed as farms. We are now bringing to this farm and food cannot produce a !amine. If a percentage of income, had fallen from c.Juntry prisoners of war. It may be American agriculture were organied like 31 to 22 percent. That is the lowest per­ that some of the prisoners of war will big business, where many financial and labor be placed on the farms of this country adjustments are so delicate that political centage that is recorded in any year bungling can wreck the productive processes, since 1913. to insure that we shall have an ade­ we might have reason for grave alarm at the On the next page of the committee quate supply of food during the duration confusion reflected in the daily output of report we find the following language: of the war. contraction and controversy from Govern­ The following table shows that during the Why? Because the Nation is not only ment bureaus and from Congress, too. base period the average hourly earnings of threatened with a food shortage but ac­ The bulk of American farming is still bio­ the factory worker were at the rate of 21 tually faces a food shortage now. Mr. logical-the cultivation of the earth and the cents per hour, wh1le today they are at the Wickard does not hesitate to say that he husbandry of animal life by famiiies, groups rate of 85 cents per hour, or an increase of cannot now fill the orders which he has of kinsfolk, and by naturally integrated over 300 percent. neighborhood groups. Their natural produc­ for food to send abroad for our soldiers, tive urge and instinct of workmanship has Mr. President, on former occasions it for lend-lease, and to feed the peoples not been sufficiently impaired, by the price has been demonstrated on this floor that being liberated by the force of allied arms. and profit incentive to monopolistic restric­ the men, women, and children producing M-. President, this situation confronts tion, for farm output to be curtailed to a cotton on the southern farms and plan­ us just after we have had the most boun­ starvation point for the American people. tations receive for each hour's labor tiful crop ever grown in America. We Not all the efforts of the Agricultural Ad­ hope to have a good crop this year. We justment Administration to introduce into approximately the amount received for farming the practices of planned nonpro­ each pound of cotton produced. When know that we are going to have a reduced duction, characteristic of the monopolistic cotton sells for 20 cents a pound-about · acreage planted to crops. We know that corporation and the labor union, have served the price at the present time-the cotton we shall not have sufficient farm machin­ to create in foodstuffs any such situation as planter and the cotton producer receive ery or fertilizer this year. We hope that the Nation found in aluminum, synthetic 20 cents an hour for their work. When we shall have a good season; but with rubber, and other industrial products after cotton goes down to 12 cents a pound, the reduced acreage, reduced farm labor, re­ Pearl Harbor. duced machinery, and reduced fertilizer, As family-unit farming is only secondarily cotton planters receive 12 cents an hour capitalistic, the bulk of farmers being for their work. When cotton sold for 5 what is the prospect? Even if we have workers who own their tools of production, cents a pound the population of 11 as good a season as we had last year, · the countryside is allergic to sabotage, and Southern States engaged largely in rais­ we cannot raise the crop this year that also to "class war." These facts may be in­ ing cotton were forced to work at some­ we raised in 1942. I hope we can, but tensely distasteful to the pinko wing of the thing like 5 cents an hour. I am not enough of an optimist to pre­ New Deal, including many of the book farm­ Mr. President, this bill makes it pos­ dict that we shall. • ers of the bureaus and the pavement peas­ Mr. President, the conditions I have antry who write about farming in the lefty sible for 30,000,000 of our people to join pulps that Westbrook Pegler calls "little the same economic system provided for just related are the reasons for the bill butcher paper magazines." 1i3,000,000 of our people. How does the to which I refer. It has passed the House It is from those circles that we always hear Government treat those engaged in in­ of Representatives and is now before the about the alleged struggle between the big dustry? As has been shown in the REc­ Appropriations Committee of the Senate. farmers and the little farmers, between the ORD, if a firm or a corporation secures a The bill would appropriate money to im­ corporation farms and plantations on the contract to make war supplies and the port labor into this country to produce one hand, and the sharecroppers and ten­ contractor loses money, what happens? the food which is necessary "to support antry on the other. The fact is that neither our soldiers and those of our allies, as big farms nor tenant farms produce the bulk In a few days he is given an additional of foodstuffs of this country. Nearly all contract at a sufficiently higher figure well as the people of the liberated coun­ of the alleged organizatiqns of little farmers not only tv make up for the loss on the tries. and sharecroppers are phony commie fronts first contract but to make a substantial If the Senate should send the pending · subsidized by the same rich but frustrated profit on contract No. 2. · bill (H. R. 1408) back to the committee, old dowager coupon clippers who keep the Contrast that system for industry with or if the bill should fail of passage or kept liberal prints. · the system which the Congress has pro­ fail in some other place, by reason of In short, the American farmer is a "kulak" vided for the farm population of Amer­ failure to be signed, what would be the to the commie and the pinko, but unlike the helpless Russian kulaks who were de­ ica. It is already boasted in some quar­ effect upon some 30,000,000 of our people? stroyed and whose destruction brought on ters that those who are renegotiating our The farm boys are at war. No farm the great Russian famine of 1933-34, the war contracts have saved and recovered labor is available. If food production American kulaks are the best organized and for the American people-which means must depend upon the labor of Mexicans, most alert economic group in America, when the Federal Treasury-approximately Haitians, Bahamans, Chinese, or in- it comes to protecting tileir property. /

2478 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 25 Industrialized farming and plantation now would relieve future capital ex)tenditure olutionists won the admiration of the farming in this country account for less than at a time when cash may be tight. entire world, Greece was once again free. 10 percent of agricultural production, and Farmers are the real rugged individualists. Then, as now, the Greeks had the moral that is mostly in cotton, sugar. or range They are dead against too much tinkering and material support of the young Amer­ livestock. with the institution of property. They do One frequently encounters fantastic fig­ not want the noose of government to so ican Republic. Philhellenic societies in ures about the number of poor farmers or tighten that it may lead to dictatorship and Boston, Philadelphia, and other Amer­ marginal farmers in this country, .also the socialism. They are proud of their inde­ ican cities, collected funds, food, and number of sharecroppers. Many American pendence and proud of their ownership of clothing for embattled Greece. The pro­ tenant farmers and many sharecroppers are land. In common with many others, they Greek orations of President Monroe, more prosperous than many farm proprietors, still regard it as the only real property. But· Daniel Webster. Henry Clay, and other so tenure means less than might seem plau­ they simply cannot understand many Of the American statesmen, bear witness to the sible in terms of social attitudes or of pro­ rules and regulations from Washington that historic fact that Greek-American duction either. A marginal farmer is main­ restrict their purchase of new equipment ly .marginal because he lives on poor mar­ and new parts for old equipment. friendship dates from the days of the re­ ginal land, and that fact is sufficient com­ Livestock fr,rmers in particular are hav-' birth of the Hellenic nation. As time has ment upon some of the pinko pleas that the ing great trouble in moving their products. passed, the bonds of this traditional way to boost production is to subsidize poor This is not only true in connection with their friendship have become very strong. farmers and little farmers to do it. Most of own truck transportation which is rapidly Today Greece finds herself once again them produce now, and always have pro­ wearing out, but also in connection with rail fighting tyranny and oppression. And duced, about all they can. transportation. Railroad personnel is, of course, decreasing by reason of men going once again the Greeks are our friends Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I also int o the armed services and in connection and allies in this titanic struggle. Their ask unanimous consent to have printed with their employment in war industries cause is our cause. By their stem, un­ in the RECORD at this point as a part of · Coupled with the need for hauling great wavering courage, and their terrible tor­ my remarks an article entitled "The quantities of war goods the railroads cannot ment and suffering, they have won a last­ be blamed. Adequate farm power and trans­ ing claim on our friendship and com­ Farm Problem," written by Roger W. portation are vital to the operation of any Babson and published in the Washing­ farm and our Washington representatives radeship. ton Post of March 22, 1943. The sub­ should provide it. TWo years and a half ago Mussolini head is, "Too much regimentation seen." The United States has some 10,000,000 started out to subjugate peace-loving There being no objection, the article farmers and millions of productive acreage Greece. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, and grazing lands. By any comparison, agri­ The Greeks, when attacketl, rose up in as follows: culture is a big business. A13 such it involves their wrath and, though vastly outnum­ certain obligations. Yet many farmers are bered, hurled the invader back. The THE FARM PROBLEM so constituted that they chafe under red­ invading hordes, it will be recalled, used (By Roger W. Babson) t ape restrictions and regimentation. Cer­ tainly, industrial management, too, has its the previously treacherously conquered TOO MUCH REGIMENTATION SEEN labor, material, transportation, and many little Albania as a springboard against Backed by the drive for Victory gardens other problems. But both groups have Greece. and as spring draws closer my thoughts and buckled down under the load and done an But the Italians barely set foot upon those of countless others turn naturally to unprecedented job <>f production since Pearl Greek soil when they were pounded back the production of food. England has been Harbor. day by day until they had lost almost all successful in increasing her productive acre­ Farmers resent ceilings on any kind of of Albania. Incidentally, since the de­ age. What she can do, we can do here. farm crops, particularly without adequate Hence, I advige all who can to have .a small floors. But under our present managed flation -of the Fascist myth in Greece, subsistence garden this year, place your seed economy, rightly or wrongly, the old rule Italy has been but a passive, almost neg­ orders now, but don't overbuy. of supply and demand ts out for the dura­ ative fqrce in the Hitler scheme of things. I have no concern over the amateur gar­ tion. The farmer cannot understand this The deflated Duce was down and al­ dener. He will do a good job on his little and needs some definite encouragement. most out when the ruthless Nazi .ma­ home tract. In the course of the summer he Certainly, if the rest of us, in view of lend­ chine heard his outcries for help and will raise a good many wholesome vegetables lease requirements and rationing. are going came to his rescue. to supplement his rationed foodstuffs. Thus, to eat, the farmer ought to be at least pro­ Then the world was given an imper­ in writing today, I am more fearful over the vided with the tools of his trade. He needs plight of the man who makes his livelihood a little hog wire, a few tires, gasoline and ishable example of incomparable cour­ from farming. repair parts, but above everything else he age, moral strength, and love of free­ Whether we like it or not, we are all inti­ needs help in terms of manpower. The re­ dom. Fully aware of the danger, the mately wrapped up with the farmers. I have classification of draftees up to the age. of Greeks walked bravely and unhesitat­ at times taken exception to their demands 45 may go a long way toward solving the ingly into the jaws of almost certain and have not much use for the farm blocs. farm-labor problem. It is a welcome move death, risking disaster rather than sur­ Yet I recognize that they have many real on the part of the Manpower Commissio~ rendering their integrity by dishonorably troubles. The demand for foodstuffs con­ ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY -SECOND submitting and yielding their freedom tinues while some 2,QOO,OOO farm workers ANNIVERSARY OF THE BEGINNING OF without putting up a fight to save it. have left to go into industry and the armed THE GREEK WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE services. This alone is a major headache. The gallant Greeks fought heroically. Unquestionably farmers are in agreement Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I wish But they were crushed by the insuper­ with wage workers and others and do not to make a few observations regarding a able weight of superior numbers and far want excessive inflation. This is being con­ subject not at all connected with the bill superior mechanical equipment, over­ trolled now to some extent but is still ad­ under consideration. I had intended to whelming masses of tanks, and endless vancing too rapidly. Farmers want the hag­ squadrons of airplanes. gling over the parity question by the admin­ do so earlier in the day, but the time did istration stopped and consideration given to not seem appropriate. In thus resisting, the Greeks, like their the increase in farm operating expenses. Mr. President, today is the one hundred traditional friends and allies, the Yugo­ While being asked to produce more food­ and twenty-second anniversary of the slavs, have rendered an inestimable stuffs farmers are up against one bureau try­ beginning of the Greek War of Inde­ service to the cause of freedom. . ing to increase food production, another pendence. Hitler, now that France was prostrate, drafting farm l~bor, and a third stopping Let us pause for a moment to pay trib­ had counted on bringing Yugoslavia and production of farm tools. Greece eventually under the swastika, A good deal can be said in sympathy for ute to Greece, "the cradle of civilization," the current position of the farmers. Most of whose heroic people, refusing to surren­ just as he had conquered Austria, Bul­ them who are workers are not looking for der their honor and liberty, stood up garia, Hungary, and Rumania without subsidies. What they want is a reasonable gallantly in defense of their homeland, a :fight. price for their products and a small margin their freedom, and self-respect. But the two heroic Ba1kan countries after expenses are deducted. The average One hundred and twenty-twoyears ago · chose to fight, and thereby the Nazi time­ farmer has not been able to build up mu{)h of today the Greek Orthodox archbishop table of conquest was upset. Hitler and a financial backlog and hasn't any money to of Patras raised the standard of the his hordes were forced to postpone their lose. But many of them would be able to weather the next depression 1f they .could Greek Revolution against the authority attack against Soviet Russia until the make a profit now. ~armers as a rule are of the old Ottoman Empire. After a month of June was more than two-thirds careful spenders for tools; buildings, and struggle of several years, during which gone. This delay enabled the Russians other equipment. What they might obtain the incomparable deeds of the Greek rev- to rally the armed forces of Russia. an

, 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RE _ CORD-SENAT~ 2479 the German attack bogged down as win­ ers responsible for these crimes against INCLUSION OF' C9ST OF LABOR IN DE­ ter approached. We know now the role humanity. . TERMINING PARITY PRICE of the winter on the Russian front in the Through the cooperation of the United The Senate resumed the consideration present war. - States, British, Canadir..n, and Swedish of the bill

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM Brig. Gen. Alan Walter Jones (lleutenant colonel, Infantry), Army of the United The legislative clerk read the nomina­ Holmes B. Springs to be State director of States. tion of Tom ·c. Clark, of Texas, to be selective service for South Carolina. Brig. Gen. John Bernard Brooks (colonel, Assistant Attorney General of the United WAR MANPOWER COMMISSION Air Corps) , Army of the United States. States. Rhoton Parrott Clift. from the State of Brig. Gen. John Taylor Lewis (lieutenant Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I ask Tennessee, to be area ·director, at $4,600 per colonel, .Coast Artillery Corps) , Army of t:oe that the nomination be confirmed. annum, in the Memphis area omce of the War United States. Manpower Commission. Brig. Gen. li:lbridge Gerry Chapman, Jr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without (lieutenant colonel, Infantry), Army of the objection, the nomination is confirmed. William Gordon Ennis, from the State of Connecticut, to be area director at $6,500 per United States. The legislative clerk read the nomina­ annum. in the Hartford area oftlce of the Brig. Gen. Clarence Ralph Huebner (lieu­ tion of Hugh B. Cox, of the District "f War Manpower Commiss.l.on. tenant colonel, Infantry), Army of the United Columbia, to be Assistant Attorney Gen­ George Sidney Drysdale, from the State of States. eral of the United States