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Optimising Harvest Date Through Use of an Integrated Grape Compositional and Sensory Model Katja ŠUKLJE, Guillaume ANTALICK, Campbell MEEKS, John W

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Optimising Harvest Date Through Use of an Integrated Grape Compositional and Sensory Model Katja ŠUKLJE, Guillaume ANTALICK, Campbell MEEKS, John W Optimising harvest date through use of an integrated grape compositional and sensory model Katja ŠUKLJE, Guillaume ANTALICK, Campbell MEEKS, John W. BLACKMAN, Alain DELOIRE & Leigh M. SCHMIDTKE National Wine and Grape Industry Centre (NWGIC) Charles Sturt University (CSU) Yarra Valley– February 2015 Is aromatic and mouthfeel maturity linked to the technological maturity? • Is the concept of extended hang time necessary to reach optimal ripeness? • Sugar concentration and flavour nexus? • Volatile and non-volatile nexus? Goals (what to achieve) • To study grape aromatic evolution during the ripening using sequential harvest • To characterise grape composition (volatile and non-volatile) in relation to corresponding wines using sequential harvest • Linking grape and wine composition to wine sensory attributes • To study the role of main abiotic drivers (temperature and water) on grape/wine composition From the vineyard to the wine and sensory: how to capture the complexity? An integrated approach across the value chain When to harvest? Traditional indicators: Baume, TA, pH, colour, grape berry sensory evaluation = perception of the wine in the mouth (non volatile matrix). New indicators related to possible wine aromatic profiles (volatile matrix). Experimental design Location Griffith Geographical position: 34”17’00 South; 146”02”00 East Altitude: 134 m Riverina Wagga Wagga Temperature: Huglin index > 3000 Warm to Hot climate (Tonietto & Carbonneau, 2004; Huglin, 1978) Experimental vineyards Shiraz A Shiraz B Blue: low vigour Red: high vigour Smoothed EVI images of Shiraz A and Shiraz B taken on 5 February 2014. Size of a pixel represents 50 cm in nature. Experimental vineyards Vineyard A Vineyard B Primary shoots 73 89 Prunning mass 1476 g/vine 1006 g/vine Clone Minato 1654 Average yield 8 t/ha 12 t/ha Mechanical pruning – Drip irrigation Sprawling training system Time Climatic scales Decade Macroclimate Year Season Month Meso-climate Topoclimate Day Hour Minute Microclimate Nanoclimate Surface Bunch Plot District Province Berry Row Ward Region Climatic data 1. Mesoclimate (vineyard) Weather stations in each experimental vineyard, measuring: - Average temperature - Relative humidity - Rainfall - Solar radiation - Wind speed and direction Average hourly temperatures for vineyard B for different stages of berry development When and how temperature affects berry ripening? Frequency of days when temperature exceeded 35 °C for Shiraz B 43 42 41 40 C ° 39 38 Temperature 37 36 35 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 December January February Date Calculated from mesoclimatic data collected inside the vineyard. Huglin index a 6-month heat summation [((daily mean T–10°C.) + (daily max T –10°C. ))/2] (1 October to 31 March: to be adapted to the phenology, from bud burst to harvest) relating heliothermic conditions of a region to its potential to ripen various cultivars Huglin index Viticultural climate description ≤1500 Very cool >1500≤1800 Cool >1800≤2100 Temperate >2100≤2400 Temperate warm >2400≤3000 Warm >3000 Very warm (Tonietto & Carbonneau, 2004; Huglin, 1978) Cultivars adaptation to the HI 1500: Muller - Thurgau, Portugais bleu,... 1600: Pinot B, Pinot G, Aligoté, Gewurztraminer,… 1700: Pinot N, Riesling, Sylvaner, Gamay 1800: Cabernet - Franc, Merlot,... 1900: Cabernet - Sauvignon, Chenin, Sémillon, … 2000: Grenache, Syrah, Ugni - B, … 2100: Cinsault, Mourvèdre,... 2200: Carignan, Pinotage ?,… 2300: …. Huglin, 1978 and the Arts, Queensland State Government, Australia). Australia). Government, Queensland and the Arts, State Technology of (Department Science, Information data drilled climatic SILO used are data Climatic Huglin units 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250 1949/1950 1951/1952 Frequency of vintages according to according vintages of Frequency 1953/1954 1955/1956 1957/1958 1959/1960 1961/1962 1963/1964 Griffith for (HI>3000) warm very as 1965/1966 1967/1968 1969/1970 1971/1972 1973/1974 1975/1976 1977/1978 Vintages 1979/1980 1981/1982 1983/1984 1985/1986 Huglin 1987/1988 1989/1990 1991/1992 classifiedindex 1993/1994 1995/1996 1997/1998 1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2011/2012 2013/2014 Locations: Yarra Valley and the Arts, Queensland State Government, Australia). Australia). Government, Queensland and the Arts, State Technology of (Department Science, Information data drilled climatic SILO used are data Climatic Huglin units 2100 2120 2140 2160 2180 2200 2220 2240 2260 2280 1949/1950 1951/1952 for (HI>2100≤2400) warm temperate as Frequency of vintages according to according vintages of Frequency 1953/1954 1955/1956 1957/1958 1959/1960 1961/1962 1963/1964 1965/1966 1967/1968 1969/1970 1971/1972 1973/1974 1975/1976 1977/1978 Vintage 1979/1980 1981/1982 1983/1984 1985/1986 Huglin 1987/1988 TarraWarra 1989/1990 1991/1992 classifiedindex 1993/1994 1995/1996 1997/1998 vineyards 1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2011/2012 2013/2014 and the Arts, Queensland State Government, Australia). Australia). Government, Queensland and the Arts, State Technology of (Department Science, Information data drilled climatic SILO used are data Climatic Huglin units 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 1949/1950 1951/1952 to according vintages of Frequency 1953/1954 for (HI>1800≤2100) temperate as 1955/1956 1957/1958 1959/1960 1961/1962 1963/1964 1965/1966 1967/1968 1969/1970 1971/1972 1973/1974 1975/1976 Vintage 1977/1978 1979/1980 1981/1982 1983/1984 Huglin 1985/1986 DeBortoli 1987/1988 1989/1990 1991/1992 classifiedindex 1993/1994 1995/1996 vineyards 1997/1998 1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2011/2012 2013/2014 and the Arts, Queensland State Government, Australia). Australia). Government, Queensland and the Arts, State Technology of (Department Science, Information data drilled climatic SILO used are data Climatic Huglin units 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 1949/1950 1951/1952 Frequency of vintages according to according vintages of Frequency 1953/1954 Vineyards Andrews St. for (HI>1800≤2100) temperate as 1955/1956 1957/1958 1959/1960 1961/1962 1963/1964 1965/1966 1967/1968 1969/1970 1971/1972 1973/1974 1975/1976 1977/1978 Vintage 1979/1980 1981/1982 1983/1984 1985/1986 Huglin 1987/1988 1989/1990 1991/1992 classifiedindex 1993/1994 1995/1996 1997/1998 1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2011/2012 2013/2014 and the Arts, Queensland State Government, Australia). Australia). Government, and Queensland the Arts, State Technology of (Department Science, Information data drilled climatic SILO used are data Climatic Huglin units 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1949/1950 Frequency of vintages according to according vintages of Frequency 1951/1952 1953/1954 as cool (HI>1500≤1800) for (HI>1500≤1800)cool as 1955/1956 1957/1958 1959/1960 1961/1962 1963/1964 1965/1966 1967/1968 1969/1970 1971/1972 1973/1974 1975/1976 1977/1978 Vintages 1979/1980 1981/1982 Gambrook 1983/1984 1985/1986 Huglin 1987/1988 1989/1990 1991/1992 index classifiedindex 1993/1994 vineyards 1995/1996 1997/1998 1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2011/2012 2013/2014 Cold night index is the average of the minimal temperature one month before harvest (it could be calculated 2 or 3 months before harvest as well). Its interest is to help to charaterize the ripening of a cultivar in a particular environment. The four climate classes according the the cold night index (°C.) are: • Warm night: CI > 18 • Temperate night: CI > 14 18 • Cool night: CI 12 14 • Very cool night: CI 12 Day and night temperature and wine styles? hot - warm warm warm temperate - cool temperate cool 9273 developmentally modulated probsets. All day-detected transcripts were modulated at night, whereas 1843 genes were night-specific. Mean Min Temperature (°C) 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 Very cool to cool nights nights cool to cool Very 1950 March and February minimum with mean vintages of Frequency 1952 1954 1956 1958 above1 temperature 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 2 ° C for C for Year 1980 1982 1984 1986 TarraWarra 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 vineyards 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 March February Mean Min Temperature (°C) 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 Very cool to cool nights nights cool to cool Very 1950 March and February minimum with mean vintages of Frequency 1952 1954 1956 1958 temperature above1 temperature 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 2 Vintage 1980 ° C for C for 1982 1984 1986 DeBortoli 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 vineyards 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 March February Mean Min Temperature (°C) 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 Very cool to cool nights nights cool to cool Very 1950 March and February minimum with mean vintages of Frequency 1952 1954 1956 1958 above1 temperature 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 2 ° C for St. Andrews vineyards Andrews St. C for Year 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 March February Mean Min Temperature (°C) 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 Very cool to cool nights nights cool to cool Very 1950 March and February minimum with mean vintages of Frequency 1952 1954 1956 1958 above1 temperature 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 2 ° Year 1980 C for 1982 1984 1986 Gambrook 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 vineyards 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 March February
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