Adaptation and Evolution
Ani Mardiastuti Adaptation
• The process whereby an organism becomes better suited to its habitat • This process takes place over many generations • One of the basic phenomena of biology
Adaptation in Birds
Adaptation in Fish Adaptation: more prominent in an extreme environment Adaptation: Pinguin Rhizophora
Long term adaptation
Long term adaptation might leads to: – evolution – speciation
Types of Evolution
Divergent Convergent Parallel DivergentDivergent Evolution Evolution Peccaries (the Tayasuidae) diverged from the true pigs (the Suidae) about 40 million years ago. Divergent Evolution and Adaptive Radiation
• If divergent evolution is: – Rapid – Increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying lineage
adaptive radiation
Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution
Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution
Cacti North America
Euphorbias Southern Africa Convergent structures ocotillo (left) from the American Southwest, and in the allauidia (right) from Madagascar
Convergent Evolution Parallel Evolution Parallel Evolution Toucan Family Ramphastidae South America
Hornbills Family Bucerotidae Asia Coevolution
• Predators and their prey evolve together • Maling vs. polisi • Computer virus vs. Anti-virus • An “arms race” • Co-evolution also occurs in relationships where both organisms benefit Murbei
Oleander
Jeruk Acacia – South Africa
Hummingbirds
Pace of Evolution
• Phyletic gradualism - slow process with many transitional forms • Punctuated equilibrium - speciation occurs rapidly, transitional links not evident, explains lack of fossils • Living fossils (horseshoe crab, coelacanth) support punctuated equilibrium
Evolutionary Pace
Punctuated Equilibrium Phyletic Gradualism ‘Splitting’ ‘Changing’
Phyletic Gradualism
Evolution of Trilobite
Horseshoe crab “mimi & mintuno”
Living Fossil: Coelacanth