Adaptation and Evolution

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Adaptation and Evolution Ani Mardiastuti Adaptation • The process whereby an organism becomes better suited to its habitat • This process takes place over many generations • One of the basic phenomena of biology Adaptation in Birds Adaptation in Fish Adaptation: more prominent in an extreme environment Adaptation: Pinguin Rhizophora Long term adaptation Long term adaptation might leads to: – evolution – speciation Types of Evolution Divergent Convergent Parallel DivergentDivergent Evolution Evolution Peccaries (the Tayasuidae) diverged from the true pigs (the Suidae) about 40 million years ago. Divergent Evolution and Adaptive Radiation • If divergent evolution is: – Rapid – Increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying lineage adaptive radiation Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Cacti North America Euphorbias Southern Africa Convergent structures ocotillo (left) from the American Southwest, and in the allauidia (right) from Madagascar Convergent Evolution Parallel Evolution Parallel Evolution Toucan Family Ramphastidae South America Hornbills Family Bucerotidae Asia Coevolution • Predators and their prey evolve together • Maling vs. polisi • Computer virus vs. Anti-virus • An “arms race” • Co-evolution also occurs in relationships where both organisms benefit Murbei Oleander Jeruk Acacia – South Africa Hummingbirds Pace of Evolution • Phyletic gradualism - slow process with many transitional forms • Punctuated equilibrium - speciation occurs rapidly, transitional links not evident, explains lack of fossils • Living fossils (horseshoe crab, coelacanth) support punctuated equilibrium Evolutionary Pace Punctuated Equilibrium Phyletic Gradualism ‘Splitting’ ‘Changing’ Phyletic Gradualism Evolution of Trilobite Horseshoe crab “mimi & mintuno” Living Fossil: Coelacanth .

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V Sem Zool Punctuated Equilibrium
V Sem Zool Punctuated Equilibrium Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two ways in which the evolution of a species can occur. A species can evolve by only one of these, or by both. Scientists think that species with a shorter evolution evolved mostly by punctuated equilibrium, and those with a longer evolution evolved mostly by gradualism. Both phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are speciation theory and are valid models for understanding macroevolution. Both theories describe the rates of speciation. For Gradualism, changes in species is slow and gradual, occurring in small periodic changes in the gene pool, whereas for Punctuated Equilibrium, evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change with long periods of non-change. The gradualism model depicts evolution as a slow steady process in which organisms change and develop slowly over time. In contrast, the punctuated equilibrium model depicts evolution as long periods of no evolutionary change followed by rapid periods of change. Both are models for describing successive evolutionary changes due to the mechanisms of evolution in a time frame. Punctuated equilibrium The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis states that speciation events occur rapidly in geological time - over hundreds of thousands to millions of years and that little change occurs in the time between speciation events. In other words, change only happens under certain conditions, and it happens rapidly. Instead of a slow, continuous movement, evolution tends to be characterized by long periods of virtual standstill or equilibrium punctuated by episodes of very fast development of new forms. It was proposed by Eldridge and Gould to explain the gaps in the fossil record - the fact that the fossil record does not show smooth evolutionary transitions.
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Evolution in the Weak-Mutation Limit: Stasis Periods Punctuated by Fast Transitions Between Saddle Points on the Fitness Landscape
Evolution in the weak-mutation limit: Stasis periods punctuated by fast transitions between saddle points on the fitness landscape Yuri Bakhtina, Mikhail I. Katsnelsonb, Yuri I. Wolfc, and Eugene V. Kooninc,1 aCourant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012; bInstitute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and cNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 Contributed by Eugene V. Koonin, December 16, 2020 (sent for review July 24, 2020; reviewed by Sergey Gavrilets and Alexey S. Kondrashov) A mathematical analysis of the evolution of a large population occur (9, 10). The long intervals of stasis are punctuated by short under the weak-mutation limit shows that such a population periods of rapid evolution during which speciation occurs, and the would spend most of the time in stasis in the vicinity of saddle previous dominant species is replaced by a new one. Gould and points on the fitness landscape. The periods of stasis are punctu- Eldredge emphasized that PE was not equivalent to the “hopeful ated by fast transitions, in lnNe/s time (Ne, effective population monsters” idea, in that no macromutation or saltation was proposed size; s, selection coefficient of a mutation), when a new beneficial to occur, but rather a major acceleration of evolution via rapid mutation is fixed in the evolving population, which accordingly succession of “regular” mutations that resulted in the appearance of moves to a different saddle, or on much rarer occasions from a instantaneous speciation, on a geological scale.
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Punctuated Equilibrium Vs. Phyletic Gradualism
International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology Vol. 3, No. 4, December, 2011 Punctuated Equilibrium vs. Phyletic Gradualism Monalie C. Saylo1, Cheryl C. Escoton1 and Micah M. Saylo2 1 University of Antique, Sibalom, Antique, Philippines 2 DepEd Sibalom North District, Sibalom, Antique, Philippines [email protected] Abstract Both phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are speciation theory and are valid models for understanding macroevolution. Both theories describe the rates of speciation. For Gradualism, changes in species is slow and gradual, occurring in small periodic changes in the gene pool, whereas for Punctuated Equilibrium, evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change with long periods of non-change. The gradualism model depicts evolution as a slow steady process in which organisms change and develop slowly over time. In contrast, the punctuated equilibrium model depicts evolution as long periods of no evolutionary change followed by rapid periods of change. Both are models for describing successive evolutionary changes due to the mechanisms of evolution in a time frame. Keywords: macroevolution, phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, speciation, evolutionary change 1. Introduction Has the evolution of life proceeded as a gradual stepwise process, or through relatively long periods of stasis punctuated by short periods of rapid evolution? To date, what is clear is that both evolutionary patterns – phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium have played at least some role in the evolution of life. Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two ways in which the evolution of a species can occur. A species can evolve by only one of these, or by both. Scientists think that species with a shorter evolution evolved mostly by punctuated equilibrium, and those with a longer evolution evolved mostly by gradualism.
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Generating and Filtering Major Phenotypic Novelties: Neogoldschmidtian Saltation Revisited
Chapter 7 Generating and filtering major phenotypic novelties: neoGoldschmidtian saltation revisited Richard N\. Bateman and William A. D/M/che/e ABSTRACT Further developing a controversial neoGoldschmidtian paradigm that we first pub- lished in 1994, we here narrowly define saltational evolution as a genetic modifica- tion that is expressed as a profound phenotypic change across a single generation and results in a potentially independent evolutionary lineage termed a prospecies (the 'hopeful monster' of Richard Goldschmidt). Of several saltational and parasaltational mechanisms previously discussed by us, the most directly relevant to evolutionary-developmental genetics is dichotomous saltation, which is driven by mutation within a single ancestral Uneage. It can result not only in instantaneous speciation but also in the simultaneous origin of a profound phenotypic novelty more likely to be treated as a new supraspecific taxon. Saltational events form unusually long branches on morphological phylogenies, which follow a punctuated equilibrium pattern, but at the time of origin they typically form zero length branches on the contrastingly gradualistic molecular phylogenies. Our chosen case- studies of heterotopy (including homeosis) and heterochrony in fossil seed-ferns and extant orchids indicate that vast numbers of prospecies are continuously generated by mutation of key developmental genes that control morphogenesis. First principles suggest that, although higher plant mutants are more likely to become established than higher animals, the fitness of even plant prospecies is in at least most cases too low to survive competition-mediated selection. The establishment of prospecies is most Hkely under temporary release from selection in environments of low biotic competition for resources, followed by honing to competitive fitness by gradual rein- troduction to neoDarwinian selection.
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Evolution & Development
Received: 28 March 2019 | Revised: 5 August 2019 | Accepted: 6 August 2019 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12312 RESEARCH Developmental bias in the fossil record Illiam S. C. Jackson Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden Abstract The role of developmental bias and plasticity in evolution is a central research Correspondence interest in evolutionary biology. Studies of these concepts and related Illiam S. C. Jackson, Lund University, Sweden. processes are usually conducted on extant systems and have seen limited Email: [email protected] investigation in the fossil record. Here, I identify plasticity‐led evolution (PLE) as a form of developmental bias accessible through scrutiny of paleontological Funding information Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, material. I summarize the process of PLE and describe it in terms of the Grant/Award Number: KAW 2012.0155 environmentally mediated accumulation and release of cryptic genetic variation. Given this structure, I then predict its manifestation in the fossil record, discuss its similarity to quantum evolution and punctuated equili- brium, and argue that these describe macroevolutionary patterns concordant with PLE. Finally, I suggest methods and directions towards providing evidence of PLE in the fossil record and conclude that such endeavors are likely to be highly rewarding. KEYWORDS cryptic genetic variation, developmental bias, plasticity‐led evolution 1 | INTRODUCTION we might expect to result from PLE in the fossil record, anchor these patterns in historical work and suggest Developmental bias describes the manner in which methods and future directions for examining PLE using certain changes to development are more accessible to fossil data. evolution than others (Arthur, 2004). A key generator of developmental bias, and integral to understanding its role in evolution, is developmental plasticity, which 2 | CONSTRUCTIVE refers to an organism’s ability to adjust its phenotype in DEVELOPMENT response to environmental conditions (Laland et al., 2015; Schwab, Casasa, & Moczek, 2019).
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Evolutionary Dynamics of Speciation and Extinction
Scholars' Mine Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2015 Evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction Dawn Michelle King Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations Part of the Biophysics Commons Department: Physics Recommended Citation King, Dawn Michelle, "Evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction" (2015). Doctoral Dissertations. 2464. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2464 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION by DAWN MICHELLE KING A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Faculty of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT SAINT LOUIS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in PHYSICS 2015 Approved by: Sonya Bahar, Advisor Ricardo Flores Nevena Marić Paul Parris Thomas Vojta 1 iii ABSTRACT Presented here is an interdisciplinary study that draws connections between the fields of physics, mathematics, and evolutionary biology. Importantly, as we move through the Anthropocene Epoch, where human-driven climate change threatens biodiversity, understanding how an evolving population responds to extinction stress could be key to saving endangered ecosystems. With a neutral, agent-based model that incorporates the main principles of Darwinian evolution, such as heritability, variability, and competition, the dynamics of speciation and extinction is investigated. The simulated organisms evolve according to the reaction-diffusion rules of the 2D directed percolation universality class.
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Parsimonious Explanations for Punctuated Patterns
Evo Edu Outreach (2008) 1:138–146 DOI 10.1007/s12052-007-0025-4 CURRICULUM ARTICLE Views from Understanding Evolution: Parsimonious Explanations for Punctuated Patterns Anastasia Thanukos Published online: 19 January 2008 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007 Keywords Punctuated equilibria . Allopatric speciation . change (Fig. 1c)—in which, for example, tracing fossils Peripatric speciation . Parsimony . Teaching through rock layers that correspond to a slow cooling in Earth’s climate reveals the gradual evolution of traits suited to colder temperatures. This picture of slow evolution, Antievolution groups have frequently pointed to the debate which Eldredge and Gould termed phyletic gradualism, fits prompted by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Gould’s(1972) well with one of the keystones of evolutionary theory: proposal of punctuated equilibria with triumph. “Look,” natural selection, the process responsible for adapting they’ve claimed, “biologists can’t even agree among them- populations to changes in their environments. It is easy to selves how evolution works. The theory must be failing.” In imagine natural selection, for example, slowly transforming the article included in this issue, “Editor’s Corner: The Early a delicate tropical species into a hardy, well-insulated, cold- “Evolution” of “Punctuated Equilibria”,” Niles Eldredge tolerant species over many millions of years. In some cases, (2008) takes on that mischaracterization. He describes the we do observe such gradualistic patterns in the fossil roots of punctuated equilibria and reveals how it builds on record, but in many others, we observe evolution in (not tears down!) established evolutionary theory. apparent fits and starts. If the evolutionary mechanism of The idea of punctuated equilibria was inspired by a natural selection helps explain apparently gradual evolu- mysterious pattern in the fossil record.
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Evolution Lesson 8.4: Macroevolution and the Origin of Species Lesson
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George Gaylord Simpson and the Invention of Modern Paleontology
Momentum Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 5 2012 Defining a Discipline: George Gaylord Simpson and the Invention of Modern Paleontology William S. Kearney [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum Recommended Citation Kearney, William S. (2012) "Defining a Discipline: George Gaylord Simpson and the Invention of Modern Paleontology," Momentum: Vol. 1 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol1/iss2/5 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol1/iss2/5 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Defining a Discipline: George Gaylord Simpson and the Invention of Modern Paleontology Abstract Kearney studies how the paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson worked to define his own field of evolutionary paleontology. This journal article is available in Momentum: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol1/iss2/5 Kearney: Defining a Discipline: George Gaylord Simpson and the Invention o 1 Defining a Discipline George Gaylord Simpson and the Invention of Modern Paleontology William S. Kearney The synthesis of Darwinian evolution by natural selection and Mendelian genetics was the crowning achievement of early 20th century biology. It gave an underlying theoretical basis for every major field of biology from molecular biology to zoology to community ecology. And by no means was the synthesis the work of one man. American, British, German and Russian geneticists, naturalists, and mathematicians all provided major theoretical contributions to the synthesis. But in paleontology it was a different story. One man, George Gaylord Simpson, in one book, Tempo and Mode in Evolution, effectively synthesized evolutionary biology and paleontology.
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