Adaptation and

Ani Mardiastuti

• The process whereby an organism becomes better suited to its habitat • This process takes place over many generations • One of the basic phenomena of biology

Adaptation in Birds

Adaptation in Fish Adaptation: more prominent in an extreme environment Adaptation: Pinguin Rhizophora

Long term adaptation

Long term adaptation might leads to: – evolution –

Types of Evolution

Divergent Convergent Parallel DivergentDivergent Evolution Evolution Peccaries (the Tayasuidae) diverged from the true pigs (the Suidae) about 40 million years ago. and

• If divergent evolution is: – Rapid – Increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying lineage

 adaptive radiation

Convergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution

Cacti North America

Euphorbias Southern Africa Convergent structures ocotillo (left) from the American Southwest, and in the allauidia (right) from Madagascar

Convergent Evolution Parallel Evolution Toucan Family Ramphastidae South America

Hornbills Family Bucerotidae Asia

• Predators and their prey evolve together • Maling vs. polisi • Computer virus vs. Anti-virus • An “arms race” • Co-evolution also occurs in relationships where both organisms benefit Murbei

Oleander

Jeruk Acacia – South Africa

Hummingbirds

Pace of Evolution

• Phyletic - slow process with many transitional forms • - speciation occurs rapidly, transitional links not evident, explains lack of fossils • Living fossils (horseshoe crab, coelacanth) support punctuated equilibrium

Evolutionary Pace

Punctuated Equilibrium Phyletic Gradualism ‘Splitting’ ‘Changing’

Phyletic Gradualism

Evolution of Trilobite

Horseshoe crab “mimi & mintuno”

Living Fossil: Coelacanth