Adaptation and Evolution

Adaptation and Evolution

Adaptation and Evolution Ani Mardiastuti Adaptation • The process whereby an organism becomes better suited to its habitat • This process takes place over many generations • One of the basic phenomena of biology Adaptation in Birds Adaptation in Fish Adaptation: more prominent in an extreme environment Adaptation: Pinguin Rhizophora Long term adaptation Long term adaptation might leads to: – evolution – speciation Types of Evolution Divergent Convergent Parallel DivergentDivergent Evolution Evolution Peccaries (the Tayasuidae) diverged from the true pigs (the Suidae) about 40 million years ago. Divergent Evolution and Adaptive Radiation • If divergent evolution is: – Rapid – Increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying lineage adaptive radiation Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Cacti North America Euphorbias Southern Africa Convergent structures ocotillo (left) from the American Southwest, and in the allauidia (right) from Madagascar Convergent Evolution Parallel Evolution Parallel Evolution Toucan Family Ramphastidae South America Hornbills Family Bucerotidae Asia Coevolution • Predators and their prey evolve together • Maling vs. polisi • Computer virus vs. Anti-virus • An “arms race” • Co-evolution also occurs in relationships where both organisms benefit Murbei Oleander Jeruk Acacia – South Africa Hummingbirds Pace of Evolution • Phyletic gradualism - slow process with many transitional forms • Punctuated equilibrium - speciation occurs rapidly, transitional links not evident, explains lack of fossils • Living fossils (horseshoe crab, coelacanth) support punctuated equilibrium Evolutionary Pace Punctuated Equilibrium Phyletic Gradualism ‘Splitting’ ‘Changing’ Phyletic Gradualism Evolution of Trilobite Horseshoe crab “mimi & mintuno” Living Fossil: Coelacanth .

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