RUTGERS 2030 MASTERPLAN

PUBLIC ACCESS PLANNING FALL 2017 STUDIO Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy Graduate Planning Studio Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901 http://bloustein.rutgers.edu

Written by Michelle Hartmann Pranay Kumar Susana Gonzalez Rodriguez Sonia Szczesna Casey Wolf Ying Xu Chongrui Yang

Edited by Michelle Hartmann Sonia Szczesna Casey Wolf

The following report contributes to the Sustainable Raritan Initiative The Sustainable Raritan River Initiative, a joint program of Rutgers’ Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy and the School of Environmental and Biological Science, works with stakeholders around the Raritan region to balance social, economic and environmental objectives towards the common goal of restoring the Raritan River, its tributaries and its estuary for current and future generations.

Written December 2017 Edited December 2018

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to Frank Wong from the Department of Facilities and Capital planning for participating as the client for this studio project Thank you to all the stakeholders for participating in interviews to help inform this report.

Delaware & Raritan Canal Watch Linda Barth, President

Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning Matt Campo, Environmental Analysis and and Public Policy, Rutgers University Communications Group Karen Lowrie, Environmental Analysis and Communications Group Leigh Anne Von Hagen, A.M. Voorhees Transportation Center

Langan Dave Charette, Principle

Lower Raritan Watershed Partnership Heather Fenyk, Executive Director

coLAB Arts John Keller, Director of Education and Outreach

New Jersey Water Supply Authority Ken Klipstein, Director of Watershed Protection

School of Environmental and Biological Tobiah Horton, Department of Landscape Sciences, Rutgers University Architecture Richard Lathrop, RU Eco Preserve, Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources

The Nature Conservancy Elizabeth Schuster, Environmental Economist

Rutgers University Recreation Dave Williams, Executive Director Jessie Stratowski, Outdoor Recreation Coordinator

A special thank you to Sara Malone for offering her facilitation and mentorship throughout this process.

Chapter 1 | Introduction 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Formerly industrial communities like New Brunswick were centered on recommendations for these large and complex projects can coexist when active river fronts. Economic, cultural, and social life often relied on public site-specific context is considered. These two elements present a great access to a waterway, despite the noxious pollution left behind by industrial opportunity for Rutgers and a wide range of stakeholders to foster a renewed production. After years of redevelopment, especially the construction of relationship with the Raritan River, not just as a transit route, but as a Route 18, the Rutgers University 2030 Master Plan is looking for ways to destination for Rutgers students, local residents, and visitors alike. re-establish this connection between the city and its river. This return to the Raritan is not without obstacles, as there are various regulatory, funding, and stakeholder concerns to consider.

This report, produced by a team of graduate students at the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, is an examination of two elements in the Rutgers University 2030 Master Plan: a multi-modal bridge spanning the Raritan River and a boardwalk along the river’s edge. Each element presents its own set of challenges and opportunities, which are outlined in the report from three perspectives: 1) access 2) environment and 3) health and safety.

The report provides context of the study area, the studio team’s findings on the proposed projects from these three perspectives, and recommendations for their design and continued success. Note the task of this studio is not to provide engineered or architectural solutions, but conceptual suggestions that can be integrated into future designs. Seemingly contradictory

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 Introduction ...... 11 RU 2030 MASTERPLAN CONTEXT CHAPTER 2 Methodology...... 19 CHAPTER 3 Existing Conditions...... 25 CHAPTER 4 Findings & Recommendations...... 33 BOARDWALK BRIDGE CHAPTER 5 Regulations...... 65 CHAPTER 6 Long-Term Sustainability...... 71 PROGRAMS & PARTNERSHIPS FUNDING REGULATIONS CHAPTER 7 Conclusions...... 83 References...... 87 Lists of...... 93 FIGURES IMAGES TABLES Appendices...... 97

Chapter 1 | Introduction 5 RUTGERS 2030 MASTER PLAN

The Rutgers 2030: Rutgers University Physical Master Plan is a comprehensive document designed to reassess the needs and goals of each campus individually (New Brunswick, Newark, and Camden) and as part of the larger Rutgers University context. This document was created as a complementary physical vision to goals outlined in the Rutgers - New Brunswick Strategic Plan developed and adopted in February 2014.

Overall, the goal of the New Brunswick plan is to stimulate growth and help reconnect the five independent campuses across New Brunswick and Piscataway previously developed in piecemeal since their inception in 1766 (Image 1). Outlined in the plan are five core objectives, which range from campus connectivity to student life and health, wellness and recreation, to focus and prioritize proposed projects.

CAMPUS CONNECTIVITY - TRANSPORTATION STRATEGIC ACADEMIC INITIATIVES STUDENT LIFE HOUSING

HEALTH, WELLNESS & RECREATION Image 1: A visionary rendering of the future for Rutgers University - New Brunswick from the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan document.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 6 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT

A group of graduate students, with input from a number of stakeholders and key organizations, developed this report to understand the implications of developing two projects from the Rutgers 2030 Masterplan. The findings of this report yields concerns and opportunities paired with proposed design recommendations for these projects.

The purpose of this report is to offer future administrators, potential funders, and concerned stakeholders design options to consider when further developing projects proposed in the Rutgers 2030 Masterplan. Each project, while visionary in its scope, requires a deep analysis of public access implications from the user scale perspective.

The following report offers a background analysis of existing conditions, implications related to health and safety, environment, access, design recommendations, regulatory considerations, potential funders, and programming opportunities.

The ultimate goal of this report is to provide on-the-ground insight into the details of these projects as it relates to public access.

Chapter 1 | Introduction 7 ABOUT THE STUDIO

The Rutgers 2030 Master Plan Public Access Planning Studio is a graduate that analyzes these projects through mapping exercises, detailed studio of the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy. The characterization, public access goals, and concepts to consider. Bloustein studios provide students with an inter-disciplinary opportunity to conduct hands-on research around real-life problems, to work with clients, and to devise team-based solutions.

The Raritan Studios apply this planning process to the river at our campus edge. The Raritan River has long been a part of Rutgers’ culture and played a pivotal role in the founding of the colonial college amid New Brunswick’s river-based commerce. The Raritan is even the muse of Rutgers alma mater, “On the Banks of the Old Raritan”. As a result, the school developed planning studios to address area concerns that aim to protect and enrich this natural feature.

This semester-long studio exploration analyzes public access along the Raritan River through the scope of the Rutgers 2030: Rutgers University Physical Master Plan. The projects of special concern to this analysis include: the riverside boardwalk and the multi-modal bridge access route from the proposed transit hub to Livingston Campus.

The analysis explores issues related to the planning, regulation, environmental conditions, and public access around the two proposed projects. Together, the group developed a comprehensive report Image 2: The studio team after the public presentation with client Frank Wong (fourth from left) and instructor Sara Malone (fifth from left).

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 8 STUDIO TEAM in the Medellin Municipality under the direction of the Private where she created a multimedia prototype for a series of Secretary and Director of Planning. During her three years walking tours, and researched and responded to public The following students participated in the graduate planning studio. there, she participated in a team that supervised over 400 inquiries on historic preservation matters. She earned her Michelle Hartmann is pursuing a concentration in public infrastructure and architectural projects in the phases bachelor’s degree in Cinema and Media Studies from Carleton communication planning and information design. She of conception and initiation, budgeting, architectural design, College in Northfield, Minnesota, and became interested in works as a program associate with the Rutgers Cooperative tendering and contracting, construction and put to use. Susana urban planning while working as a dog walker in suburban Extension Water Resources Program where she assists continues to pursue a career in the public sector; she currently New Jersey. with the design and implementation of green infrastructure works in the New York City Department of Transportation. Her Ying Xu is a degree candidate with concentrations in GIS projects throughout the state. Michelle’s work focuses on interests are public spaces and urban design linked to bicycle and transportation planning. Having participated in the Fifth how design and communication come together to foster and pedestrian transportation planning. Community Scholar program by HCDNNJ and worked as community stewardship and create successful built projects. Sonia Szczesna has a combined concentration in research assistant at Alan M. Voorhees Transportation Center, Pranay Kumar is concentrating in Sustainable Energy environmental planning and policy. Sonia received a B.A. from Ying employs comprehensive methods to deal with every and Transportation Management Planning. He is currently Rutgers in Geography and Russian Language in 2013. Prior to project, integrating statistical analysis, spatial analysis and associated with the Center for Energy, Economics and returning to Rutgers for her graduate degree, Sonia interned graphic design in all her work. She achieved her Bachelor of Environmental Policy as a research assistant. He holds at NASA DEVELOP where she used satellite data to develop Engineering in Urban Planning degree from Tongji University bachelor degrees in Electrical Engineering and Law and has agricultural suitability maps for farmers in Virginia and then in Shanghai, China. wide experience in legislative, policy, and regulatory issues moved to Turkey for a Fulbright Scholarship where she taught Chongrui Yang is pursuing a concentration in urban design, associated with the inception, planning and implementation of English in a small mining town and became interested in and her career aspiration is to be a professional urban designer. infrastructure projects in India. In order to address the global public spaces. She currently works at the Alan M. Voorhees With her bachelor’s degree in environmental engineering, concerns of environmental degradation and climate change Transportation Center and runs a student organization called Chongrui prefers sustainable and humanized designs in her with sustainable development, he has returned to planning Hub City Active Travel (HUBCAT), which seeks to empower projects, such as self-sufficient communities and green roof school as a full time student to learn as well as to contribute the Rutgers/New Brunswick community to walk and bike structures. Systematic study and training helped her master by marrying innovative ideas and technological solutions with together. Upon graduating, Sonia hopes to work in promoting basic visualization tools, such as AutoCAD, SketchUP, and implementable plans, laws and workable business solutions. the accessibility of public lands through conservation and Adobe Creative Suite, to present vivid perspective views education. Susana Gonzalez Rodriguez is an international student to clients. As an assistant in the Engineering department, from Medellin, Colombia and obtained a Bachelor of Casey Wolf is concentrating in International Development Chongrui completed her summer internship in a Chinese real Architecture degree from Pontifical Bolivarian University in and pursuing a certificate in Historic Preservation. Recently, estate company, which fostered not only her working skills but 2014. She developed her interest in planning while working she interned with the Neighborhood Preservation Center, also her efficient communication with clients and colleagues.

Chapter 1 | Introduction 9

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 | Introduction 11 THE BOARDWALK & MULTI-MODAL BRIDGE

In accordance with the Master Plan, a new bridge incorporating a pedestrian and bicycle pathway is proposed to connect College Avenue with Livingston through the existing Ecological Preserve. Based on the plan’s priorities, it is important the project balance open space preservation with a new direct connection between Rutgers properties on either side of the Raritan River. In addition to acting as a link among campuses, the bridge will serve as a symbol of the potential of 21st century Rutgers – New Brunswick.

A walkway is envisioned along the New Brunswick side of the river to Image 4: A visionary rendering of the proposed bridge over the Raritan River and boardwalk from the connect College Avenue and Douglass campuses (Image 3). Given the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan document. existing infrastructure, it would be accessible from stairs and ramps from the university and city residents). river’s bluff (Image 4). In addition to acting as a thoroughfare for commuting students and faculty, the walkway allows recreation along the riverfront, Overall, both projects will prioritize collaboration and partnership with reviving the connection to the river for the community as a whole (both the local constituencies. The goal of both projects is to increase recreational use and pedestrian connections throughout the existing necklace of parks surrounding the Raritan River floodplain.

THE UNIVERSITY CONTEXT

The proposed projects are primarily located in New Brunswick and Piscataway, municipalities in northwest Middlesex County within the Raritan Image 3: An aerial rendering of the project area, indicated in yellow, from the Rutgers 2030 Master River Watershed (Figure 1). Though inland, this stretch of the Raritan rises Plan document.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 12 and falls with the tides, hosting various migratory marine species. The The Rutgers 2030 Master Plan also proposes a new trail through the Rutgers New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife regulates the river downstream of University Ecological Preserve to create a connection between the bridge’s Landing Lane as a marine water body. In the study area (Figure 2, shown in end in Johnson Park and Livingston Avenue Campus. yellow), the boardwalk runs from the east end of the D&R Canal Trail, along the Raritan River near College Avenue Campus, through Boyd Park, ending with connections to the Cook and Douglass campuses. The proposed bridge will stretch from Deiner Park behind Hardenbergh Hall (slated for demolition in the 2030 Plan) across the Raritan River, and end in Middlesex County’s Johnson Park, most likely within the municipal boundaries of Piscataway.

Figure 1 (above): The location of Rutgers’ occupied municipalities within the state and county. Figure 2 (above): A map of the project area highlighted in yellow.

Chapter 1 | Introduction 13 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The City of New Brunswick, formed by royal charter in 1730, has long depended on the Raritan River as an economic engine and travel route. The Delaware and Raritan Canal (D&R) was built from 1830 to 1834, mostly by Irish immigrant laborers, to provide an easy and profitable passage for anthracite coal from Pennsylvania to New York City (Barth, 2002; Ferris, 2014). To account for changes in elevation, the canal relied on a sophisticated system of locks where water levels and canal barges would rise and fall like a bathtub. Where the Raritan River became navigable in New Brunswick, the D&R’s only double lock system marked the end of the canal. Decommissioned since 1932, the canal now serves as a recreation area, historic district, and water supply, under the joint administration of the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, the Delaware and Raritan Canal Commission, and the New Jersey Water Supply Authority. The linear state park, which ends at Landing Lane, hosts over one million visitors every year. Image 5: A postcard of the original Queens Building from the Ken Lew Postcard Collection.

Rutgers University was founded in New Brunswick as Queen’s College buildings downtown. Across the river in Piscataway, previously agricultural in 1766, offering seminary coursework at the back of a tavern. With the land north of River Road (Figure 3), was reforested to become the Rutgers passage of the Morrill Act in 1862, Rutgers became New Jersey’s land- University Ecological Preserve in 1976, following the example of Kilmer grant university, committed to the public good and the expansion of higher Woods, nearby agricultural land that was reforested prior to the Ecological education to the working classes; this commitment lives on in the New Jersey Preserve. Agricultural Experiment Station and the Rutgers Cooperative Extension. Rutgers’ development in the New Brunswick area, especially since WWII, Raritan Landing, also in Piscataway, was a vanished and largely forgotten has been geographically scattered over five campuses and several academic colonial-era port community spanning Johnson Park until various sewer

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 14 and construction projects, including Route 18’s extension over the Raritan beginning in 2000, required archaeological surveys which unearthed artifacts and building foundations throughout the 80s, 90s, and early 2000s. East Jersey Olde Towne, a nearby open-air museum, hosts a permanent exhibit of Raritan Landing artifacts. The Route 18 extension had snaked its way along the river’s edge in New Brunswick in the 1980s, buried a large section of the canal including Lock 13 (Figure 3), and completed its swoop over the Raritan into Piscataway in 2004. At the new endpoint of the canal, the construction created the spillway east of Landing Lane to manage canal overflow. As mitigation for Route 18’s environmental damage, the NJDOT built the recreation courts at Deiner Park on a deck over the highway, and the Route 18 bikeway, a narrow path squeezed in between the highway and the river (Route 18 EIS). In the years following extensive renovations of Boyd Park and the section of Route 18 below Albany Street in the late 90s and 2000s, the area suffered several rounds of hurricane damage. The former New Brunswick police headquarters, just south of the Albany Street Bridge, fell victim to Hurricane Floyd in 1999. Boyd Park and Route 18 were inundated during Hurricane Irene (2011) and Hurricane Sandy (2012).

1 RARITAN LANDING 3 D&R CANAL LOCK 13

2 KILMER WOODS 4 TERMINAL LOCKS 1000 ft Figure 3 (right): The New Brunswick area in 1930. Source: NJ DEP NJ-GeoWeb.

Chapter 1 | Introduction 15 The study area contains many more historical secrets now hidden from view on the landscape. There is no clear indication of the nation’s first Independence Day celebration on the banks of the Raritan in 1778 or any remembrance of the enslaved people on the Underground Railroad who braved the dangerous route across the Raritan while slave catchers patrolled the Albany Street Bridge (Armstead et al, 2016: 94). There are no remnants of railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt’s first successful venture, a hotel near the river south of Albany Street, or the Hiram Market neighborhood, a long-time haven for immigrant communities. After several waves of redevelopment, New Brunswick now stands as the largest missing piece of the D&R Canal towpath trail and historic district (Figure 4). Advocates for the canal, including the D&R Canal Watch, and the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan both recommend re-establishing a connection between the State Park and the canal terminus in Boyd Park to provide recreational continuity for the million plus users of the Canal State Park and reflect the historic centrality of the Raritan in New Brunswick daily life.

Figure 4 (right): The Delaware and Raritan Canal Historic District extending throughout Central Jersey and ending in New Brunswick. Source: NJ DEP Bureau of GIS.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 16 USER DEMOGRAPHICS

New Brunswick’s population is relatively young; nearly half are between 15 and 29 years old--it is home to many students attending Rutgers University and thus experiences significant fluctuations in population with the academic calendar. The city is home to a number of major institutions aside from Rutgers including three hospitals Robert Wood Johnson, St. Peters, and the Bristol-Myers Squibb Children’s hospital, as well as the Figure 6: New Brunswick population’s age, percent of disability, and primary language according to the 2010 Census. Source: US Census (2010) Johnson & Johnson world headquarters, effectively earning it the nickname the “Healthcare City”. These institutions employ large numbers of people half the household income of neighboring Piscataway (Figure 5). Most from both in and out of town (Robert Wood Johnson alone has 42,000 notably, a significant number of New Brunswick residents earn less than employees). As a result, the daytime population swells during business $10,000 a year with 35% of the population considered” below the poverty hours and depletes line”. Most households own only one vehicle and many have none. Access to dramatically after 5pm. safe bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure is vital to these communities. Over Employees coming to half of residents speak a language other than English, 70% of whom speak New Brunswick could English less than “Very Well” (Figure 6). take advantage of the Improvement of public spaces can encourage exercise and recreation bridge & boardwalk to promote healthier lifestyles for both residents of the Health Care City project in their commute and Rutgers University students. The bridge and boardwalk project could and lunchtime hours enhance public space availability and connectivity for Rutgers students, as well, making it an Figure 5: Household median income across Rutgers’ staff and employees, as well as local residents and commuters. It is attractive project for neighboring communities. Source: US Census (2010) important to note that 16% of New Brunswick residents have a disability, these institutions. which is something that needs to be accounted for while planning physical New Brunswick’s residents, major employers notwithstanding, make about infrastructure.

Chapter 1 | Introduction 17

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

Chapter 2 | Methodology 19 METHODOLOGY explored the booths and performances at the Raritan River Festival and Rubber Duck Race taking place in Boyd Park. The studio team’s research process emphasized a thorough understanding of the proposed site. While some team members were very familiar with New This field work shaped many initial research topics. Each member of the Brunswick, others were completely new to the area. To identify gaps and studio took on the task of delving into a particular subject matter, including opportunities in pedestrian and bicycle access and assess the environmental conditions of the site, the team explored the area on foot, using notes and photographs to record observations. Additionally, Professor Richard Lathrop, the Rutgers Ecological Preserve Faculty Director, led the initial field visit through the Ecological Preserve, presenting its history through the character of its flora and fauna. The team also learned how Rutgers students use the area, observing projects and current research.

After exploring the Preserve, the group started down the bicycle lane running along the New Brunswick side of the Raritan River, flanked on its other side by Route 18. Officially named the Route 18 bikeway, the unkempt area is known locally as the “trench” in reference to its rough, claustrophobic qualities; these two names will be used interchangeably throughout the report. Starting in Buccleuch Park, the team traversed George Street at an inconspicuous crosswalk (Image 6). Passing near the canal spillway just east of Landing Lane Bridge and continuing under the Route 18 bridge, team members negotiated a dangerous Route 18 off-ramp pedestrian crossing Image 6: George Street access to bike lane from Buccleauch Park from site visit on September 24, 2017. to reach the trench. Here the group experienced first-hand the obstacles to safely accessing the space, the path’s limited egress, and its severe lack stakeholder outreach, environmental concerns, regulatory requirements, of maintenance, among other things. At the end of the trench, the group historic and cultural considerations, health and safety, circulation and

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 20 transportation, and design concepts. This research entailed in-class lectures, expert consultation, stakeholder interviews, GIS analyses, data collection, and reviews of academic literature and research reports. To synthesize the individual findings, group members met to compile their research and devise a structure to present the information. The team discovered that there were three fundamental, overlapping perspectives through which to analyze these findings and consider the proposed projects, and that these perspectives were complementary to the core objectives of the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan.

Image 7: Existing pathway under Route 18 from studio site visit on September 24, 2017.

Chapter 2 | Methodology 21 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

The three perspectives the team used to organize the findings and recommendations of this report were: access, environment, and health and safety. Each principle represents an important aspect of the report related to the proposed projects’ engagement with public access, which is the overarching topic of this studio, and each generates a series of research questions, some of which are listed below.

ACCESS Ensuring public can effectively utilize and enter the space.

This includes both physical access (Can someone in a wheelchair easily get from Route 27 to the trench? How many access points does the trench have and how far apart are they?) and user access (What recreational opportunities will the bridge provide? What kinds of programming will help attract people to the space? Will bicyclists and pedestrians alike feel welcomed to the space? How about Rutgers students and New Brunswick residents?).

ENVIRONMENT Minimizing negative environmental impacts and providing a pleasant space.

The environmental perspective involves avoiding or minimizing environmental damage while improving the undesirable conditions that the team noted through site visits and research. It accounts for state and federal Figure 7: Diagram of methodological approach.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 22 environmental regulations and considers any impacts the proposed projects would likely have on the existing conditions. (How will bridge pylons affect river ecology? How can the proposed design best mitigate exposure to noise pollution along Route 18?)

HEALTH & SAFETY Ensuring the welfare and protection of the space’s visitors.

This includes assessing and tackling real and perceived threats to mental and physical health in the project area, determining the best safety measures to mitigate these threats, and finding ways that the space can promote health and wellness. (What is missing from the space that could help users feel safe? What are the hazards associated with close proximity to water?)

These three content areas sometimes overlap and reinforce each other. For example, the limited points of egress on the trench are an access issue in and of themselves, but due to the lack of maintenance and users’ perception of crime, they are also a health and safety issue. One of the three areas can also conflict with another perspective, e.g., paved pathways and round-the- clock access through the Ecological Preserve clashes with environmental concerns for the site. Depending on the weight given to each perspective, two people, armed with the same findings, may come to different conclusions. The studio team also weighed regulations, funding, and stakeholder concerns to develop well-rounded recommendations, outlined in Chapter 3.

Chapter 2 | Methodology 23 Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 24 CHAPTER 3: EXISTING CONDITIONS

Chapter 3 | Existing Conditions 25 ACCESS| Ensuring public can effectively utilize and enter the space.

According to the Trust for Public Land’s research on the New Brunswick park system, the city’s parks lack adequate access. In particular, the report notes how the area along the Raritan River is underutilized for recreation by the general public and that there is little connectivity between parks (Trust for Public Land, 2011). Considering the distribution of Rutgers University campuses throughout the City of New Brunswick and Piscataway, creating a park network to enhance land connections presents value to not only the City, but also the University. Increasing park connectivity within New Brunswick would provide access to open spaces for Rutgers students and city residents to recreate, socialize, and relax, enhancing their overall river experience.

This report focuses on access to parks and paths along the Raritan River. The study area begins at the end of D&R Canal State Park, adjacent to the canal spillway and water supply intake (see Project Context). Just across George Street is Buccleuch Park, New Brunswick’s largest city park totaling Figure 8: Existing access points to the bikeway along Route 18. 78 acres (City of New Brunswick, 2016). The path referred to as “the trench” runs from this area to Boyd Park, along Route 18. The development of Route New Street Access, and (5) Commercial Avenue Access. 18 (see History) severed the city’s connection to the riverfront, leaving New Of all the access points, George Street (Figure 8-1) is perhaps the most Brunswick with only five points of access along the Raritan River. Some dangerous. From Buccleuch Park, the first pedestrian crossing that leads to of these points are less functional than others, and all are hindered by the the trench’s walkway is a treacherous section of George Street as cars rarely heavy traffic of the highway. The access points shown in Figure 8 are: (1) abide by the road’s speed limit of 25 miles per hour or stop for pedestrians George Street Access, (2) Deiner Park Access, (3) Route 27 Access, (4)

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 26 at the marked crossings. There is also a lack of sidewalks in this area, which Beyond Deiner Park, the next egress point from the bikeway is at the Route limits College Avenue’s connection to the river trail at this entrance. These 27 bridge (Figure 8-3). This connection has a concrete staircase with a shortcomings may be why motorists are not aware that pedestrians and “runnel”, a divet in the staircase meant for walking with a bicycle. However, bicyclists are active here. Just beyond this entrance, under the Route 18 the runnel is on the opposite side of the railing, making it impossible to overpass, the trail crosses the Route 18 off-ramp before continuing between use for its intended purpose. This access point lacks ADA-compliant Route 18 and the river. Here, there is no lighting, signage or other marking, infrastructure or any ramp to make it accessible for those with impaired such as a crosswalk, which would indicate a pedestrian crossing. The lack mobility. Approaching the area is difficult as well, as a pedestrian or bicyclist of crosswalk amenities does little to prevent cars from traveling close to 50 would have to navigate a busy route with multiple on-and-off ramps. This miles per hour through the area, forcing pedestrians and bicyclists to dart point leads into Boyd Park, which has two additional access points, but across the road to safety. involves crossing underneath the Route 27 overpass, which is periodically a location for homeless encampments. The next access point along the route is in Deiner Park (Figure 8-2), located behind the Rutgers Student Activities Center. Deiner Park (see History) is The New Street access (Figure 8-4) and the Commercial Avenue access a small, concrete park which is owned by the City of New Brunswick, but (Figure 8-5) both lead directly to Boyd Park. Boyd Park is a 20-acre park maintained by Rutgers University. The Route 18 bikeway is connected to the that is home to parts of the D&R Canal towpath, the terminal locks of the park via a poorly maintained staircase and small bridge over the highway. canal, the Rutgers University Boathouse, and the docks at New Brunswick This would provide a much needed egress from the path, however, it is Landing (City of New Brunswick, 2016). This park is also the site of various constantly kept locked by Rutgers maintenance looking to keep Deiner Park festivals and events including the Raritan River Festival and Hub City free of vandalism and misuse. The locked gate, aside from being unsafe Sounds. These two access points are significantly easier to navigate than the for path users looking to leave the area, reinforces the perception of crime previous three, however, they still pose dangers associated with crossing in the area. This is one of the easiest access points to improve, by simply a major highway. The Commercial Avenue (Figre 8-5) crossing of Route 18 unlocking the gate, repairing the stairs, railings and associated seating, and was the site of both pedestrian and bicyclist deaths in the past five years periodically cleaning the area of vegetation and debris. Deiner Park is also and though the City has made improvements to both entrances, the length the site of the proposed multi-modal bridge. of the crossings combined with the lack of traffic separation and the speed of moving traffic, continues to support a perception of, if not actual, unsafe conditions (Ambrose, 2013).

Chapter 3 | Existing Conditions 27 ENVIRONMENT| Minimizing negative environmental impacts and providing a pleasant space. While New Brunswick is largely developed, it is also host to a combination of wetlands, forests, and patches of natural habitats distributed throughout its 5.8 square miles (Figure 9). The study area is primarily flat due to its location within the Piedmont geological province, however the land generally slopes downward towards the Raritan River (Dombroski, 1980).

According to the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), there are primarily three soil types present in the study area (Agriculture, 2017). The soil types are Klinesville channery loam (KkoB), Klinesville Urban land complex (KkuB), and Rowland silt loam (RorAt). These soils are found in steep slope areas and the floodplain along the Raritan River (Figure 10). Based on NRCS data, each soil type has a different “risk of corrosion” for both concrete and steel. Both the KkoB and KkuB soil types are a high risk for corroding concrete and a moderate risk of weakening steel. The RoarAt type, mainly in the Raritan River floodplain and the area of proposed development, is a high risk for weakening steel and a moderate risk for weakening concrete. These aspects should be considered by engineers when selecting materials for the proposed bridge and boardwalk.

The largest forested area in the study site is the Rutgers Ecological Preserve natural teaching area, north of Johnson Park in Piscataway Township. Based on the New Jersey State Development and Redevelopment Plan, the preserved area is designated a Critical Environmental Site (CES), and thus Figure 9: Map of land designated forest or wetland (by the NJDEP)surrounding the project area.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 28 requires careful consideration and evaluation prior to any development or redevelopment (Commission, 2001).

At the river’s edge, the Raritan River water quality and its riparian buffer are generally clean and healthy, after a period of recovery from the legacy of industrial pollution. The river, freshwater wetlands, and forest of the study area provide habitats for various flora and fauna, including some species of special concern and endangered populations (see Table 1). The presence

Species Name Behavior Habitat State Rank Bald Eagle Foraging Riparian Corridor State Endangered

Red-headed Riparian Corridor Non-Breeding Sighting State Threatened Woodpecker And Wetlands Great Blue Riparian Corridor, Foraging Special Concern Heron Wetlands and Forest Eastern Box Occupied Habitat Wetlands and Forest Special Concern Turtle Cliff Swallow Breeding Sighting Riparian Corridor Special Concern

Table 1: Species of special concern and endangered populations. of these species may trigger special environmental permits and seasonal construction restrictions.

The study area is home to diverse flora species, from maple and hickory trees to water lilies and cattails. Wetlands and forest are critical environmental sites in the study area. They provide habitat for threatened plants and animals. Future development in these areas should consider their sensitivity. Figure 10: Map of soil typologies surrounding the project area.

Chapter 3 | Existing Conditions 29 HEALTH & SAFETY|Ensuring the welfare and protection of the space’s visitors. Understanding circulation patterns, including road, pedestrian and bicycle networks, is essential to assessing the impacts of the projects proposed in the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan. The Rutgers University-New Brunswick campus is located near multiple major highways including: a national highway (U.S. Route 1), an interstate (I-95), two state highways (Route 18 and Route 27), densely distributed county roads, and municipal streets in New Brunswick and Piscataway (Figure 11). Of these, Route 18’s John A. Lynch Senior Memorial Bridge, Route 27’s Albany Street Bridge, and Landing Lane Bridge provide crossings over the Raritan River. The overall vehicular traffic volume across the Raritan River is over 10,000 a day according to a 2015 NJ Traffic Monitoring Program report (NJDOT, 2014).

In addition to roadways, New Brunswick hosts a variety of public transit opportunities. Most prominently, the Rutgers bus system operates throughout New Brunswick and Piscataway with the Brunsquick 1 and 2 serving local residents’ and students’ commutes. These buses (i.e., Route A, B, C, EE, F, H, LX, REXB, and REXL) ensure high quality daily travel on both sides of the Raritan River. Additionally, Middlesex County’s MCAT Shuttles (M1 and M6), travel between downtown New Brunswick, East Brunswick and South Brunswick. NJ Transit buses (810, 811, 814, 815, and 818) connect New Brunswick to surrounding areas of Highland Park and Edison (City of New Brunswick, 2016).

Figure 11: Road hierarchy of Rutgers University - New Brunswick region.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 30 There are 27.6 miles of bike lanes in New Brunswick that fit into four categories: dedicated bike lanes (10.8 miles), sharrows (6.2 miles), shared pedestrian and bicycle paths (6.6 miles), and bicycle-friendly roadway (4 miles) (Figure 12). Aside from bike lanes, there are open space trails within the study area including the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park towpath, a 0.75-mile trail in Boyd Park, a separated bicycle lane on the Route 10 Lynch Bridge, and the “trench” bike pathway from Route 18 to Route 27, all serving as connectors through the region.

Generally, the Rutgers University campuses and downtown New Brunswick offer high quality walkable spaces. Paved sidewalks, traffic lights, plants and benches combine to create a safe and comfortable walking environment. The connections between campuses and to the riverfront, however, are poor and unsafe. The path along the John A. Lynch Senior Memorial Bridge is narrow, immediately adjacent to heavy motorized traffic, with dangerous connections and crossings. Overall, improving the quality of the existing pedestrian network is vital to success of any project.

The parks near the Raritan River serve as destinations along the pedestrian network. In New Brunswick, Boyd Park is a favorable waterfront landscape. However, there are few access points to/from the urban areas due to Route 18. In contrast, Buccleuch Park, a park with no waterfront access, is more connected to New Brunswick’s residential areas. Johnson Park has direct waterfront access and a bicycle-pedestrian network developed within it, but its connection to Rutgers campuses and student residential areas is limited. Figure 12: Bike network of Rutgers University - New Brunswick region.

Chapter 3 | Existing Conditions 31 Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 32 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 33 BOARDWALK

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 34 BOARDWALK Master Plan. To achieve a durable project with less cost and less red tape, the boardwalk should be integrated into the existing infrastructure (the The Master Plan proposes a riverside boardwalk to further its core objectives Route 18 bikeway), and should be extended to link with the D&R Canal of connectivity and health, wellness, & recreation. The plan emphasizes the Trail. After exploring a variety of boardwalk types for their environmental, historic focus around the Raritan and outlines the boardwalk’s potential “to regulatory, and cost considerations, a floating boardwalk, such as that improve access to the river, connect riverfront parks and the [D&R Canal] to proposed in the RU2030 plan, is not recommended. Given the tidal nature its north, [and] the Rutgers Boathouse at Boyd Park to the south” (Rutgers of the waterway a stable anchored structure will be more resilient for the 2030, 2015: 331). This project envisions “...a safe and enjoyable pedestrian future. A higher embankment wall between Route 18 and the boardwalk and bicycle access along the river, with areas of seating and activity” is suggested to mitigate noise pollution from the highway making the walk (Rutgers 2030, 2015: 159). more enjoyable for pedestrians. Like the bridge, the boardwalk can serve both as a means of transit and space for recreation/cultural programming to increase the space’s use potential. CAMPUS CONNECTIVITY - TRANSPORTATION The following sections detail the research findings and recommendations for the boardwalk within the framework of access, environment, and health & HEALTH, WELLNESS & RECREATION safety.

Despite the potential for the project, several challenges hinder the current use of the Route 18 bikeway. Locally known as the “trench” by students of the university, the route includes dangerous entry points, a lack of maintenance, extensive trash and debris, and the perception of crime. Addressing the current issues of the area will lay a stable foundation for a future boardwalk along the Raritan. The studio team recommends that Rutgers University prioritize the boardwalk as an essential element of the

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 35 BOARDWALK | ACCESS

The creation of a boardwalk could be a great asset to public access for both the City of New Brunswick and the University. However, to do so effectively, there are a number of access issues to consider: 1) understanding the shortcomings of existing access points, 2) considering the operating hours of existing park connections, and 3) acknowledging the adjacent roadway’s affect of the quality of the space.

Physical access to the area is the keystone of this project’s success. A major drawback to the existing walkway along the riverfront is the dangerous entry points along the highway (see Figure 8 in Existing conditions). In almost all cases, the existing entry points either cross major roadways or highway exit ramps, leaving them virtually unseen and unsafe. This severely limits access and creates an isolated and underutilized area. The location and elevation of these entrances, only adds to the complexity of the space. Figure 13 provides a diagram of the dramatic elevation change from Route 18 to the existing waterfront. Large staircases and intricate ramp systems, create a seemingly unapproachable space (Image 8) further cutting it off from pedestrians. In addition, the existing pathway offers no signage to provide visitors, unfamiliar with the area, navigation along the pathway. Without solutions at the entry, any project, despite its quality will be disconnected from its users.

The proposed boardwalk project can provide a key connection to existing Image 8: A view of the staircase entry from New Street.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 36 NEW STREET ACCESS

trail networks and park spaces. Due to a water spillway at the end of the D&R State Park, the current walkway is disconnected from Boyd Park and the historic terminal locks of the canal. Adding this link would increase accessibility along the entire waterfront including the Rutgers boat house. However, when building new connections, it is important to acknowledge differing hours of operation for the surrounding parks.

Given the adjacency to major highways (i.e., Route 18 and Memorial Parkway), it is necessary to consider the implications of noise and air pollution on the pedestrian experience. Currently, there few areas along the walkway shielded from cars and trucks rushing by. Utilizing different COMMERCIAL AVENUE ACCESS elevations and construction techniques for the proposed boardwalk can enhance the pedestrian experience. Techniques may include, increased vegetative buffers, providing quiet spaces and places to sit and enjoy the waterfront, and improved infrastructure to enhance access to fishing. The path can also connect to The Landings where boaters could dock on their way to enjoying other area amenities.

Figure 13: Diagrams of the elevation change of the existing access points along Memorial Parkway, New Brunswick.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 37 ACCESS| CONNECT OVER SPILLWAY

Visitors to the D&R Canal State Park Trail cannot, unfortunately, continue walking southeast towards the trench due to the spillway and water intake located north of Buccleuch Park that interrupts the path. Reconnecting the path is an important opportunity for access to the proposed boardwalk.

Providing a bridge (that does not obstruct the day-to-day operations of the spillway) allows visitors to continue their journey an additional two miles into Boyd Park and the historic terminal locks at the end of the original canal (Figure 14).

This connection can take advantage of the setting, a cascade of water that provides therapeutic sounds and unique spatial qualities. Figure 14: Rendering of the recommended bridge connecting D&R Canal State Park to the existing trench pathway.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 38 ACCESS|CANTILEVERED CONSTRUCTION

Providing wide areas along the path for diverse public activities is fundamental to attracting residents and visitors to the boardwalk.

To the project’s advantage, there are several spots along the current trench that provide the spatial qualities for a comfortable environment. Those existing areas have enough vegetation or elevation change to buffer the chaos emitting from Route 18. These two qualities, elevation and vegetation, provide isolation from noise and city distractions. A cantilevered structure in specific areas of the boardwalk can help support a buffered edge when paired with increased vegetation or elevation change (Figure 15). Figure 15: Rendering of the recommended cantilevered construction and noise-cancelling vegetative buffer.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 39 BOARDWALK | ENVIRONMENT

In an age of climate change, it is important to consider key environmental effects of development along the river’s edge. As mentioned in Chapter 2 (see Existing Conditions), New Brunswick is host to a combination of wetlands, forests, and patches of natural habitats. Land types and proximity to tidal waters play a key role in design consideration for a boardwalk along the Raritan River.

Based on flood zones designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (Figure 16), the entire area of the proposed boardwalk (shown in yellow along the river) lies in the 100-year flood zone. Previously, this designation indicated the potential for flooding once every 100 years. However, over the last ten years, increasing storm intensity and hurricane frequencies have caused a variety of damage along the riverfront and its neighboring municipalities. In 2011, Hurricane Irene hit New Jersey causing intense flooding throughout most of New Brunswick, Piscataway, and Highland Park (Image 9). In a report published by the USGS in the aftermath of Hurricane Irene, the Raritan River at its New Brunswick section hit record high peak stream flows leaving Route 18 entirely under water (Watson, 2014). Similarly, Image 10 shows flooding on May 1, 2014 during a typical spring rain with no hurricane classification.

Increasing inundation in these areas requires the consideration of flood

Figure 16: Map of flood zones as designated by FEMA.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 40 resilience features for the proposed boardwalk. The boardwalk should resist future storms, and be designed to support long-term sustainability.

In addition to resiliency, the health of the riparian edge is another environmental concern. Since the industrial revolution, the local community has made great strides in improving the water and edge quality of the Raritan River. As a result, it has become habitat for diverse plants and animals including, the great blue heron and bald eagle. Wild creatures are indicators to show how attractive the riverside is to visitors providing a sense of health and peace to the area. Unfortunately, if not considered, new development can disrupt nesting areas or other habitat assets for these animals. Any development should be careful of these concerns, protect precious natural Image 9: Photo of Route 18 following Hurricane Irene in 2011 . resource, and retain citizens’ interest.

Moreover, considering that construction of a boardwalk may occur on both the river edge and in the water body, construction debris may bring new pollutant problems for this area. The new construction may also affect river conditions downstream.

Image 10: Photo of a spring storm on May 1, 2014 by Sara Malone.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 41 ENVIRONMENT | FLOOD-RESILIENT

Around the world more public spaces are designed to be flood resilient. The Yanweizhou Park in Jinua City, China is an example of a recreational area that can be dramatically flooded. At Yanweizhou Park, the terrain and plantings are designed to absorb the floodwater allowing it to recede after the storm (Figure 17) .

While some areas can flood, other infrastructure was raised to prevent flooding during storms. For example, the bridge was elevated above the 200-year floodplain, while ramps connecting the riparian wetland park can be submerged during the 20-year primary access to the area remains accessible at all times.

The boardwalk design should incorporate features that allow flooding, while also considering issues of access during large storms like Hurricane Irene.

Figure 17: Rendering from Yanweizhou Park in Jinua China depicting an example of flood resilient design.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 42 ENVIRONMENT|SMALL FOOTPRINT

In order to minimize impacts to the natural environment, the boardwalk should be designed to have a relatively small footprint. In Figure 18, a student design created by Daniel (Zhicheng) Xu, an undergraduate student from Purdue University gives an example of a boardwalk that has a minimal share of the total surface of the intervention, allowing the softscape to maintain existing habitats and natural function. If the boardwalk were to be built with a much larger footprint, there is risk of disturbing native flora and fauna while also increasing impervious surfaces eliminating the possibility for water infiltration, among other negative impact.

Figure 18: Rendering from a student design project by Daniel (Zhicheng) Xu showing a small footprint intervention.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 43 BOARDWALK HEALTH & SAFETY

The proposed boardwalk sparks a number of concerns related to health and safety. These concerns range from the perception of crime, risks associated with water, and strategies for homeless encampments.

The current condition of the existing walkway is poor and uninviting. With little maintenance over the last several years, the area is taken over by large areas of weed overgrowth, burnt out lighting, broken benches, and unsightly graffiti (Image 11). As a result, the area evokes a perception of crime making users feel unsafe and unwilling to visit the space. According to a study done by the World Health Organization Kobe Center for Health Development, an increased perception of crime can inhibit physical activity, deteriorating overall human health and wellness (Boulange, 2011). As proven by the Middlesex County Community Health Plan, adults report feeling unhealthy, Image 11: Existing areas with broken down benches and weed overgrowth from studio site visit physically and mentally, up to three days per month. In addition, 25% of on September 24, 2017. people over 20 years or older report being “physically inactive” (HRIA, pollutant exposure). Earlier last month, an online news website published 2016). Although this area is not entirely to blame, the proposed boardwalk an article about an 11-year old boy who drowned in the Raritan River in 2012 provides an opportunity to improve current local health statistics by offering (Munoz, 2017). An increase in visitors requires additional signage of where, the appropriate environment to evoke the feeling of a safe and usable space. if anywhere, swimming is permitted.

In addition to ameliorating the perception of crime, the proposed boardwalk In addition to drowning risks, the New Jersey Department of Environmental project will increase the number of visitors to the waterfront. Although a Protection (NJDEP) has published informative signage regarding health perceived asset to the project, it is important to consider that increases in related risks associated with the consumption of fish from contaminated park population can intensify water associated risks (i.e., drownings and waterways. Given the current population of recreational fishing on the

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 44 Raritan River, informative signage that notifies visitors of these risks is For years, New Brunswick Today has written articles regarding a growing recommended. Table 2 shows an example of this educational signage homeless population in the city. Evidence shows this is a concern throughout published by the NJDEP. the city as well as on the site of the proposed project (Image 12). As new projects develop, strategies for homeless encampments must be addressed to relocate these populations to safer areas throughout the city. Currently, New Brunswick has a number of social services in their downtown area and community groups like Elijah’s Promise and other faith-based organizations that are committed to providing resources and services to the homeless. Partnering with these groups throughout the process can offer opportunities for managing these concerns.

Table 2: NJDEP Statewide estuarine and marine waters advisory, 2017. Image 12: Homeless encampments under Route 27 in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 45 HEALTH & SAFETY|SAFE DESIGN

This waterfront promenade highlights the various ways that safety measures can be manifested in physical forms.

(1) Railings in the boardwalk will be required by code due to the elevation difference between the walking surface and the water. Railings can add to the overall aesthetics of the boardwalk and should be seen as an opportunity to blend with the natural landscape, for which case tensioned cable strand railings can provide a transparent look.

(2) ADA compliant ramps should be included in the design. Ramps should not be extremely long, but have landings along the way. Ramps allow for wheelchair users and people with mobility problems to navigate the space without major issues.

(3) Lighting is important in all aspects of public design. It not only increases safety, but aids in geographic orientation; can help highlight

Figure 19 (above and right): Rendering of potential safety measures for the proposed boardwalk area.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 46 the identity and history of an area; and create a sense of drama. However, multiple studies conclude that an abundance of security lighting, in addition to being unpleasant to the eyes, is actually a poor strategy for increasing visibility and lowering crime rates. Security lights can actually aid criminals by creating a glare, which encourages pedestrians to look away and creates deep shadows in which criminals can hide. For that reason, it is recommended that lighting be designed with a pedestrian scale in mind. Lower, path-oriented fixtures with adjusted brightness that do not create excessive glare for pedestrians and can add a sense of magic to the public space.

(4) Emergency call stations, which are very common in university campuses, help draw attention to a distressed person and deter crime. These devices trigger an immediate response from a command center, but cannot replace active patrols in these spaces.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 47 MULTI-MODAL BRIDGE

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 48 MULTI-MODAL BRIDGE Existing bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure on Route 27 and the Lynch Memorial Bridge has the ability to connect students and residents to the The Rutgers 2030 Master Plan proposes a multi-modal bridge over the open spaces in the area. With minor improvements, these connections could Raritan River to “connect College Avenue to the municipal and county be more visible and accessible for multi-modal travel. park system along the riverbanks, offering improved access to running paths, play fields, and other recreational facilities” (Rutgers 2030). The Conversely, the multi-modal bridge provides an opportunity to extend the proposal provides a connection from Deiner Park (see Introduction for open space network across the river. It can become a place to enjoy the reference) to Johnson Park in Piscataway Township with the potential views of the river, birdwatch, and cheer on the Rutgers Crew Team during to activate recreational spaces in the surrounding area. The bridge also their seasonal races. A bridge can be an icon for Rutgers University-New aims to connect campuses by developing a walkway through the Rutgers Brunswick, providing a space for community events and recreation and Ecological Preserve. The following section synthesizes the findings and an attraction for out-of-town visitors. However, to serve exclusively as a recommendations for the multi-modal bridge and proposed walkway transportation-oriented structure would be a disservice to the community through the Ecological Preserve. and repetition of what already exists.

Although the proposed bridge seeks to enhance health, wellness, and The Rutgers 2030 plan states that campus open space and natural areas recreation while strengthening connections on campus, it is recommended are vital and should be preserved for recreation and wellness. The Rutgers that other connections (i.e. boardwalk or existing infrastructure) take Ecological Preserve is one of the few natural areas on campus; it is host to priority. By first targeting other parts of the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan, such a variety of critical plant habitats and living laboratory study projects. As as the boardwalk development (see Boardwalk) and connection to the D&R a result, its current use and condition presents many obstacles for a safe, Canal State Park, the University could bring foot traffic back to the area and accessible commuter path. For these reasons, the studio team recommends encourage use of the space before investing in new infrastructure. Bringing that no development occur within the Preserve itself. Alternatively, the attention to the river’s edge will make a stronger case for an additional enhancement of existing infrastructure can provide similar campus river crossing, as existing bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure across connections without the environmental impact. The following section details the river exists though is severely limited. A completed boardwalk will not the findings and recommendations for the multi-modal bridge and Rutgers only improve the river edge, but make the campus connection even more Ecological Preserve connection. appealing to students.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 49 ACCESS

When considering access for the bridge and Rutgers Ecological Preserve pathway, there are both cultural and physical boundaries to be considered. The proposed multi-modal bridge could enhance access for students and residents to Johnson Park, the proposed boardwalk project, and Boyd Park creating a network of recreational space as an asset for, both, the student body and local community. Conversely, as a commuter route, the bridge project is not a suitable replacement for other necessary improvements to the campus transportation network.

A network analysis, which assumes an estimated length of the bridge, found that it would take a pedestrian 20 minutes to walk from the College Avenue Student Center to the landing site in Johnson Park while walking at an average pace of 3 mph. As shown in Figure 20, the yellow path is just a fraction of what it would take to commute, on foot, to the classrooms on Livingston Campus.

To continue this analysis, topography of the route options were compared including the proposed bridge in each option. Figure 21 shows a diagram for each route from the College Avenue to Livingston campus including the bridge as the first piece. The first image shows the elevation change for the proposed route from Diener Park to Livingston by way of the Rutgers Ecological Preserve. The gray line indicates the drastic topographic Figure 20: Map of soil typologies surrounding the project area. fluctuation over the 1.54 mile distance. Although not significant in distance,

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 50 the route includes slopes of nearly 10% in some areas, proving strenuous for both pedestrian and bicycle travelers. The bottom two images show elevation changes for the bridge connecting to existing bicycle/pedestrian routes in the area. Although longer in distance, it is clear that the existing routes are more feasible to bicycle and walk as it relates to topography.

To provide an asset to the community, the bridge must serve as more than a commuter route for students. Adding amenity nodes to the bridge could expose the user to a variety of Rutgers and community programming. Similarly, it is important to consider how the bridge is branded and portrayed to the local community as some stakeholders noted that this will feel like a “Rutgers exclusive” project. Bilingual signage, a variety of programming, and wayfinding to the bridge from the city will encourage diversity in the space.

PARK DAYS OPEN HOURS OF OPERATION Boyd Park Mon-Sun 1 hour after sunrise to 1 hour after dusk Buccleuch Park Mon-Sun 1 hour after sunrise to 1 hour after dusk Johnson Park Mon-Sun sunrise to sunset Deiner Park Mon-Sun 1 hour after sunrise to 1 hour after dusk Rutgers Ecological Preserve Mon-Sun 8AM-5PM Table 3: Surrounding parks (local and county-owned) and hours of operation, respectively.

Additionally, the project should acknowledge the hours of operation for the surrounding parks when considering its functionality. For instance, this may be problematic for late-night classes or evening events. Table 3 provides a summary of the hours of operation for surrounding parks to ensure they are Figure 21: Elevation diagrams of different routes connecting College Avenue to Livingston Campus. compatible.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 51 ENHANCE EXISTING ACCESS | INFRASTRUCTURE Bicyclists and pedestrians can travel between Rutgers University-New Brunswick campuses using existing infrastructure. Cedar Lane near River Road provides a connection from College Avenue Campus to Livingston Campus by Route 27. Additionally, the John A. Lynch Sr. Memorial Image 13: Existing crossing at Buccleuch Park along George Street. Bridge provides a connection from the College Avenue Campus to Busch. Each campus can connect to the Cook/Douglas campus via a bicycle lane on Nielson Street or the sidewalk on George Street. Unfortunately, many students are unaware of the these simple routes, and opt for the bus instead.

Small interventions such as wayfinding, mural painting (Figure 22), and attractive landscaping can draw attention to existing infrastructure helping students find alternative routes and encourage more active travel between campuses. Figure 22: Rendering of existing infrastructure enhancement through mural painting and wayfinding.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 52 ACCESS| AMENITY NODES

The proposed bridge should be a destination rather than a transportation route. Creating a space over a body of water allows for a closer connection to the natural environment and visitors to take in beautiful city views. Amenity nodes create space where people want to stay. Figure 23 (top) highlights how residual space between paths can be used for various programming (i.e. concerts, recreational opportunities, educational events, etc.). This space attracts visitors and provides opportunity for local partnership for events. Figure 23 (bottom) also highlights areas to rest while crossing the bridge. These areas include softscapes and benches for reading, picnicking and other means of enjoying the space. It is recommended that the bridge include areas for viewing wildlife and other scenery. Figure 23: Renderings of amenity recommendations for the proposed multi-modal bridge across the Raritan River.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 53 ACCESS|BICYCLE AMENITIES

To further enhance existing infrastructure, it is recommended that designers include bicycle amenities along existing routes to and from Livingston and Busch Campus.

The intersection of Cedar Lane and River Road can provide easy access to the Livingston Campus while avoiding disturbance of the Rutgers Ecological Preserve. This location, Image 14: Existing crossing at Cedar Lane and River Road. shown in Figure 24, is ideal for a bicycle share station for students to complete their journey from the proposed bridge to campus.

Adding other amenities such as benches, trash cans, call boxes, and other wayfinding elements brings awareness to the existing route to Livingston Campus following the bridge construction. Even before the bridge is completed, the Route 27 bridge connection to River Road, currently underutilized, could be highlighted as a means of traveling to Livingston. Figure 24: Rendering of bike share and service station at Cedar Lane and River Road in Piscataway, New Jersey.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 54 MULTI-MODAL BRIDGE | ENVIRONMENT area. According to stakeholders, these floods often leave significant debris for park maintenance to remove afterwards. Considering that it is likely The Rutgers 2030 Master Plan proposes to build a bridge within a floodplain this landing will be regularly underwater, it is important for the bridge to be on the tidal Raritan River. From an environmental perspective, this project designed with flood resiliency in mind, including provisions for long-term requires a number of considerations related to resiliency, wetland function, maintenance, especially after storm events. and ecological habitat. Moreover, as a freshwater wetland, Johnson Park is an important habitat for According to FEMA and NJDEP, the proposed landing site of the bridge in various species of concern such as great blue heron, eastern box turtle, and Johnson Park is located in a 100-year flood zone and freshwater wetlands red-headed woodpecker (NJDEP, 2018). It is important to consider how the area. As seen in Image 15, heavy precipitation events regularly flood this bridge construction will disturb these species or negatively impact on their habitat.

Additionally, because of its sensitive location, the bridge requires compliance with all associated wetlands and species regulations (see Regulations for details). In addition, the area may be subject to seasonal restrictions on building and will require an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) if federal funding is utilized.

From an environmental perspective, the risks associated with the bridge far out weigh its function. As previously mentioned, if used solely as a transportation method, it is redundant and unnecessary due to existing transportation routes across the river. However, if built, it is recommended that the bridge utilize low-impact architectural design to minimize the environmental impact both on associated species and the river landscape itself. Image 15: Johnson Park at Landing Lane in Piscataway, New Jersey on May 1, 2014, provided by NJ Weather & Climate.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 55 ENVIRONMENT| Minimize Number of Pylons

Although this report does not provide engineering solutions, and the multi-modal bridge can take any shape or form. It is recommended that the structural solution of the bridge minimizes the number of pylons, or piers, used to support the bridge. This reduces the environmental impact and limits the collection of debris in downstream areas.

Furthermore, this type of thoughtful design must sustain continual impacts from ice and other large items flowing in the river. Having fewer support structures encourages a design with more clearance from the water, necessary for boats that require at least eight feet of clearance above the high tide. Due to the aniticipation of rising tides, future sea level rise projections should be considered in design plans (Arcadis, 2016). Figure 25: Rendering of options for architectural elements with limited environmental impact for the proposed bridge.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 56 MULTI-MODAL BRIDGE | HEALTH & SAFETY and safety concerns associated with a trail through the Rutgers Ecological Preserve (i.e., walking in the dark, emergency access, etc.), a full The proposed bridge project presents a number of concerns related to assessment of the trail must compare the requirements of a functional multi- health and safety. These range from the perception of crime, exposure to modal pathway with the mission of the Preserve. In other words, assuming weather, and concerns related to mental health. the path would be open beyond dusk and provide multi-modal access similar to the bridge, it would require paved material and lighting. Currently, Currently, the location of the proposed bridge is dark and unwelcoming to the area is used as a living laboratory; students and researchers require visitors. According to the local park operating hours shown earlier in Table 3, limited disturbance for effective experimentation. Engaging the existing both Johnson Park and Deiner Park close at dusk. This leaves both proposed communities and understanding the cost benefit of these implications is landing areas of the bridge dark and unsafe for single travelers after hours. necessary for further development. Adjusting park hours, increasing lighting, and accommodating emergency vehicles will provide a safe space for travelers when commuting from work Beyond the physical health and safety of users, mental health is a significant or class late in the evenings. concern for the proposed bridge. According to the New Jersey Youth Suicide Report published in 2016, “falling”, defined as jumping or falling from high In addition to park operations and lighting, the proposal offers the structures, is among the most frequent methods of suicide throughout opportunity for multi-modal transportation between two distinct areas of the New Jersey. Because the mental health concerns of college students are university. According to the Middlesex Greenway Access Plan Health Impact strongly linked to performance stress and development determinants, it Assessment, multi-modal transportation puts users at risk of collision by is recommended that the bridge design consider bridge suicide prevention shear proximity and human error. As a result, this bridge and trail network measures outlined by the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline during requires the appropriate safety measures to differentiate lanes for various construction (Draper, 2017). transportation methods.

Additionally, the proposed trail envisioned to extend from the bridge through the Rutgers University Ecological Preserve, will require significant improvements to establish a safe space for users. Considering the health

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 57 MODE HEALTH & SAFETY |SEPARATION Separating paths for bicyclists and pedestrians is crucial to the functionality of the structure. Distinction between modes of transportation allows users to enjoy the bridge at their own pace with little conflict. Figure 26 shows two options for separating groups in the bridge design.

Similarly, installing bicycle maintenance structures and bicycle locks for users who arrive by bicycle and want to spend time on the bridge should be considered. Figure 26: Rendering of options for the separation of different modes of transportation to prevent conflict and collision.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 58 HEALTH & SAFETY | LIGHTING

Lighting entrances, focal points, and major elements such as towers, especially those visible to passing pedestrians and bicyclists, not only provide safety, but are also another form of wayfinding. The scene on the left shows how the lighting entrance generates an intimate scene while also providing guidance. Figure 27: Rendering of options for lighting and other safety features for the proposed bridge.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 59 RUTGERS ECOLOGICAL PRESERVE

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 60 RUTGERS ECOLOGICAL PRESERVE

The second part of the multi-modal bridge proposal is a path that cuts through the Rutgers Ecological Preserve from the end of the multi-modal bridge to Livingston Campus. The Rutgers Ecological Preserve serves the local community in a number of ways. For one, it is a place of refuge and recreation away from the urban environment and is used by students and local residents alike. It is a place where one can learn about the history of the area with old carriage roads and military bunkers as well as a place to gauge the current environmental health of the area. A number of departments including Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, Landscape Architecture, and Geography use this area as a living classroom to teach their courses. There is an intrinsic value to contiguously preserved natural spaces. Cutting a direct path through the Preserve could have significant detrimental impacts to the area, akin to a highway cutting through a close-knit urban neighborhood. It is for the following reasons that the studio team strongly advises against any development within the Rutgers Ecological Preserve.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 61 ACCESS area would also have an adverse impact on nearby creeks and the river. More traffic during commuting times would have an adverse effect on the wildlife The Rutgers 2030 Master Plan proposes a pathway through the Eco Preserve in the area and may potentially conflict with ROTC training that occurs during as a means of facilitating a direct link to the Livingston Campus. This, morning hours in the Preserve. however, is not as direct as it may look from a top-down plan view. The Ecological Preserve enjoys a natural topography that is at some points rather HEALTH & SAFETY steep, sometimes reaching slopes of nearly 10%; therefore, it would not be To function as proposed, the trail extending from the bridge through the possible to build a direct path, straight from the entrance near the bridge to Rutgers Ecological Preserve will require lighting, patrols and, as mentioned the campus. A path through the Ecological Preserve would require extensive previously, grading and construction of a walkway. Considering the health switch-backs to accommodate the slope. Additionally, the path would need and safety concerns associated with the trail through the Rutgers University to be paved in order to ensure ADA compliant travel and to make it possible Ecological Preserve, the need for multi-modal pathways and the purpose of for regular bicyclists (not mountain bicyclists) to use. This development the Rutgers Ecological Preserve do not necessarily overlap. Currently, the would impact much of the land that is being preserved. It is also important to area is used as a living laboratory for students and researchers requiring note that the Eco Preserve technically closes at 5:00PM, which would further limited disturbance for effective experimentation (Davies et al, 2012). restrict access through the area for students taking evening classes. Engaging the existing communities and understanding the cost benefit on ENVIRONMENT these implications is necessary before any further development.

The need for switchbacks and paving will use a lot of area within the Ecological Preserve that would otherwise be available for trees and plants to occupy. Considering the fact that the path would need to be at least six feet wide, a considerable amount of clearing would be required to develop a paved walkway through the area. Currently there are dirt trails that have minimal impacts on erosion and plant life because they are restricted to small areas and narrow widths. The addition of impervious surface to the

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 62 EMERGENCY HEALTH & SAFETY | VEHICLE ACCESS

It is recommended that ground police patrols be present in these new public spaces during operating hours. This will provide safe travel for students and visitors while extinguishing any existing perception of crime For this reason, all bicycle and pedestrian paths through the Rutgers Ecological Preserve must include surfaces and widths that are conditioned for patrolling. In the event of an emergency, motorized vehicles, such as pictured in Figure 28 (bottom), must be able to access the area easily. Figure 28: Rendering of required materiality for the bridge and trail to allow emergency vehicle access in both areas.

Chapter 4 | Findings and Recommendations 63

CHAPTER 5: REGULATIONS

Chapter 5 | Regulations 65 REGULATIONS As discussed in Existing Conditions the project impact. Although, not a state or local agency, the area includes habitats for threatened/endangered D&R Canal Commission has jurisdiction over any species and migratory birds. Depending upon and all parts of the historic D&R Canal that runs Like any built project, the proposed boardwalk and the exact boundaries and extent of the project, through the project site. multi-modal bridge will be subject to the regulatory regulatory requirements with respect to and permitting process. The exact details of these coastal areas, tidelands, wetlands, green acre Further, at the county level, the trails mobility policy requirements will depend on the final design, laws, and possible permits will be required or by Middlesex County will need to be reviewed for funding, timelines, phasing, and other project exemptions granted. Additionally, the Rutgers any necessary permits, approvals, or variances. specific details. For the purpose of this report, Ecological Preserve is a critical habitat and site Similarly, review of all land use regulations at the the following is a brief summary of the anticipated for vernal pools. Therefore, further consultation municipal level for New Brunswick, Highland Park, regulations and permitting requirements the project or environmental assessment may be required. and Piscataway is advised prior to the design will fall under. For more detailed information Similarly, if federal funds are used to support the development of both proposed projects. about anticipated regulations/permitted for these project, an Environment Impact Assessment under projects, see Table 3 at the end of this section. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) will It is recommended that any required studies and be required with consequent effects on the funding consultations be conducted prior to the design and Like only ten other states in the United States, and timeline for the project. construction of either project (i.e., environmental New Jersey is a home rule state. Therefore, aside review, etc.). It is also important to note that some from abiding by federal and state regulations, Due to the presence of the Delaware and Raritan of the federal regulatory requirements have been these projects also fall under the jurisdiction of (D&R) historic canal on site, the D&R State Park delegated to state agencies, and may not require county and municipal governance. Additionally, Commission requires the review of any action in separate approvals at both levels. with location along a historic canal and tidal water the Canal Park. This includes the review of project body, the subject of these regulations range implications related to storm water runoff; water A special thank you to Dave Charette of Langan from environmental concerns to historic property quality impact, stream corridor impact; visual, Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc., for stipulations (Vanlandingham 1968). historic, and natural quality impact; and traffic providing a robust outline of the regulatory process.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 66 TABLE 4: FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS Regulatory Agency Law, Regulation, OR review Trigger of Review OR Approval OR Outcome Notes procedure regulated activity U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Title 33 of the Code of Federal Construction of Bridge Permit regulations (CFR), Parts 114-115 bridges over the navigable waters of the U.S. U.S. Army Corps of Clean Water Act and Discharge of dredged Dredge, Fill and Rivers and Harbors Act Engineers (USACE) Amendments, Permit Title 33 or fill material in Permit CFR 320-330 navigable waters of the U.S. Federal Emergency and Guidelines and Standards for Flood Risk Analysis Compliance Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Risk Analysis and Mapping and Mapping

TABLE 5: NEW JERSEY (STATE) REGULATIONS AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS Regulatory Agency Law, Regulation, OR review Trigger of Review OR Approval OR Outcome Notes procedure regulated activity The State Historic Section 106 Consultation Federal or federally The federal agency takes into account the Preservation Offices (SHPO) assisted undertakings effect of the undertaking and allows the of New Jersey *National Historic Preservation that could affect a Advisory Council for Historic Preservation Act of 1996 historic property opportunity to comment. If an adverse included in or eligible effect is found, a Memorandum of for the National Agreement (MOA) outlines strategies to Register of Historic mitigate harm. Places New Jersey Executive Order 215 “Major federal actions The federal agency prepares an The state level review requires an EIS or the less (State-level version of NEPA) significantly affecting Environmental Impact Statement robust Environmental Assessment (EA) depending the quality of the (EIS) outlining the project, all possible on the intensity of the project. human environment.” alternatives, and ways to mitigate adverse effects.

Chapter 5 | Regulations 67 TABLE 5.1: NEW JERSEY (STATE) REGULATIONS AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS (CONT’D) Regulatory Agency Law, Regulation, OR review Trigger of Review OR Approval OR Outcome Notes procedure regulated activity Section 4(f) Requires the use of The project is prohibited unless there is no Regulatory with strict legal backing land from a historic “feasible and prudent alternative.” property

New Jersey Department of NJDEP Coastal Zone Development in Regulatory Design Standards Other areas include: water areas, impervious Environmental Protection Management Rules (N.J.A.C. Special Areas / Water coverage limitations for development, public access (NJDEP) 7:7) Areas along waterfront, scenic resources and design, etc.

Flood Hazard Area Control Act Type of development Regulatory Design Standards & NJDEP Flood Hazard Area allowed in Control Act Rules (N.J.A.C. 7:13) floodplains, No Net Fill Requirements, Upstream and Downstream Impact Analysis, Riparian Zone Development Limitations Freshwater Wetlands Protection Tidelands or Riparian Development and use of state-owned Focus of this policy is to protect and to maintain Act, P.L. 1987, c. 156; N.J.S.A. Grant, Lease or lands which now or formerly exist below tidal lands for public uses. Tidelands Resource 13:98-1 et seq. Conveyance the mean high water line. Council, considers Tidelands applications for impacts of conveyances upon the “public interest” or “public good”.

New Jersey Department of New Jersey Highway Major Access Permit New access or modifications for access to Transportation (NJDOT) Access Management Code and from state highways. (N.J.A.C.16:47)

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 68 TABLE 5.2: NEW JERSEY (STATE) REGULATIONS AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS (CONT’D) Regulatory Agency Law, Regulation, OR review Trigger of Review OR Approval OR Outcome Notes procedure regulated activity Division of Coastal N.J.S.A. 12:5-1 et seq. Water Waterfront Any project involving the development To provide for compatible growth along the Resources Quality Certification, U.S. Development Permit (meaning construction, reconstruction, waterfront, to try to meet the needs of the public and Clean Water Act and some alteration, expansion or enlargement of developers, to protect commerce, navigation, water U.S. Army Corps of Engineers any structure, or excavation) of waterfront quality and fisheries, and to maximize the resources authorizations. near or upon any tidal or navigable to provide for public access, fishing, environmental waterway in the State. concerns while still allowing for some growth along the waterfront.

Act of 1970 N.J.S.A. 13:9A-1 et Coastal Wetlands The DEP regulates any activity having to do with seq. Permit the draining, dredging, excavation or removal of soil, mud, sand, gravel or depositing or dumping of rubbish, wastes, or erecting structures on coastal wetlands. N.J.S.A. 13:19-1 et seq. Coastal Area Facility Construction of any “facility” defined in There are two types of coastal wetlands permits: Review Permit N.J.S.A. 12:19-3 in the “coastal area” as defined in N.J.S.A. 13:19-4. Type A permits are required for minor projects. Type B permits are required for projects that alter marsh contour. TABLE 6: REGIONAL REGULATIONS AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS Regulatory Agency Law, Regulation, OR review Trigger of Review OR Approval OR outcome procedure regulated activity Delaware and Raritan Canal D&R Canal Commission review A public or private The Commission will send notice of DRCC has Zone A (more stringent) jurisdiction over Commission (DRCC) project proposed in approval, rejection, or modification within the State Park and the spillway just east of Landing the DRCC Review 45 days of a completed application. Lane. If any part of a project site is in Zone A, the Zone Reviews are based on 1) storm water entire project is judged with Zone A regulations. runoff and water quality impact 2) stream Approval from the municipal permitting agency is a corridor impact 3) visual, historic, and prerequisite for the visual impact review. natural quality impact 4) traffic impact.

Chapter 5 | Regulations 69

CHAPTER 6: LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY

Chapter 6 | Long-Term Sustainability 71 PROGRAMS & PARTNERSHIPS number of players in the New Brunswick area to based on programming, it may be prudent ensure the project’s longevity and sustainability. for future designers to consult with local Based on conversations with university The following are recommendations and ideas stakeholders for advice on how to create a space stakeholders and students, New Brunswick based on conversations with stakeholders conducive to various activities. Ideally, the residents, officials, and Rutgers students consider and supplementary research. The key issues incorporation of these recommendations, as well the current space along Route 18 and Boyd Park fall into four overarching categories, which as further stakeholder engagement, will foster underutilized, isolating, and unsafe due to a together ensure that local communities are both a feeling of ownership and responsibility among lack of activity and access to the area. While the economically and personally invested in the local organizations, residents, and businesses as Rutgers 2030 Master Plan addresses access and projects: well as the university to maintain and actively use connectivity issues, physical construction alone the space, thereby ensuring its success (Campbell Economic Development: Opportunities for local will not attract people to the area. The success of et al 2016). this project will depend on the cooperation of a businesses to utilize the space and engage with the area’s visitors. Community Cleanups

Stewardship: Opportunities for students and Litter and unkempt vegetation can contribute to residents to cherish and care for this stretch of the negative perceptions and mental health stressors, Raritan River. while regular maintenance and a tidy appearance can encourage more social contact (Kruger Community Engagement: Opportunities to draw et al 2007). Rutgers University has a strong people of various ages and backgrounds into the commitment to community service in the local area. area via its Get Involved program that provides Outdoor Recreation: Opportunities to encourage students with opportunities to volunteer with daily use of the bridge and boardwalk for exercise. local organizations (Rutgers Get Involved, 2017). Campus Greek life and student organizations Because many of these recommendations are Figure 29: Categories of long-term sustainability concerns for often participate in events, fundraising, or both proposed projects.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 72 volunteering with these organizations. In fact, Maintenance Responsibility Food Vendors many of these student groups are required to have According to various stakeholders, the primary Street food can act as a defense against a certain number of community service hours. cause of the trench’s neglect has been an unclear homogenization and a gateway to lively public New Brunswick hosts a number of organizations, distinction of maintenance responsibility among spaces, generating foot traffic for nearby brick- such as the Lower Raritan Watershed Partnership various entities in New Brunswick. Walking and-mortar restaurants and stores (Newman (LRWP), that run river and stream clean- through the site, it is apparent from the amount and Burnett article). Rutgers’ food trucks, known ups with local residents, public schools, and of litter that the area needs more garbage cans colloquially as the “grease trucks,” were a cultural university students. One opportunity to encourage and a larger staff to take care of it. The litter in icon of the New Brunswick campus, and gained stewardship of the river is to develop partnerships these areas can easily get into the river and brings further notoriety on national television for their between Central Jersey Stream Team, Rutgers harm to aquatic creatures. Responsibility for indulgent offerings. Once stationed at Hamilton Recreation, the Lower Raritan Watershed maintenance will be key to ensuring the boardwalk Street and College Avenue, the trucks became Partnership, and Rutgers Get Involved to facilitate and bridge remain safe during and after weather mobile after a campus redevelopment project a more formalized participation in river clean- events such as snowstorms, windstorms, or floods. known as The Yard began construction, and ups among Greek life, campus organizations, and A plan for such upkeep should be developed have since set up shop around College Avenue regional stakeholders. Fostering stewardship of prior to any further project development so as and other campuses nearby. As smartphone the Raritan River with Rutgers students can further to establish a cost-effective solution for the technology decreases uncertainty of food truck the work that many organizations are currently local organizations involved. Shared services location, demand for the flexibility and variety they doing to better the environment. New Brunswick’s may be a solution to consider for maintaining the serve will grow (Annenberg and Kung article). annual Urban Cleanup Week (see Appendix area, similar to those offered by New Jersey’s Mobile food vendors can transition into the area B) could devote time to the trench to bring in Cumberland County Improvement Authority (CCIA down near the entrance to the boardwalk to create more New Brunswick-based groups and raise 2018). an attraction and amenity for visitors and local awareness of the area. employees and residents. New Brunswick also has a number of restaurants that could take advantage

Chapter 6 | Long-Term Sustainability 73 of the boardwalk project to host pop-up eateries and hotels, but does not show how close these as a part of the summertime New Brunswick attractions are nor does it show how to get to Restaurant Week and other events. them. This would be an opportunity to partner with organizations such as the Lower Raritan Wayfinding Watershed Partnership, The Audubon Society, the Wayfinding systems provide orientation and local City of New Brunswick, and the D&R Canal Watch information to visitors traveling through public to write about the ecology and historical features space. The bridge and boardwalk projects will of the area. The signage could be incorporated create new spaces that will be unfamiliar to even throughout the project site, either at the multi- the most veteran local residents. The studio team modal bridge or the boardwalk and even extending recommends partnering with the New Brunswick into Boyd Park. Parks and Gardens Commission, where a citywide Increased Park Programming wayfinding plan is already in the works, to create a cohesive, welcoming, and navigable environment. The New Brunswick Cultural Center currently This cooperation will help avoid redundancies and programs a number of successful events in Boyd confusion. The New Jersey Wayfinding Master Park including Jazz in the Park, Hub City Sounds, Plan recommends using simple but meaningful Independence Day fireworks, as well as the icons to avoid written language whenever possible Figure 30: Wayfinding example. Raritan River Festival and Rubber Duck Race. (Celebrate NJ!, 2009), which is important in New These events are free to the public and attract out- Interpretive Signage Brunswick as 56% of the population speaks a of-town visitors who are likely to visit downtown language other than English at home (US Census There is some existing historical and ecological restaurants and shops during their time in the city, Bureau, 2015). This signage plan may need to interpretive signage in Boyd Park, but much of it bringing revenue to local businesses. The events extend far beyond the boundaries of the site to is in bad shape, missing, or outdated. The signage are also excellent opportunities for local residents attract visitors from the area’s major highways. does include some nearby restaurants, theaters, to get together outside, which can encourage a

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 74 sense of community that enhances relationships including local politics and maintenance, but none community asset, we recommend partnering with throughout the city. A greater frequency of of these were deemed insurmountable obstacles coLAB Arts and local groups involved with the art programming could build on these successes. if the art walk were to be revived, especially with walk’s previous iteration. Building a higher wall the project’s likely increase in foot traffic. The where possible would block noise pollution from Existing Festivals Art Walk offers almost two miles of walkable, adjacent Route 18 and provide more art space. In addition to new programming, the team found eye-level public art space overlooking a scenic Tourism that many Rutgers and New Brunswick events river, which is an asset for the city and community occur parallel to the site of the proposed riverfront engagement, and in fact, the trench was recently Over 1 million people visit the D&R Canal State boardwalk. New Brunswick Ciclovia, Rutgers - visited by a Rutgers class called Spanish for Park every year, and any of those visitors who The Big Chill, and Rutgers Day (see Appendix B) Community Engagement (Image 16). To revive this wish to continue into New Brunswick, by bike or are all events that blur the boundaries between on foot, along the trail are effectively stopped city and campus because of their geographic at Landing Lanewhere the trail is interrupted by spread throughout the city. Slightly rerouting the impassable spillway. As the only double lock these programs to incorporate the boardwalk and system in the D&R Canal and the ending point of bridge will be an exciting way to incorporate more the historic district, the terminal locks in Boyd Park activities into the space. have a lot of potential to be developed as a tourist site. In terms of economic impact, according to Art Walk a 2013 report, the biggest employment impacts From 2007 to 2010, the embankment wall along from heritage tourism in New Jersey were in food/ the Route 18 bikeway was an active open-air art beverage and lodging, both localized sectors walk, organized by local community groups and based on proximity to the heritage site. New featuring local and visiting artists. In conversations Jersey as a whole had a $2.5 billion dollar GDP impact from heritage tourism (Tourism Economics, with stakeholders, the studio team learned that the Image 16: Spanish for Community Engagement, a Rutgers art walk was discontinued for a variety of reasons University field trip to the existing Art Walk. 2013). The project site could attract a wide range

Chapter 6 | Long-Term Sustainability 75 of visitors from history buffs to graffiti lovers in the Lower Passaic River, and outlined the to nature enthusiasts. Events such as historical following recommendations for a similar program walking tours and art walks could help increase the tailored to the Raritan’s needs. (1) Conduct a area’s tourism. survey to gauge fishing and consumption habits, (2) establish a fish exchange program where Fish Exchange: Rutgers Cooperative fishermen can turn in contaminated fish on-site, Extension in exchange for a voucher to the New Brunswick There is near-daily fishing in the Raritan in Community Farmers’ Market and other local New Brunswick, and while fishing is linked grocers, and (3) test the fish for toxicity to capture with increased levels of place attachment and data on the health of the river’s fish species. Local rootedness (Khakzad and Griffith, 2016), over- pharmaceutical institutions committed to public consumption of certain species can lead to health could help fund the program. chronic health effects (NJ Division of Fish and Landings & Channel Markers Wildlife). Food insecurity in New Brunswick is a pressing concern (NB Food Insecurity), and New Brunswick is eleven nautical miles from the many of the local fishermen are subsistence Raritan Bay via the river. It would take a boater fishing. It is likely that the proposed RU2030 approximately one hour to reach the city from projects will increase opportunities for fishing, the bay, however, very few boaters make the trip Image 17: The New Brunswick Landing which may lead to increased consumption of upstream to the city. In talking to stakeholders, Freeholders. The Landings need to be removed potentially contaminated fish. While concerning, the team found that there are two major barriers each winter to prevent ice damage and in recent this is an opportunity for Rutgers researchers to to waterway accessibility in the area. The first one years have not been replaced due to a lack of partner with local food security organizations. is the New Brunswick Landing; the project was staff, funding, and need for repairs preventing The studio team researched a fish exchange that opened in 2012 thanks to the collaboration of the boaters from tying up at Boyd Park. Another the Rutgers Cooperative Extension conducted City of New Brunswick and the Board of Chosen barrier to waterway usage is the need to update

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 76 [SM30] channel markers. Many boaters believe surfaces on the boardwalk and bridge deck would program could provide additional funds to that the channel markers are not updated or find allow students, runners, and lunchtime employees supplement the program. A partnership with New them difficult to read, which prevents them from to have more variety in where they walk or jog, Brunswick Recreation could also facilitate more using the river to travel due to a fear of shallow including a particularly long track leading to the exercise and health-related programming in the waters and running aground. Rutgers could work D&R Canal State Park. More use of the area would parks for area residents. Rutgers could consider with Middlesex County Parks and the City of New also bring attention to the Rutgers Crew team. hosting its “Yoga in the Park” event at Boyd Park or Brunswick to address these two issues in order to on the bridge or boardwalk to introduce students Rentals and Lessons invite more visitors to the boardwalk, multi-modal and locals to the new spaces. According to the bridge and the general area. This could be both an Both on the water and on the land, the project Project for Public Spaces, partnerships for public opportunity for more tourism on the river and an site provides the chance for rentals, lessons, and parks often help create a sense of community attraction for residents and students visiting the fitness classes. Sunset Kayaking, one of the most that encourage a feeling of ownership among riverfront. popular Rutgers Recreation programs in the last users (MacIver 2010). year, allows Rutgers students, who might never Fitness Equipment and Track Surfaces have spent time near the Raritan, an opportunity To get the most use out of the proposed project for an intimate encounter with the river. Canoeing site, the bridge and boardwalk could become and kayaking is a great way to attract users to the New Brunswick’s “open-air gym”. Amenities such area. Through a partnership with New Brunswick as outdoor fitness equipment and track surfaces Recreation, Rutgers Recreation could develop are becoming increasingly popular in city parks a seasonal canoe and kayak rental at the boat according to the Trust for Public Land (Trust for house in Boyd Park. This could attract visitors from Public Land 2011). New York City Parks have been nearby municipalities, the university community, successful in implementing outdoor equipment in a or local residents to enjoy paddling on the river. number of parks as well as exercise programming Rutgers currently collects student fees to fund that is free to the public (NYC Parks 2018). Track recreational programs at the university; a rental

Chapter 6 | Long-Term Sustainability 77 FUNDING public agencies and private organizations. Grassroots Grants to improve green spaces http://scottsmiraclegro.com/responsibility/ Additionally, a list of other potential funders or Compiled below are funding sources, which gro1000/ partners were added for reference. aside from contributing to capital projects, can National Association of Realtors, support the team’s recommendations for long- Middlesex County Conservation Corps Placemaking Micro-Grant term sustainability. These sources adhere to the http://www.middlesexcountynj.gov http://www.nar.realtor/grants/placemaking- Lighter Quicker Cheaper (LQC) strategy for public micro-grant spaces, a concept developed by Eric Reynolds Community Assistance in Conservation and Outdoor Recreation (National Park Service) from Urban Space Management (MacIver, Home Depot, Community http://www.nps.gov/orgs/rtca/apply.htm 2010). LQC refers to a low-cost, non-invasive Impacts Grant Program surgery type of interventions that can have large The Kresge Foundation https://corporate.homedepot.com/community/ impacts on how public space serves its users. http://kresge.org/opportunities.html home-depot-fundation-grants The funding list supports a range of projects from historic preservation to bicycle and pedestrian Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Wells Fargo, Environmental Grants infrastructure to civic engagement. The grants http://www.rwjf.org/en/how-we-work/grants- http://www.wellsfargo.com/about/corporate- themselves range from a few thousand to several explorer/funding-opportunities.html responsibility/community-giving/ hundred thousand dollars, and derive from both TABLE 7: NATIONAL FUNDING SOURCES AVAILABLE Agency Grant Amount Description Relevance Source

ArtPlace America National Creative $50,000-$500,000 Funding for communities across the country place-based community development http://www.state.nj.us/ Placemaking Fund where artists, arts organizations, and arts incorporating arts and culture. transportation/business/ $253,750* and culture activity help drive community localaid/alternatives.shtm development

* New Jersey average award amount, 2017.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 78 TABLE 7.1: NATIONAL FUNDING SOURCES AVAILABLE (CONT’D)

Agency Grant Amount Description Relevance Source

Fixing America’s Transportation $722,054** “...encompassing a variety of smaller-scale bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure http://www.state. Surface Alternatives transportation projects such as pedestrian construction and lighting, scenic overlook Transportation Act and bicycle facilities, recreational construction, rehabilitation of historic nj.us/transportation/ (FAST Act) trails, safe routes to school projects, transportation facilities, vegetation business/localaid/ community improvements such as historic management for improved safety, preservation and vegetation management, archaeological activities resulting from alternatives.shtm and environmental mitigation related to transportation projects, connectivity stormwater and habitat connectivity.” restoration for aquatic and terrestrial habitats. National Endowment Our Town $25,000-$200,000 “...supports creative placemaking projects creative placemaking https://www.arts.gov/ for the Arts that help to transform communities into grants-organizations/our- lively, beautiful, and resilient places – Applications require partnership and town/introduction achieving these community goals through matching funds strategies that incorporate arts, culture, and/or design.” National Trust Johanna Favrot $2,500-$15,000 “The fund aims to save historic environments preservation planning, marketing, physical http://forum.savingplaces. for Historic Fund for Historic in order repairs org/build/funding/grant- Preservation Preservation seekers/specialprograms/ to foster an appreciation of our nation’s favrot-fund diverse cultural heritage and to preserve and revitalize the livability of the nation’s communities.” National Trust $2,500-$5,000 “...to encourage preservation at the preservation planning, preservation https://forum. Preservation Funds local level by providing seed money for education and outreach. savingplaces.org/build/ preservation projects.” funding/grant-seekers/ Applicants must be members of either the preservation-funds? Trust Preservation Leadership Forum or Main Street America.

** New Jersey average award amount, 2016.

Chapter 6 | Long-Term Sustainability 79 TABLE 7.2: NATIONAL FUNDING SOURCES AVAILABLE (CONT’D) Agency Grant Amount Description Relevance Source

National Trust Henry A. Jordan, up to $5,000 Provides funding to deserving preservation planning, preservation http://forum.savingplaces. for Historic M.D., Preservation organizations demonstrating commitment education and outreach org/build/funding/grant- Preservation Excellence Fund to the protection of natural and cultural seekers/specialprograms/ resources in the Mid-Atlantic region jordan-fund

Sign Research Research Grants up to $50,000 Subject areas, include: Wayfinding, wayfinding, ADA, pedestrian safety. http://www.signresearch. Foundation Branded Environments, City Identity, org/grants/ Conspicuity, Economic Value of Signage, Quantified Impact of Signage, Code Impacts, Evidence Based Design, Digital Signage, ADA, Signage & Advertising as City Revenue, Traffic and Pedestrian Safety, Future Technologies/Disruptive Technologies, Placemaking, Best Practices, and Case Studies

TABLE 8: STATE FUNDING SOURCES AVAILABLE

Agency Grant Amount Description Relevance Source

New Jersey Municipal Aid $215,270* Provides grant funds to municipalities bikeway construction, bridge http://www.state.nj.us/ Department of Program committed to advancing projects that preservation, pedestrian safety, historic transportation/business/ Transportation promote safety, renew aging infrastructure preservation, environmental mitigation. localaid/municaid.shtm and support the State’s economy with new transportation opportunities.

Local Bridges, Future $1,612,903* Provides funding for the improvement of Landing Lane pedestrian safety, http://www.state.nj.us/ Needs county jurisdiction bridges connection between D&R Canal and transportation/business/ boardwalk localaid/localbridges.shtm

* New Jersey average award amount, 2017.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 80 TABLE 8.1: STATE FUNDING SOURCES AVAILABLE (CONT’D) Agency Grant Amount Description Relevance Source

New Jersey Preserve New Jersey $119,554** Provides an annual source of matching physical repairs, preservation planning, http://www.njht.org/dca/ Heritage Trust Historic Preservation planning and capital grants from the ADA compliance, interpretive and njht/programs/preservenj Fund (mode for 2016: state’s corporate business tax for historic directional signage, walking tours, safety $150,000) preservation projects.” improvements

Grantees often use a first grant for preservation planning and feasibility studies, and a second one a few years later to implement the recommendations from those plans. New Jersey Division HTS Grants $425,000* Offers, on an annual basis, federal grant traffic safety, bicycle and pedestrian http://www.nj.gov/oag/ of Highway Traffic funding to agencies that wish to undertake safety hts/grants/index_central. Safety programs designed to reduce motor vehicle html crashes, injuries, and fatalities on the roads of New Jersey

* New Jersey average award amount, 2017. ** New Jersey average award amount, 2016.

Chapter 6 | Long-Term Sustainability 81

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 7 | Conclusions 83 organizations and stakeholders throughout the planning, construction, CONCLUSIONS and ongoing development of the project. The site’s programming should encourage economic development, stewardship, community engagement, Of the many recommendations detailed above, there are four primary outdoor recreation, and most importantly, a sense of ownership to appeal to outcomes of the research behind this report. a wide variety of users and maintain a public need for the space. To assist with outreach to existing stakeholders, see Appendix C for an initial list of The bridge and boardwalk projects can become iconic destinations people and organizations to engage. 1 for 21st century New Brunswick, Piscataway, and the wider Rutgers community, far beyond functioning as only transit routes. NEXT STEPS

The site is not a blank canvas, and contains existing spaces that are Before the plan’s implementation, a few important next steps are necessary to 2 highly valued by the Rutgers and New Brunswick communities. address key issues at the project site. First and foremost would be a thorough account of homelessness in New Brunswick’s riparian edge, which was 3 If properly enhanced, existing infrastructure could alleviate some beyond the scope of this studio. Coming Home of Middlesex County, a local of the connectivity issues outlined in the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan. organization committed to ending homelessness, conducts yearly surveys and has experience creating affordable housing for the formerly homeless, 4 All recommendations provided can be used in an integrated way, making them a useful partner for this research. Another important issue is incorporating multiple perspectives based on site-specific context. the programming of the space. Public access is not just a physical path. It requires social inclusion and representation, otherwise the path itself is moot. Public access is not merely a physical path. Without social inclusion and Construction planning activities must coincide with robust programming robust programming, physical access to the space is rendered moot. The informed by stakeholder outreach. A general meeting with all stakeholders recommendations above lay a foundation for user interaction with the site can help identify those who will play a bigger role in either the support or to ensure the long-term success of the projects. To continue the Raritan opposition. This would be an ideal scenario for brainstorming partnerships riverfront’s active use, stakeholder engagement will be a key component and discussing issues of maintenance, promotion, and other opportunities for of this foundation, which must include open communication with local partnerships.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 84 PHASING the plan. These are the “low-hanging fruit” of the two elements. Later phases Table 7 shows how projects can be phased and organizes sub-projects based of the plan include “big-ticket” items, the amenities necessary for their on priority and difficulty in implementation (cost, construction disruption, success, and the enhancement of existing access infrastructure. regulatory requirements, etc.). Immediate priority projects are those that can be accomplished with relative ease, creating function and connectivity where there was previously none and generating public interest in future phases of

PROJECT PRIORITY DIFFICULTY IMMEDIATE (2020) SHORT TERM (2025) LONG TERM (2030)

Provide basic maintanence in existing “Trench” bikeway X Low Implement wayfinding scheme along existing “Trench” bikeway and surrounding park network X Low

Construct walking bridge to connect D&R Canal over the spillway X Medium

Connect D&R Canal State Park walking path to existing “Trench” bikeway X Medium

Construct boardwalk X High

Provide amenities along boardwalk X Low

Enhance Cedar Lane bikeway with bike maintanence amenities and racks X Medium

Enhance Route 27 access point with safety measures X Medium

Enhance George Street access point with safety measures X Medium

Construct multi-modal bridge over Raritan River X High Provide amenities along bridge X Low

Connect newly built multi-modal bridge and boardwalk X Medium

Table 9: Potential project phasing.

Chapter 7 | Conclusions 85 REFERENCES

86 BIBLIOGRAPHY Barth, L. (2002). The Delaware and Raritan Canal. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. Agriculture, U. S. (2017, 11). Web Soil Survey. Retrieved from Natural Resources Conservation Service: https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda. Campbell, L. K., Svendsen, E. S., Sonti, N. F., & Johnson, M. L. (2016). A gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx social assessment of urban parkland: Analyzing park use and meaning to inform management and resilience planning. Environmental Ambrose, M. (2013, April 14). Pedestrian Struck and Killed in Hit-and-Run Science & Policy, 62, 34-44. on Route 18. Retrieved from https://newbrunswicktoday.com/article/ pedestrian-struck-and-killed-hit-and-run-route-18 Celebrate NJ!. (2009). State of New Jersey Wayfinding Master Plan. Retrieved from New Jersey State Library Website: http://dspace. Anenberg, E., & Kung, E. (2015). Information technology and product variety njstatelib.org:8080/xmlui/handle/10929/26658. in the city: The case of food trucks. Journal of Urban Economics, 90, 60-78. Commission, N. J. (2001). The New Jersey State Development and Redevelopment Plan. Trenton, NJ. Arcadis US, Inc. (2016) Mission Creek Sea Level Rise Adaptation Study: Waterfront Strategies for Long Term Urban Resiliency. San Cumberland County Improvement Authority (2018). “Major Initiatives”. Francisco. Retrieved from: https://www.spur.org/sites/default/files/ Retrieved from http://www.ccia-net.com/redevelopment-initiatives/ publications_pdfs/Mission_Creek_Sea_Level_Rise_Adaptation_ major-initiatives/. Study.pdf. Davies, T.W., Bennie, J., & K. J. Gaston. (2012). Street lighting changes the Armstead, S., Sutter, B., Walker, P., & Wiesner, C. (2016). “And I Poor composition of invertebrate communities. Biology Letters, 8, 764- Slave Yet”: The Precarity of Black Life in New Brunswick, 1766-1835. 767. In M. J. Fuentes & D. G. White (Eds.) Scarlet and Black: Slavery and Department of Planning and Economic Development. (2004). City of Dispossession in Rutgers History (pp. 91-122) New Brunswick, NJ: New Brunswick Master Plan. http://thecityofnewbrunswick.org/ Rutgers University Press. planninganddevelopment/master-plan/

References 87 Dombroski, D. R. (1980). Geology of Middlesex County. Prevention Measures at Bridges and Buildings: Lessons We Have Learned from a National Survey in Switzerland. FEMA. (2015). Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration. United States Department of Homeland Security. Kenneth E. Vanlandingham, Municipal Home Rule in the United States, 10 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 269 (1968), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/ Draper, J. (2017 revised, originally published 2008). The National Suicide wmlr/vol10/iss2/2 Prevention Lifeline and New Technologies in Suicide Prevention. Suicide Prevention on Bridges: The National Suicide Prevention Khakzad, S., & Griffith, D. (2016). The role of fishing material culture in Lifeline Position. doi:10.1057/9781137351692.0014 communities’ sense of place as an added-value in management of coastal areas. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 5(2), 95-117. Epstein, S. (2015). New Brunswick gets grant to improve Lynch Bridge bike path. http://www.nj.com/middlesex/index.ssf/2015/05/new_ Kruger, D. J., Reischl, T. M., & Gee, G. C. (2007). Neighborhood social brunswick_gets_grant_to_improve_lynch_bridge_b.html conditions mediate the association between physical deterioration and mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40, Ferris, P. (2014). “With Pick and Shovel”: Commemorating the Workers Who 261-271. Died Building the Delaware and Raritan Canal, 1830-1834. In M. M. Deyrup & M. G. Harrington (Eds.) The Irish-American Experience in MacIver, M. (2010). Eric Reynolds, Master of Low-Cost, High-Return Public New Jersey and Metropolitan New York: Cultural Identity, Hybridity, Space Interventions in London and NYC. Retrieved from Project for and Commemoration (pp. 173-190) Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Public Spaces Website: https://www.pps.org/article/eric-reynolds- master-of-low-cost-high-return-public-space-interventions-in- Gross, Rachel E., (September 25, 2015). Suicide Barriers Really Do Work, london-and-nyc. Study Finds. The Slate Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/blogs/ the_slatest/2015/09/23/suicide_prevention_study_barriers_like_ Munoz, Daniel J., (November 15, 2017). Court strikes down mother’s suit the_one_planned_on_san_francisco.html against city, over 2012 drowning of her son in Raritan. Tapinto.net: Your Neighborhood Online. Retrieved from https://www.tapinto.net/ Hemmer A, Meier P, Reisch T (2017). Comparing Different Suicide

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 88 sections/police-and-fire/articles/court-strikes-down-mothers-suit- against-city-ov Obropta, C. C., & Kallin, P. L. (2007). The Restoration of a Urban Floodplain New Jersey Department of Children and Families (2016). New Jersey in Rahway, New Jersey. Ecological Restoration, 25(3), 175-182. Youth Suicide Report. Retrieved from http://www.nj.gov/dcf/news/ Office of Health Services, Middlesex County (2013). Community reportsnewsletters/dcfreportsnewsletters/SuicideReport_2016.pdf. Health Improvement Plan (CHIP). Retrieved from http://www. Newman, L. L., & Burnett, K. (2013). Street food and vibrant urban spaces: middlesexcountynj.gov/Government/Departments/PSH/Pages/ lessons from Portland, Oregon. Local Environment, 18(2), 233-248. Community-Health-Improvement-Plan-(CHIP)-.aspx.

NJ Department of Environmental Protection (2017). Marine Advisories. PLoS ONE 12 (1):e0169625.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169625. Retrieved from http://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/fishadvisories/marine.htm. Ralph W. Voorhees Public Service Fellows (2014). Improving Community NJDOT. (2010). Route 18 Reconstruction, New Brunswick. http://www.state. Food Security in New Brunswick. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Ralph. nj.us/transportation/commuter/roads/route18/ W. Voorhees Center for Civic Engagement. Retrieved from http:// rwv.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/F2014-Voorhees- NJDOT Bureau of Transportation Data & Safety. (2014). New Jersey Traffic FoodSecurity-Report.pdf. Monitoring Program. Trenton, NJ. Retrieved from: https://www.state. nj.us/transportation/refdata/roadway/pdf/program.pdf Rutgers Day Maps and Directions. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://rutgersday. rutgers.edu/content/new-brunswick-maps-and-directions NJ Fish and Wildlife (2017). New Jersey Fish and Wildlife Digest: 2017 Freshwater Issue. Retrieved from http://www.njfishandwildlife.com/ Rutgers Get Involved. (2017). Retrieved from http://getinvolved.rutgers.edu/ pdf/2017/digfsh17-regs.pdf. Service, U. S. (2017, 11). National Wetlands Inventory. Retrieved from NYC Parks and Recreation. (2018). Planning and Building Parks. Retrieved https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/data/mapper.html from https://www.nycgovparks.org/planning-and-building Sharing information about New Jersey’s Lower Raritan Watershed. (2017).

References 89 Retrieved from http://lowerraritanwatershed.org/ U.S. Census Bureau (2015). American Community Survey. Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml. Sustainable Raritan River Initiative. (2017). Retrieved from http://raritan. rutgers.edu/ United States Access Board. (2013) “Conflicts Between Shared Path Users” in Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Washington DC. The Environmental Analysis and Communications Group (2016, September). Retrieved from: https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and- The City of New Brunswick Coastal Vulnerability Assessment standards/streets-sidewalks/shared-use-paths/supplemental- (unpublished). New Brunswick: Sara Malone. notice/conflicts-between-shared-path-users. The Environmental Analysis and Communications Group (2017, August). The Watson, K.M., Collenburg, J.V., and Reiser, R.G., 2014, Hurricane Irene City of New Brunswick Municipal Public Access Plan (unpublished). and associated floods of August 27–30, 2011, in New Jersey: U.S. New Brunswick: Sara Malone. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5234, 149 The Trust for Public Land (2011, August). The Park System of New p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ sir20135234. Brunswick, New Jersey: Findings and Recommendations. Retrieved World Health Organization Kobe Centre for Health Development (2011). The from https://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ effect of urban crime and perceived safety on urban levels of physical ccpe-NewBrunswick-web-optimized.pdf. activity: a review. Kobe, Japan: Claire Boulange. Together North Jersey (2014, September). Middlesex Greenway Access Plan Health Impact Assessment. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy.

Tourism Economics (2013, July). The Economics & Fiscal Impacts of Heritage Tourism in New Jersey. Retrieved from http://njht.org/dca/ njht/touring/NJHT%20-%20TE%20Oxford%20report%2007-12-2013. pdf.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 90 DATA SOURCES Road network of Middlesex County. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/ gis/maps/middlesex.pdf 2012 Land Use/Land Cover in New Jersey, New Jersey Open GIS, http://njogis-newjersey.opendata.arcgis.com/ State Owned Open Space, NJGIN. http://njogis-newjersey.opendata.arcgis. datasets/86ec9b12071f4710acccde102b27e55c_3 com/datasets/b75fe11ed90543c1b4ee87e66af63b8b_1

2015 Ortho Photo, NJGIN. https://njgin.state.nj.us/NJ_NJGINExplorer/ IW.jsp?DLayer=NJ%202015%20Orthophotography%20MG4#

County boundaries in New Jersey, NJDEP Bureau of GIS. http://njogis-newjersey.opendata.arcgis.com/ datasets/5f45e1ece6e14ef5866974a7b57d3b95_1

County Owned Open Space, NJGIN. http://njogis-newjersey.opendata. arcgis.com/datasets/9603495beb394997b7bd441b7bcbcdbe_2

FEMA flood zone http://www.region2coastal.com/view-flood-maps-data/ view-preliminary-flood-map-data/

Bike lane network, Keep Middlesex Moving Program. http://www.kmm.org/ kmm_map.php

Municipal boundaries in New Jersey, NJDEP Bureau of GIS. http://www. nj.gov/dep/gis/stateshp.html#MUNCOAST

NJ-GeoWeb

Appendix 91 LISTS OF: FIGURES IMAGES TABLES

92 FIGURES Figure 10: Map of soil typologies surrounding the project area, page 29.

Figure 1: The location of Rutgers’ occupied municipalities within the state Figure 11: Road hierarchy of Rutgers University - New Brunswick region, and county, page 13. page 30.

Figure 2: A map of the project area highlighted in yellow, page 13. Figure 12: Bike network of Rutgers University - New Brunswick region, page 31. Figure 3: The New Brunswick area in 1930. Source: NJ DEP NJ-GeoWeb, page 15. Figure 13: Diagrams of the elevation change of the exisitng access points along Memorial Parkway, New Brunswick, page 37. Figure 4: The Delaware and Raritan Canal Historic District extending throughout Central Jersey and ending in New Brunswick. Source: NJ DEP Figure 14: Rendering of the recommended bridge connecting DNR Canal Bureau of GIS, page 16. State Park to the existing trench pathway, page 38.

Figure 5: Household median income across Rutgers’ neighboring Figure 15: Rendering of the recommended cantilevered construction and communities. Source: US Census (2010), page 17. noise-cancelling vegetative buffer, page 39.

Figure 6: New Brunswick population’s age, percent of disability, and primary Figure 16: Map of flood zones as designated by FEMA, page 40. language according to the 2010 Census. Source: US Census (2010), page Figure 17: Rendering from Yanweizhou Park in Jinua China depicting an 17. example of flood resilient design, page 42. Figure 7: Diagram of methodological approach, page 22. Figure 18: Rendering from a student design project by Daniel (Zhicheng) Xu Figure 8: Existing access points to the bikeway along Route 18, page 26. showing a small footprint intervention, page 43.

Figure 9: Map of land designated forest or wetland (by the NJDEP) Figure 19: Rendering of potential safety measures for the proposed surrounding the project area, page 28. boardwalk area, page 46-7.

Lists 93 Figure 20: Map of soil typologies surrounding the project area, page 50. Figure 30: Wayfinding example, page 74.

Figure 21: Elevation diagrams of different routes connecting College Avenue Figure 31: Map of New Brunswick’s Ciclovia, an event that opens the streets to Livingston Campus, page 51. of downtown New Brunswick to bicyclists, pedestrians, and other non- motorized vehicles. Source: http://newbrunswickciclovia.com/maps/, page Figure 22: Rendering of existing infrastructure enhancement through mural 107. painting and wayfinding, page 52. Figure 32: Map of the Big Chill 5k, an event hosted by Rutgers Recreation. Figure 23: Renderings of amenity recommendations for the proposed multi- Source: http://recreation.rutgers.edu/big-chill/, page 107. modal bridge across the Raritan River, page 53. Figure 33: Map of the Busch Campus on Rutgers Day, a university wide event Figure 24: Rendering of bike share and service station at Cedar Lane and that takes place in April, page 108. River Road in Piscataway, New Jersey, page 54. Figure 34: Map of Cook/Douglass Campus on Rutgers Day, a university wide Figure 25: Rendering of options for architectural elements with limited event that takes place in April, page 108 environmental impact for the proposed bridge, page 56. Figure 35: Map of College Avenue Campus on Rutgers Day, a university wide Figure 26: Rendering of options for the separation of different modes of event that takes place in April, page 109. transportation to prevent conflict and collision, page 58. IMAGES Figure 27: Rendering of options for lighting and other safety features for the proposed bridge, page 59. Image 1: A visionary rendering of the future for Rutgers University - New Brunswick from the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan document, page 6. Figure 28: Rendering of required materiality for the bridge and trail to allow emergency vehicle access in both areas, page 63. Image 2: The studio team after the public presentation with client Frank Wong (fourth from left) and instructor Sara Malone (fifth from left), page 8. Figure 29: Categories of long-term sustainability concerns for both proposed projects, page 72. Image 3: An aerial rendering of the project area, indicated in yellow, from

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 94 the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan document, page 12. Image 14: Existing crossing at Cedar Lane and River Road, page 54.

Image 4: A visionary rendering of the proposed bridge over the Raritan River Image 15: Johnson Park at Landing Lane in Piscataway, New Jersey on May and boardwalk from the Rutgers 2030 Master Plan document, page 12. 1, 2014, provided by NJ Weather & Climate, https://www.njweather.org/ content/heavy-rain-and-flooding-plague-nj-residents, page 55. Image 5: A postcard of the original Queens Building from the Ken Lew Postcard Collection, page 14. Image 16: Spanish for Community Engagement, a Rutgers University field trip to the existing Art Walk, page 75. Image 6: George Street access to bike lane from Buccleauch Park from site visit on September 24, 2017, page 20. Image 17: The New Brunswick Landing, page 76.

Image 7: Existing pathway under Route 18 from studio site visit on TABLES September 24, 2017, page 21. Table 1: Species of special concern and endangered populations, page 29. Image 8: A view of the staircase entry from New Street, page 36. Table 2: NJDEP Statewide estuarine and marine waters advisory, 2017, page Image 9: Photo of Route 18 following Hurricane Irene in 2011, page 41. 45.

Image 10: Photo of a spring storm on May 1, 2014 by Sara Malone, page 41. Table 3: Surrounding parks (local and county-owned) and hours of operation, respectively, page 51. Image 11: Existing areas with broken down benches and weed overgrowth from studio site visit on September 24, 2017, page 44. Table 4: Federal Regulations and Permit Requirements, page 67.

Image 12: Homeless encampments under Route 27 in New Brunswick, New Table 5: New Jersey (state) Regulations and Permit Requirements, page 67. Jersey, page 45. Table 5.1: New Jersey (state) Regulations and Permit Requirements (cont’d), Image 13: Existing crossing at Buccleuch Park along George Street, page page 68. 52.

Lists 95 Table 5.2: New Jersey (state) Regulations and Permit Requirements (cont’d), page 69.

Table 6: Regional Regulations and Permit Requirements, page 69.

Table 7: National Funding Sources available, page 78.

Table 7.1: National Funding Sources available (cont’d), page 79.

Table 7.2: National Funding Sources available (cont’d), page 80.

Table 8: State Funding Sources available, page 80.

Table 8.1: State Funding Sources available (cont’d), page 81.

Table 9: Potential project phasing, page 85.

Table 10: Potential stakeholders and partner organizations, page 111.

Table 11: Potential stakeholders and partner organizations (cont’d), page 112.

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 96 Appendix 97 APPENDIX A: CASE STUDIES

98 Appendix 99 Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 100 Appendix 101 Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 102 Appendix 103 Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 104 Appendix 105 APPENDIX B: MAPS

106 Figure 31: Map of New Brunswick’s Ciclovia, an event that opens the streets of downtown Figure 32: Map of the Big Chill 5k, an event hosted by Rutgers Recreation. Source: http://recreation.rutgers.edu/big-chill/. New Brunswick to bicyclists, pedestrians, and other non-motorized vehicles. Source: http://newbrunswickciclovia.com/maps/

Appendix 107 R D H R H G D W C N U E O W O I N OD O L T G S L S ID S AK B W D T R E DR L I E O E R U D N T L N R B R E U S R BRIDG O H U C U M RESURRECTION T W D T E T S E S L E R T D L R LT N R E D E BURIAL PARK L G R O S V I A A E D R I I W P S R F O G S D R T O O E L E A R N L C D S L ST O A N R R T V L LT N M D E E E V O K SE S S To Rt 287 I O R L A VE O T I T R A R C M T A O N C D T H O VE EE N IS A N GR L V E A IS R ST A AV N R VE R N D R OR P E C U E N M H T B BU A D C L E N L C SU H T S IG S T H E A T R PISCATAWAY F L IE E LD G E N 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 AV E D K V A AR N A R Kilometers P SO E AN S AV H W ATE VE LN G 609 Miles D A S R E E E E O M V H A 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 B IS H F A Y S E O E U S M L N O R L TT L R R T O K O C D C S N A I C R I Y T O R S R R A L H U T R I W N R G N F S L E A D L T B D A N E Y R C R M M A R B R T C A H A H S G F A IN K C VE H U L A A B EL MP

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RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY APPENDIX C: STAKEHOLDERS

110 Proximity Environment Cultural/Historic Public Access Regulatory Transportation Economic Rutgers University X X X X X X X Rutgers Recreation X X Rutgers Ecological Preserve X X Rutgers Department of Transportation X Army Corps of Engineers X X The City of New Brunswick Parks and Gardens Commission X X X Recreation X Parks Department X X Environmental Commission X DEVCO X X co-LAB Arts X X D&R Canal Commission X East Coast Greenway Alliance X X Highland Park Borough Environmental Commission X Johnson & Johnson Global HQ X X Lower Raritan Watershed Partnership (LRWP) X X Middlesex County Office of Parks and Recreation X X New Jersey Water Supply Authority X NJ Audubon X X NJTPA X NJDEP Coastal and Land Use Planning X

Table 10: Potential stakeholders and partner organizations.

Appendix 111 Proximity Environment Cultural/Historic Public Access Regulatory Transportation Economic Division of Fish & Wildlife X Green Acres Program X Historic Preservation Office (HPO) X D&R Canal State Park X X NJDOT X X NY-NJ Harbor and Estuary Program X Raritan River Environmental Festival & Rubber Duck Race X Raritan Riverkeeper X The Trust for Public Land X X New Brunswick Cultural Center X Middlesex County Office of Culture and Heritage X Raices Cultural Center X Family Arts Movement X Drew University Irish Studies X Irish American Cultural Institute X American Irish Association of Woodbridge X NYU Glucksman Ireland House X Irish Arts Center (NYC) X The Nature Conservancy X

Table 11: Potential stakeholders and partner organizations (cont’d).

Graduate Planning Studio: Public Access | Raritan River Multimodal Bridge and Boardwalk 112 Appendix 113