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NOTE TO READERS: ALL PRINTED PAGES ARE INCLUDED, UNNUMBERED BLANK PAGES DURING SCANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL CHECK HAVE BEEN DELETED Aeronautics and Space Report of the President 1987 Activities 1989 Nation aI Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546 summary .............. ........................................... 1 Department of Commerce ..................................... 87 Space Science and Applications .............. ... 2 Space Systems .............................................................. 87 Communications ............... ............................. 5 International Activities ............................ 95 Space Transportation .......................................... 7 Research ....................................................................... 97 Safety, Reliability, Maintainability and Other Uses of Satellites .... 102 Quality Assurance .............................................. 8 Commercial Use of Department of Energy .......................................... 107 Space Station ............... ....................................... 8 Space Nuclear Power Systems ................................... 107 Space Operations ....................................... .. 9 Nuclear Test Detection .............................................. 113 Aeronautics and Space Research and Technology .......................................... 9 Department of the Interior .................................. 115 Remotely Sensed Data Acquisition and National Aeronautics and Space Administration 15 Processing ................................................................ 115 Space Science and Applications .................................. 15 Remote Sensing Applications .................................... 117 Space Transportation ................................... 37 International Activities ............................................... 123 Safety. Reliability. Maintainability and Quality Assurance ............................................... 42 Department of Agriculture ................................... 125 Commercial Use of Space .................. ..........43 Space Station .................. ............................... 46 Federal Communications Commission .............127 Space Operations ................................................ Communications Satellites ......................................... 127 Aeronautics Research and Technology New Satellite Services ................................................ 130 Space Research and Technology ................................ 65 International Conference Activities ........................... 130 Department of Defense .......................................... 75 Department of Transportation ............................ 133 .. Space Activities ............................................................ 76 Aviation Safety ............................................................ 133 Aeronautical Activities ................................................. 80 Air Navigation and Air Traffic Control ...................... 142 Office of Commercial Space Transportation .............145 11 Environmental Protection Agency .................... 149 163 163 Nationd Science Foundation ............................... 151 A-2 World Record of Space Launches Successful Astronomical Sciences ............................................... 15 1 in Attaining Earth Orbit or Beyond ........ Atmospheric Sciences ................................................ 151 A-3 Successful U.S. Launches--1987 ...................... 165 B-1 US-Launched Applications Satellites, Smithsonian Institution ........ 1981-1987........................................................ 166 Space Sciences ........................................................... 155 B-2 US.-Launched Scientific Satellites, Space Technology .................. ...... ..... ,155 1981-1987 168 Planetary Sciences ...................................................... 155 B-3 U.S.-Launched Space Probes, 1975-1987 ......... 169 Terrestrial Studies ....................................................... 156 C U.S. and Soviet Manned Spaceflights, 1961-1987. ..... ...... 170 Department of State .............................................. 157 D U.S. Space Launc es ............................. 177 Activities Within the United Nations ......................... 157 E-1 Space Activities of the U.S. Government: COSPAS/SARSAT ....................................................... 158 Historical Budget Summary-Budget International Telecommunications ........................... 158 Authority ......................................................... 178 Chart: U.S. Space Budget- Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ......... 159 Budget Authority Bilateral Discussions on Space Arms Control ...........159 FY 1971-1987.................................................. 179 Multilateral Discussions on Space Arms E-2 Space Activities Budget ..................................... 180 Control .................................................................... 159 E-3 Aeronautics Budget .......................................... 180 Space Policy ............................................................... 160 F Agreement Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist United States Information Agency ...................... 161 Republics Concerning Cooperation in the Voice of America ........................................................ 161 Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Television Service ...................................................... 161 Peaceful Purposes . ...... 181 Other USIA Activities ................................................. 161 iii Summary During 1987 research and development in the areas tions were initiated for Voyager 2’s final encounter of aeronautics and space, involving several federal with Neptune in 1989. Also, after successfully operat- agencies, continued to open new horizons for techno- ing for 10 years, the International Sun-Earth Explorers logical understanding and answer numerous questions ISEE-1 and -2 reentered Earth’s atmosphere. about how the solar system, including Earth, and the Based in Antarctica, scientists from U.S. agencies universe were created. and universities conducted extensive studies to deter- Major efforts continued to focus on returning the mine the causes of ozone depletion in the atmosphere. space shuttle to flight status. Crew escape and landing In the area of national security, the Strategic De- system changes recommended by the Presidential fense Initiative program demonstrated the ability to Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident intercept targets within the atmosphere and in space. were being incorporated into the orbiter; design Certain technologies and concepts to be used in this changes were made to the Solid Rocket Motor and program were approved for analysis of their feasibility static test firings of it were conducted; and a program as critical elements of the program. was initiated to address key problems involving the Surveillance and warning systems continued to space shuttle main engine that were identified follow- provide warning capability for attacks by ballistic ing the Challenger accident on January 28, 1986. missiles or threats by air-breathing vehicles. During Studies were completed concluding that a mixed 1987 two phased-array warning-system radars became fleet, consisting of the space shuttle and expendable operational; two have been in use since 1980. A joint launch vehicles, would be required for continued U.S. program by the Federal Aviation Administration and operations and access to space. the U.S. Air Force was planned for modernizing the The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Canadian-American Joint Surveillance System radar, in (NASA) conducted four spacecraft launches using addition to other surveillance and warning systems. expendable launch vehicles, three of which were the Increased capacity in the 11/12/14-GHz band launch of GOES-H, the last in the current series of allowed the Federal Communications Commission to Geostationary Operdticnal Environmental Satellites. approve applications for several small Earth-based In the areas of space observation and exploration, antenna networks that will increase satellite-delivered Supernova 1987a, discovered in the Large Magellanic communications services. Cloud which is located 160,000 light years from Earth, Congress approved a revised Landsat program was observed and studied. Since this was the brightest commercialization plan that called for the release of supernova observed since 1604, astronomers from additional funding to continue the development of the around the world had an unprecedented opportunity space and ground systems for the Landsat 6 satellite. to study the death of a star. In related activity, scien- In addition, the Department of Commerce will direct a tists theorized that the massive black holes (M31 and study aimed at developing a commercial system more M32) at the center of two galaxies close to the Milky advanced than the Landsat 6 system. Way have a mass 10 to 100 times that of the sun, and In the international arena, the United States moved are favored to explain the energy source of quasars. closer to agreement with its partners in the multibillion The Pioneer 10 spacecraft traveled past the orbit of dollar, permanently occupied Space Station program. Pluto, and Pioneer 11 approached the orbit of Nep- Secretary of State Shultz signed a new space coopera- tune. Like the Pioneers, the Voyager
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