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Media Mergers 2003 The OECD Competition Committee debated media mergers in May 2003. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Gary Hewitt for the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Chinese Taipei, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Reviewing media mergers may be more complicated than reviewing other mergers because of the huge variety of possible media content and the two-sided market aspect of many media, i.e. those earning advertising revenue. A wide variety of content means that market definition is rendered more complex. The two-sided market characteristic has important and sometimes far from obvious impacts on how mergers affect economic efficiency, media plurality and content diversity. Vertical integration can produce real efficiencies in media markets notably when it eliminates a double-marginalisation problem but it can sometimes create competition problems as far as access to content and final delivery to the consumer are concerned. Adequate trade off between economic welfare and non-economic effects on social welfare, e.g. on pluralism, which are two separate goals, are difficult to make in reviewing media mergers. Although competition authorities tend to protect pluralism, most often they are reluctant to include pluralism considerations in merger reviews as they want to preserve their reputation for objectivity and evenhanded. Behavioral remedies which are more frequently applied than divestiture impose high enforcement costs on competition authorities. OECD Council Recommendation on Merger Review (2005) The Objectives of Competition Law and Policy (2003) Regulation and Competition Issues in Broadcasting in the Light of Convergence (1999) Unclassified DAFFE/COMP(2003)16 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 19-Sep-2003 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English, French DIRECTORATE FOR FINANCIAL, FISCAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS COMPETITION COMMITTEE Unclassified DAFFE/COMP(2003)16 MEDIA MERGERS French English, JT00149676 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DAFFE/COMP(2003)16 FOREWORD This document comprises proceedings in the original languages of a Roundtable on Media Mergers which was held by the Competition Committee in May 2003. It is published under the responsibility of the Secretary General of the OECD to bring information on this topic to the attention of a wider audience. This compilation is one of a series of publications entitled “Competition Policy Roundtables”. PRÉFACE Ce document rassemble la documentation dans la langue d’origine dans laquelle elle a été soumise, relative à une table ronde sur les fusions dans les médias, qui s’est tenue en mai 2003, dans le cadre du Comité de la concurrence. Il est publié sous la responsabilité du Secrétaire général de l’OCDE, afin de porter à la connaissance d’un large public les éléments d’information qui ont été réunis à cette occasion. Cette compilation fait partie de la série intitulée « Les tables rondes sur la politique de la concurrence ». 2 DAFFE/COMP(2003)16 OTHER TITLES SERIES ROUNDTABLES ON COMPETITION POLICY 1. Competition Policy and Environment OCDE/GD(96)22 2. Failing Firm Defence OCDE/GD(96)23 3. Competition Policy and Film Distribution OCDE/GD(96)60 4. Competition Policy and Efficiency Claims in Horizontal Agreements OCDE/GD(96)65 5. The Essential Facilities Concept OCDE/GD(96)113 6. Competition in Telecommunications OCDE/GD(96)114 7. The Reform of International Satellite Organisations OCDE/GD(96)123 8. Abuse of Dominance and Monopolisation OCDE/GD(96)131 9. Application of Competition Policy to High Tech Markets OCDE/GD(97)44 10. General Cartel Bans: Criteria for Exemption for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises OCDE/GD(97)53 11. Competition Issues related to Sports OCDE/GD(97)128 12. Application of Competition Policy to the Electricity Sector OCDE/GD(97)132 13. Judicial Enforcement of Competition Law OCDE/GD(97)200 14. Resale Price Maintenance OCDE/GD(97)229 15. Railways: Structure, Regulation and Competition Policy DAFFE/CLP(98)1 16. Competition Policy and International Airport Services DAFFE/CLP(98)3 17. Enhancing the Role of Competition in the Regulation of Banks DAFFE/CLP(98)16 18. Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights DAFFE/CLP(98)18 19. Competition and Related Regulation Issues in the Insurance Industry DAFFE/CLP(98)20 20. Competition Policy and Procurement Markets DAFFE/CLP(99)3 21. Regulation and Competition Issues in Broadcasting in the light of Convergence DAFFE/CLP(99)1 3 DAFFE/COMP(2003)16 22. Relationship between Regulators and Competition Authorities DAFFE/CLP(99)8 23. Buying Power of Multiproduct Retailers DAFFE/CLP(99)21 24. Promoting Competition in Postal Services DAFFE/CLP(99)22 25. Oligopoly DAFFE/CLP(99)25 26. Airline Mergers and Alliances DAFFE/CLP(2000)1 28. Competition in Local Services DAFFE/CLP(2000)13 29. Mergers in Financial Services DAFFE/CLP(2000)17 30. Promoting Competition in the Natural Gas Industry DAFFE/CLP(2000)18 31. Competition Issues in Electronic Commerce DAFFE/CLP(2000)32 32. Competition and Regulation Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry DAFFE/CLP(2000)29 33. Competition Issues in Joint Ventures DAFFE/CLP(2000)33 34. Competition Issues in Road Transport DAFFE/CLP(2001)10 35. Price Transparency DAFFE/CLP(2001)22 36. Competition Policy in Subsidies and State Aid DAFFE/CLP(2001)24 37. Portfolio Effects in Conglomerate Mergers DAFFE/COMP(2002)5 38. Competition and Regulation Issues in Telecommunications DAFFE/COMP(2002)6 39. Merger Review in Emerging High Innovation Markets DAFFE/COMP(2002)20 40. Loyalty and Fidelity Discounts and Rebates DAFFE/COMP(2002)21 41. Communication by Competition Authorities DAFFE/COMP(2003)4 42. Substantive Criteria used for the Assessment of Mergers DAFFE/COMP(2003)5 43. Competition Issues in the Electricity Sector DAFFE/COMP(2003)14 4 DAFFE/COMP(2003)16 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 7 SYNTHÈSE................................................................................................................................................ 13 BACKGROUND NOTE............................................................................................................................. 19 NOTE DE RÉFÉRENCE............................................................................................................................ 75 QUESTIONNAIRE SUBMITTED BY THE SECRETARIAT ............................................................... 135 QUESTIONNAIRE SOUMIS PAR LE SECRÉTARIAT........................................................................ 145 NATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS Australia.................................................................................................................................................... 155 Austria....................................................................................................................................................... 179 Brazil......................................................................................................................................................... 185 Canada ...................................................................................................................................................... 205 Chinese Taipei .......................................................................................................................................... 219 Czech Republic......................................................................................................................................... 225 Denmark ................................................................................................................................................... 231 Finland ...................................................................................................................................................... 235 Germany ................................................................................................................................................... 241 Ireland....................................................................................................................................................... 249 Israel ......................................................................................................................................................... 253 Japan ......................................................................................................................................................... 257 Mexico ...................................................................................................................................................... 261 Spain ......................................................................................................................................................... 267 United Kingdom ....................................................................................................................................... 275 United States............................................................................................................................................
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  • Global Brand List

    Global Brand List

    Global Brand List Over the last ten years Superbrand, Topbrand and Grande status in over 10 countries: Marque status have become recognised as the benchmark for brand success. The organisation has produced over 5000 case DHL, American Express, Audi, AVIS, Sony, studies on brands identified as high achievers. These unique McDonald's, MasterCard, Philips, Pepsi, Nokia, stories and insights have been published in 100 branding bibles, Microsoft, Gillette, Kodak and Heinz. 77 of which were published in Europe, the Middle East and the Indian sub-continent. The following brands have achieved Superbrands ® 1C Aim Trimark Amstel Asuransi Barbie 3 Hutchison Telecom AIMC *Amsterdam AT Kearney Barca Velha 3 Korochki Air Asia Amsterdam Airport Atlas Barclaycard 36,6 Air Canada Amway Atlas Hi-Fi Barclays Bank 3FM Air France An Post Aton Barista 3M Air Liquide Anadin atv BARMER 7-Up Air Miles Anakku Audi Barnes & Noble 8 Marta Air Sahara Anchor Audrey Baron B A Blikle Airbus Ancol Jakarta Baycity Aurinkomatkat Basak¸ Emeklilik A&E Airland Andersen Consulting Australia Olympic Basak¸ Sigorta A-1 Driving Airtel Andersen Windows Committee BASF AA2000 AIS Andrex Australia Post Basildon Bond AAJ TAK Aiwa Angel Face Austrian Airlines Baskin Robins AARP Aji Ichiban Anlene Auto & General Baso Malang AB VASSILOPOULOS Ak Emekliik Ann Summers Auto Bild Bassat Ogilvy ABBA Akari Annum Automibile Association Bata abbey Akbank Ansell AV Jennings Batchelors ABC Al Ansari Exchange Ansett Avance Bates Abenson Inc Al Ghurair Retail City Antagin JRG AVE Battery ABN Amro