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Diplomarbeit Fertig Reformpädagogischer Mathematikunterricht in der Sekundarstufe 2 Eine Betrachtung der montessori- und waldorfpädagogischen Konzeptionen und deren Umsetzungen, sowie die Relevanz von Reformpädagogik für den Regelunterricht Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Naturwissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Teresa Maria NIEDERL am Institut für Mathematik und Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Begutachter: Ao.Univ.-Prof.Dr.phil. Thaller, Bernd Graz 2013 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich, Teresa Maria Niederl, versichere hiermit an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht be- nutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen in- ländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffent- licht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Datum / Unterschrift Zusammenfassung Es mangelt der pädagogischen Realität nicht an vielen verschiedenen reformpädagogischen Ideen und konkreten Konzepten. Doch für die Sekundarstufe 2 sind nur wenige davon ausge- reift umsetzbar. In Österreich findet man die Waldorfpädagogik, die Montessoripädagogik und vereinzelt auch den Daltonplan in der praktischen Umsetzung, in Deutschland beispiels- weise auch solche zum Jenaplan. Die Vermittlung von Mathematik in der Sekundarstufe 2 wird speziell aus der Sicht der Waldorfpädagogik und der Montessoripädagogik betrachtet. Wobei die theoretischen Hintergründe, die Umsetzungsvorschläge und die Vergleiche mit dem Regelschulsystem durch Beispiele von Schulen untermalt werden, die Waldorf- oder Montessoripädagogik in der Sekundarstufe einsetzten. Daraus werden Ideen, wie Hand- lungsorientierung im Unterricht, die Öffnung des Unterrichts und Selbstständigkeitsförde- rung im Mathematikunterricht aufgegriffen. Darunter fallen Unterrichtsmethoden, die auch für den Regelunterricht in Mathematik der Sekundarstufe 2 brauchbar sein können. Die Be- schäftigung mit einem oft polarisierenden Thema wird durch eine kritische Würdigung, so- wie einer persönlichen Reflexion abgerundet. Abstract When it comes to pedagogy, there is no lack of progressive educational ideas and concrete concepts. But when considering secondary level II, only a few of them are fully developed and ready to implement. In Austria one can find such progressive concepts in the form of Waldorf pedagogy, Montessori education, and in certain cases also as Dalton plan, whereas in Germany, for example, there are also Jenaplan schools. In this thesis, teaching mathematics in secondary level II is considered from the perspective of Waldorf and Montessori education. The provided theoretical background with the innova- tive proposals for realisation and the comparison of the Montessori and the Waldorf schools with the regular Austrian school system is reinforced with examples taken from interviews. Educational ideas such as the orientation towards action, open learning, and the promotion of the pupils’ autonomy are transferred to mathematics classes. This includes teaching me- thods, which may also be useful for the mathematics classes of the secondary level II in regu- lar schools. Finally, this polarizing issue is concluded with a critical appraisal and a personal reflection. Danksagung ES GIBT DICH Dein Ort ist wo Augen dich ansehn Wo sich die Augen treffen entstehst du Von einem Ruf gehalten immer die gleiche Stimme, es scheint nur eine zu geben mit der alle rufen Du fielest aber du fällst nicht Augen fangen dich auf Es gibt dich weil Augen dich wollen dich ansehn und sagen dass es dich gibt (Hilde Domin) Die Realität bettet den Menschen ein unter seines gleichen, so auch mich. Sieht man es als Abhängigkeit oder willkommene Gabe, es ist einerlei. Hier möchte ich die Gelegenheit er- greifen, mich bei den Menschen, deren Augen mich ansehen, mich auffangen und existieren machen, zu bedanken. Stellvertretend für jegliche Hilfestellung von Seiten meiner Verwandtschaft während meines Studiums, möchte ich meinen Eltern Agnes und Josef Niederl besonders meine Dankbarkeit ausdrücken. Auch den vielen inspirierenden Menschen, Freundinnen und Freunden, sowie meinem Partner, bin ich für die Unterstützung verschiedenster Art auf meinem Weg dank- bar. Speziell in Bezug auf die vorliegende Diplomarbeit möchte ich mich bei Herrn Professor Thal- ler bedanken, der es mir ermöglicht hat, mich mit einem mir am Herzen liegenden Thema zu beschäftigen. Auch den vielen freundlichen Menschen, die mir Zugang zu Informationen und Einblicke in ihre Tätigkeit gewährt haben, möchte ich meinen Dank aussprechen, insbeson- dere Herrn Holger Finke und Herrn Andreas Bernhofer. Zu guter Letzt möchte ich meine Achtung vor all den Menschen ausdrücken, die sich im Lau- fe der Zeit mit der Vermittlung von Inhalten, Schule und Unterrichtsformen beschäftigt ha- ben. Im Grunde kann man als interessierte junge Lehrperson aus dem Vollen schöpfen und an gut dokumentierte pädagogische Erfahrungen anknüpfen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Reformpädagogik - Einführung und Überblick ..................................................................... 4 2.1 Versuch einer Definition ................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Wichtige reformpädagogische Strömungen und ihre Vertreter ...................................... 8 2.2.1 Montessoripädagogik ................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Waldorfpädagogik ................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Jenaplan-Pädagogik ................................................................................................. 14 2.2.4 Daltonplan-Pädagogik ............................................................................................. 16 2.2.5 Freinet-Pädagogik.................................................................................................... 18 2.2.6 Neue Reformpädagogik ........................................................................................... 20 3. Reformpädagogischer Mathematikunterricht in der Sekundarstufe2 ................................ 23 3.1 Reformpädagogik in der Sekundarstufe 2 ...................................................................... 23 3.1.1 Waldorfpädagogik ................................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Montessoripädagogik .............................................................................................. 33 3.1.3 Situation in Österreich ............................................................................................ 48 3.2 Mathematikunterricht in der Sekundarstufe 2 .............................................................. 50 3.2.1 Grundmuster des mathematischen Arbeitens ........................................................ 50 3.2.2 Ziele und Inhalte des Mathematikunterrichts ........................................................ 55 3.2.3 Didaktische Prinzipien für den Mathematikunterricht ........................................... 58 3.2.4 Bildungsstandards, standardisierte Reife- und Diplomprüfung und kompetenz- orientierter Unterricht ..................................................................................................... 62 3.3 Reformpädagogischer Mathematikunterricht in der Sekundarstufe 2 ......................... 66 3.3.1 Mathematikunterricht in der Waldorfpädagogik.................................................... 66 3.3.2 Praxisbericht – Rudolf Steiner-Schule Mauer ......................................................... 79 3.3.3 Mathematikunterricht in der Montessoripädagogik ............................................. 85 3.3.4 Praxisbericht ............................................................................................................ 89 4. Schließende Betrachtungen ................................................................................................. 97 4.1 Umsetzung von reformpädagogischen Impulsen im Regelschulmathematikunterricht der Sekundarstufe 2 ............................................................................................................. 97 4.1.1 Handlungsorientierung im Unterricht ..................................................................... 98 4.1.2 Öffnung des Unterricht ........................................................................................... 99 4.1.3 Selbstständigkeitsförderung im Mathematikunterricht ...................................... 106 4.2 Kritische Würdigung der Reformpädagogik ................................................................ 107 4.2.2 Kritik an der Waldorfpädagogik ............................................................................ 110 4.2.3 Kritik an der Montessoripädagogik ....................................................................... 112 5. Reflexion ............................................................................................................................. 114 6. Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ 119 7. Literaturverzeichnis ...........................................................................................................
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