PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A STUDY OF COLUMNISTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD SOCIAL WELFARE
ISSUES IN NEWS COLUMNS OF DUTCHNEWS.NL
A Thesis Presented to
The Graduate Program in English Language Studies
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora (M.Hum)
in
English Language Studies
by
Aldi Alexander Vinchristo
176332010
Sanata Dharma University
Yogyakarta
January, 2020
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A TI{ESIS
A STUDY OF COLUMMSTS'ATTITUDETOTYARD SOCIAL
WELFARE ISSUES IN NEWS COLUMNS OF DWCHNEWS.NL
AIdi Alexander Vinchristo
t763320t0
Approved by
D.q. Fr. B. Atip M.Pd.. M4.
Thesis Advisor Date: 30 Jantmry 2020
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A TI{ESIS
A STUDY OF COTUMMSTS' ATTITUDE TOII/ARD SOCIAL WELFARE
Presented by
AIdi Alexader Yinchristo
r76332010
30 January 2020 uate Schml Dirwtor University
Dr. Gregorius Budi Subanar, SJ.
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STAIEMEN:T OT WORK'S ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all the ideas, phrases, and sentences, unless otherwise state4
ffie thc ideas, phrases, sentences of tlre thesis writer. Ttre rmiter understands the
fuII come4rrences including degree pancellation if he/she took somebody else's
idea, phrase, or sentence without a proper reference.
Yogyakart4 30 January 2A20
Aldi Alexander Vinchristo
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LEMBAR PER}IYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN
AKAI}EMIS
Yang ber&anda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Aldi Alexander Vinchristo NIM :1763320fi
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetatruan, memberikan kepada Perpustakaan universitas sanata Dharma karya itmiatr saya yang berjudtrl: A Study of Columnists' Attitude toward Social Welfare Issues in News Columns of DutchNew s.nl
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta Uin maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencanfumkan rurma saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 30 January 2A20
Yang menyatakan M Aldi Alexander Vinchristo PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In this moment, I would like to show my gratitude to Mr. Dr. Francis
Borgias Alip, M.Pd., MA. because without Mr. Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd.,
MA. guidance, I would never complete this thesis. I would also like to say thank you to Mr. Dr. Benedictus Bherman Dwijatmoko, M.A., Mr. Dr. Emanuel Sunarto,
M.Hum, Mr. P. Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D, and Mr. F. X. Mukarto, Ph.D. for giving me suggestions to improve my thesis. I also would like to show my appreciation to my family, which consists of my father, my mother, and my two big brothers for always supporting me in completing this thesis. At last, I would like to show my gratefulness to God because without God’s blessing and presents it is impossible for me to complete this thesis.
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ABSTRACT
Aldi Alexander Vinchristo. 2020. A Study of Columnists’ Attitude toward Social Welfare Issues in News Columns of DutchNews.nl. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program English Language Studies. Sanata Dharma University
Columnists in news columns always write their positive or negative opinion about issue that are presented in their publication. The readers tend to question the reason why the Columnists choose certain positive or negative attitude to the issues related to judgment consists of social esteem and social sanction, appreciation consists of reaction, composition, and valuation, and affect consists of happiness/unhappiness, security/insecurity, and satisfaction/dissatisfaction (Martin and White, 2005). Columnists in news columns also usually create two groups of people, which are “Us and Them” and try to influence the the reader to join “Us” by portraying this group positively and emphasizing the negativity of “Them” (van Dijk, 1998). For this reason, the issue of social welfare in news columns of DutchNews.nl was chosen as the object of this research, in the hope that columnist’s attitude and ideology could be clearly identified. Based on the explanation given above, these are the problem formulations for this research, (1) What are the highest types (positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl?, and (2) How is the columnists’ ideology (Us and Them) of social welfare issues represented in news columns of DutchNews.nl? The research objectives are: (1) to identify what are the highest types (positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl, and (2) to find how are the columnists’ ideology (social groups or “Us against Them”) represented in news columns of DutchNews.nl that will show the columnists group’s affiliation and their ideology. In order to achieve the Objectives No. 1 and No. 2, this research used the attitude of appraisal theory as an approach (Martin and White, 2005), and ideology (“Us and Them”) theory (van Dijk, 1998). The main research was to reading and examining the social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. The features included attitude of appraisal theory especially judgment, appreciation, and affect as well as ideology (“Us and Them”). The analysis was based by Martin and White’s apprasial theory especifically that about attitude related to judgment, appreciation, and affect as well as van Dijk’s ideology (“Us and Them”) theory. The data analysis consisted of three main steps: 1) reading and examining, 2) conducting trustworthiness, and 3) making interpretation based on the analysis. The research findings related to the columnist’s attitude and their ideology of social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl are as follows. In general, the columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl tend to use a negative expression (negative frequency = 117 or 58.5%) to express their opinion or characters. The negative judgment in this research has the highest frequency (negative judgment frequency = 48 or 24.0%) shows that negative opinion of columnists in general. The analysis of the columnists’ ideology (social
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group’s representation or “Us against Them”) shows the columnists tend to represent “Them” (frequency = 108 or 55.96%) more than represent “Us” (frequency = 85 or 44.04%), which means the columnists show their negative values toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. The answers to the first research question about: “What are the highest types (positive or negative) of the columnists’ attitude (based on attitude of appraisal theory) toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl?” are as follows: (1) the columnists like to criticize more than to admire, also like to condemn more than to praise, (2) the columnists react negatively about the issues, and (3) the columnists feel insecure about the issues being published. The answer to the second research question about: “How is the columnists’ ideology (Us and Them) of social welfare issues represented in the news columns of DutchNews.nl? is that the columnists tend to represent “Them” more than “Us,” which means the columnists show their negative values toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
Keywords: Columnist’s attitude emotion, Ideology
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ABSTRAK
Aldi Alexander Vinchristo. 2020. A Study of Columnist’s Attitude toward Social Welfare Issues in News Columns of DutchNews.nl. Yogyakarta: Program Pasca- Sarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma
Para kolumnis dalam kolom berita selalu menulis pendapat positif atau negatifnya mengenai isu yang ditampilkan dalam publikasinya. Para pembaca cenderung menanyakan alasan para kolumnis memilih secara positif dan negatif attitude tertentu terhadap isu yang terkait dengan judgment, yang terdiri dari social esteem dan social sanction, appreciation yang terdiri dari reaction, composition, dan valuation, dan affect yang terdiri dari happiness/unhappiness, security/insecurity, dan satisfaction/disatisfaction (Martin and White, 2005). Para kolumnis dalam kolom berita umumnya juga membentuk dua kelompok orang, yaitu “Us dan Them” lalu mencoba untuk mempengaruhi para pembaca untuk bergabung dengan kelompok “Us” melalui menggambarkan kelompok ini secara positif dan di saat bersamaan menekankan secara negatif kelompok “Them” (van Dijk, 1998). Untuk alasan tersebut isu Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl dipilih sebagai objek penelitian ini. Dengan harapan agar Columnist’s Attitude dan Ideology dapat dijelaskan dengan jelas. Berdasarkan penjelasan yang diberikan di atas, berikut adalah rumusan masalah untuk penelitian ini. (1) Apa jenis tertinggi (positif atau negatif) dari columnists’ attitude terhadap isu Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl? dan (2) Bagaimana columnists’ ideology (Us and Them) dari isu Kesejahteraan Sosial diwakili dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl? Tujuan penelitian adalah: (1) Untuk mengidentifikasi apa jenis tertinggi (positif atau negatif) dari columnists’ attitude terhadap isu Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl dan (2) Untuk mencari bagaimana columnists’ ideology (Social Groups or “Us against Them”) diwakili dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl yang akan menunjukan kelompok afiliasi para kolumnis berserta ideologinya. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan teori attitude of appraisal (Martin dan White, 2005) sebagai pendekatan dan juga teori ideology (“Us and Them”) (van Dijk, 1998). Penelitian utama adalah dengan membaca dan memeriksa isu Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl. Fitur yang termasuk adalah teori attitude yang berhubungan dengan judgment, appreciation, dan affect berserta juga ideology (“Us and Them”). Analisa ini berdasarkan pada teori appraisal milik Martin dan White yang berhubungan dengan teori attitude yang berkaitan dengan judgment, appreciation, dan affect berserta juga teori ideology (“Us and Them”) milik van Dijk. Analisa data terdiri dari tiga langkah utama: 1) membaca dan memeriksa. 2) melakukan trustworthiness. 3) membuat interpretasi berdasarkan analisa. Temuan penelitian terkait dengan columnists’ attitude berserta ideology mereka dalam isu Kesejahteraan Sosial di kolom berita DutchNews.nl adalah sebagai berikut. Secara umum, para kolumnis isu Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam
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kolom berita dari DutchNews.nl cenderung bersifat negatif (frequency = 117 or 58.5%) mengungkapkan opini atau karakter mereka. The negative judgment dalam penelitian ini memiliki frekuensi tertinggi (negative judgment frequency = 48 or 24.0%), yang berarti para kolumnis cenderung menunjukan opini negatif. Analisa para kolumnis terkait ideology (representasi social groups atau “Us against Them”) dalam isu Kesejahteraan Sosial di kolom berita DutchNews.nl menunjukan bahwa para kolumnis cenderung mewakili “Them” (frekuensi = 108) ketimbang “Us” (frekuensi = 85), yang berarti para kolumnis dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl cenderung menunjukan penilaian negatifnya. Jawaban untuk pertanyaan penelitian yang pertama mengenai: "Apa jenis tertinggi (positif atau negatif) dari columnists’ attitude terhadap isu Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl?" Adalah sebagai berikut: (1) para kolumnis dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl cenderung mengkritik daripada mengagumi, dan cenderung mengutuk daripada memuji, (2) para kolumnis dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl bereaksi negatif terhadap isu-isu yang dipublikasi, dan (3) para kolumnis dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl merasa tidak aman terhadap isu-isu kesejahteraan sosial yang diterbitkan. Jawaban untuk pertanyaan penelitian yang kedua mengenai: "Bagaimana columnists’ ideology (Us and Them) terhadap isu Kesejahteraan Sosial diwakili dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl? adalah para kolumnis cenderung mewakili “Them” ketimbang “Us”, yang berarti para kolumnis dalam kolom berita DutchNews.nl cenderung menunjukan penilaian negatifnya terhadap isu Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam kolom berita dari DutchNews.nl.
Kata kunci: Columnists’ attitude, Ideology
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CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ABSTRACT vii ABSTRAK ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………………………………………………. 1 A. Background of the Study...... 1 B. Problem Formulation……...………………………………………………… 7 C. Research Goals...... 8 D. Benefits of the Study...... 8 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW……………………………...……….10 A. Theoretical Review...... 10 1. Appraisal Theory.....……………………...... …………………………...10 a. Judgment...... 12 b. Appreciation...... 15 c. Affect...... 16 2. “Us and Them” Ideology………………...... …...... 18 B. Review of Related Studies...... 21 C. Theoretical Framework...... 35 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD………………………………………. 36 A. Type of Study...... 36 B. Data...... 37 C. Source...... 38 D. Collection...... 40 E. Criteria...... 42 F. Analysis...... 42 G. Trustworthiness...... 44 1. Triangulation...... 44 2. Credibility...... 44 3. Dependability...... 45 CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION ……………………………… 47 A Types of Columnists’ Attitude ……...... ………………………………… 47 1. Negative Judgment………………………………………………...... ……..49
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2. Negative Appreciation ……………………………………………...……54 3. Negative Affect...... 61 4. Categories of Judgment...... 71 5. Categories of Appreciation...... 81 6. Categories of Affect...... 89
B. Columnists' Ideology...... 92 1. Columnists' Representation of "Us"...... 95 2. Columnists' Representation of "Them",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.....,,,,,,,,,,,,,102
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION...... 120 A. Types of Columnists' Attitude...... 120 B. Columnists' Ideology...... 121 C. Suggestions...... 122
BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 120
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Judgment Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues...... 127 APPENDIX 2: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 1...... 128 APPENDIX 3: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 2...... 129 APPENDIX 4: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 3...... 130 APPENDIX 5: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 4...... 131 APPENDIX 6: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 5...... 132 APPENDIX 7: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 6...... 134 APPENDIX 8: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 7...... 136 APPENDIX 9: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 8...... 137 APPENDIX 10: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 9...... 139 APPENDIX 11: Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No.10...... 140 APPENDIX 12: Appreciation Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues...... 141 APPENDIX 13: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 1...... 142 APPENDIX 14: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 2...... 143 APPENDIX 15: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 3...... 145 APPENDIX 16: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 4...... 146 APPENDIX 17: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 5...... 148 APPENDIX 18: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 6...... 149 APPENDIX 19: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 7...... 151 APPENDIX 20: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 8...... 153 APPENDIX 21: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 9...... 155 APPENDIX 22: Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 10...... 156 APPENDIX 23: Affect Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues...... 157 APPENDIX 24: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 1...... 158 APPENDIX 25: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 2...... 159 APPENDIX 26: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 3...... 160 APPENDIX 27: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 4...... 161 APPENDIX 28: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 5...... 162 APPENDIX 29: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 6...... 163 APPENDIX 30: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 7...... 164 APPENDIX 31: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 8...... 165
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APPENDIX 32: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 9...... 166 APPENDIX 33: Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 10...... 167 APPENDIX 34: Us and Them Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues...... 168 APPENDIX 35: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 1...... 169 APPENDIX 36: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 2...... 171 APPENDIX 37: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 3...... 173 APPENDIX 38: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 4...... 176 APPENDIX 39: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 5...... 178 APPENDIX 40: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 6...... 180 APPENDIX 41: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 7...... 183 APPENDIX 42: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 8...... 186 APPENDIX 43: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 9...... 189 APPENDIX 44: Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 10...... 191 APPENDIX 45: Categories of Judgment Analysis...... 193 APPENDIX 46: Categories of Appreciation Analysis...... 194 APPENDIX 47: Categories of Affect Analysis...... 195 APPENDIX 48: News Column No. 1...... 196 APPENDIX 49: News Column No. 2...... 197 APPENDIX 50: News Column No. 3...... 198 APPENDIX 51: News Column No. 4...... 199 APPENDIX 52: News Column No. 5...... 200 APPENDIX 53: News Column No. 6...... 202 APPENDIX 54: News Column No. 7...... 203 APPENDIX 55: News Column No. 8...... 207 APPENDIX 56: News Column No. 9...... 208 APPENDIX 57: News Column No. 10 ...... 209
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Judgment of Social Esteem ...... 14
Table 2.2 Judgment of Social Sanction...... 15
Table 2.3 Types of Appreciation...... 16
Table 2.4 Types of Affect...... 18
Table 2.5 Summary of Related Studies...... 29
Table 4.1 Columnists’ Emotion Based on Attitude...... 48
Table 4.2 Type of Columnists’ Emotion...... 70
Table 4.3 Type of Columnists’ Judgment – Social Esteem...... 72
Table 4.4 Type of Columnists’ Judgment – Social Sanction...... 73
Table 4.5 The Categories of Negative Judgment...... 74
Table 4.6 Type of Columnists’ Appreciation...... 82
Table 4.7 The Categories of Negative Appreciation...... 83
Table 4.8 Type of Columnists’ Affect...... 90
Table 4.9 The Categories of Negative Affect...... 91
Table 4.10 Us and Them Analysis...... 93
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 An Overview of Appraisal Resources ...... 11
Figure 2.2 The Ideological Square...... 20
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The first chapter presents the background of the study, problem formulation, research goals, and the benefit of the study. The background of the study contains the research issue and the reason why the researcher has selected that issue. The problem formulation presents about the questions formulated in this study. The research goals present the goals in this study. The benefit of the study is about the benefits that result from this study.
A. Background of the Study
Columnists in news columns always write their opinion about issues that are presented in their publication. The readers tend to questions the reason the columnists choose certain attitudes to the issues related to judgment, appreciation, and affect.
Columnists in news columns also usually create two groups of people, which are “Us and Them”, also influence the reader to accompany “Us” for portraying the party positively and underlining the negativity of “Them”.
This research was to investigate the application of appraisal theory for social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl and the ideology (representation of the social groups or “Us against Them”). The social representation of “Us and
Them” will shows the columnists’ association and their ideology.
Social groups are collections of people who confront common limitations that are organized by social institutions. A social group is a collection of people who share (or would share beneath comparable circumstances) a set of social
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limitations on activity. Social groups are terminological devices to talk about the clusters of limitations that certain collections of people confront. But they are something more than mere terminological devices since they are intensional concepts, concepts that have meaning as such for people. (Cudd, 2006).
Ideologies are depiction of who we are, what we stand for, what our values are, and what our associations are with other parties, in particular our foes or rivals, to be specific, those who negate what we stand for, debilitate our interface and maintain a strategic distance from us from rise to get to social assets and human rights (domestic, citizenship, work, lodging, status and respect, and so on). In other words, an ideology may be a self-serving design for the depiction of “Us and Them” as social parties (van Dijk, 1998:69).
Based on the above clarification, columnists have tendency to adopt positive perspectives regarding “Us”, and underline negative perspectives concerning
“Them”.
The researcher chose the social welfare issues as the object of the study.
Social welfare aims to ensure the welfare of citizens. This will form a framework of quality care for community members. Social welfare consists of a set of regular programs to facilitate people at various stages of their lives, where the social welfare system has been planned from the start. Social welfare is an effort to continuously improve social services that benefit the community. Social welfare has many programs from the state relating to: care, elderly human programs, pension programs, assistance for people with disabilities, widow care, care of the poor, public health, and others.
(Source: https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/accounting-dictionary/social-
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welfare)
Humans and animals interact dynamically based on each other's behavior to create shared health and well-being. The interaction is emotional, psychological, physical between humans and animals, and their environment. Veterinarians play a role in this to maximize the potential for interaction between humans and animals.
The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) states that: (1) Humans and animals interact with each other for the health of consumers and society, (2)
Humans and animals have interacted for thousands of years, (3) Humans and animals have contributed to the development of medical science, to serve the community according to the needs of treatment and prevention of diseases for humans and animals (https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reference/human- animal-bond/Pages/Human-Animal-Bond-AVMA.aspx).
Animal Welfare implies how an animal is adapting to the conditions during which it lives. (https://bigcatrescue.org/definition-of-animal-welfare/). Animal welfare and human welfare are complicatedly associated, and animal shelters have the same duty as domestic violence shelters or child and family services.
(https://www.sentinelsource.com/elf/fur_fins_and_feathers/animal-welfare- human-welfare-the-important-connection/article_0e0e45e4-25f1-11e7-a7ba-
8f6fb549d221.html). Animals play many important parts in human life and their relationship as stated by The American Veterinary Medical Association
(AVMA) above. They are a source of nourishment, companionship and wealth. In nourishment production frameworks, consideration to animal welfare can progress towards productivity, quality, nourishment security and financial returns and thus contribute to nourishment security and financial prosperity (Madzingira, 2018).
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Based on the above information the researcher chooses social welfare issues by conducting study related to health care (two issues), society (five issues), and animal protection (three issues). These ten issues will be grouped into one topic named social welfare. All sources of social welfare information are presented in
Appendices 48-57 (See Pages 196-209).
What are the highest type (positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude and their ideology to social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl were examined in this research. The researcher used Martin and White’s appraisal of attitude theory also van Dijk’s “Us and Them” theory to do this investigation.
According to Martin and White (2005), attitude is closely related to our feelings, such as one's reaction to emotions, judgment relating to behavior and evaluating other related matters. A person's feelings can be positive or negative, depending on the situation and environmental conditions they face. Attitude basically can be classified into three types of feelings, namely affect, judgment and appreciation.
Affect is basically an emotional reaction to something, can be positive or negative. This relates to how someone responds emotionally to things about the attitude, phenomenon or condition of a particular situation experienced. Affect basically has three main features, namely: un / happiness (related to mood), in / security (related to social welfare) and dis / satisfaction (related to efforts to achieve a certain goal) (Zou, Smith, and Hoey, 2015).
Judgment basically relates to how a person evaluates other people's attitudes and the way that person behaves. This illustrates human behavior about how someone should or should not show certain behaviors. Judgment can be positive or
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negative, depending on the situation and conditions encountered. Basically, judgment can be categorized based on the positive social rewards it receives which are referred to as social esteem or the possibility of negative judgment that are negative to a person called social sanction.
Appreciation is an accepted form of judgment relating to one's behavior related to various social characteristics and values that exist in society. Appreciation can also be positive or negative depending on one's assessment of the behavior of others in responding to certain situations and conditions (Young and Harrison,
2004). Basically, appreciation is categorized into three main things related to the reaction to something (depending on whether something that interests us? Are those things pleasing to us?), Composition (related to balancing and complexity), and value (depending on innovative values, authentication, punctuality, discipline, quality, effectiveness, efficiency, how innovative, authentic, timely, etc.). There are also meanings associated with one's opinion of language as a source of evaluation and assessment in language (Bednarek, 2006).
Basically, general procedures for ideology are categorized into two main parts, namely the first relating to positive things about "Us", where a person or group of people has a different ideology; and the second relates to negative things which are classified as "Them", where a person or group of people does not discuss positive things about "Us" or have a different ideology (van Dijk, 2000: 44).
How the pros and cons are expressed shows whether the columnist is in favor of a particular event, parties, or groups. Researcher formulates the background of this research with the aim to study the attitudes of columnists using
Martin and White's appraisal theory of attitude which consists of positive
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appreciation as social esteem or negative judgment as social sanction, appreciation consisting of reaction, composition, and valuation, and affect which consists of happiness / unhappiness, security / insecurity, and satisfaction / dissatisfaction, and uses the ideology of "Us and Them" from van Dijk.
Basically the appraisal itself is regionalized in the form of three domains that interact with each other, namely: attitude, engagement and graduation. Attitude is a form of assessment and behavior of someone in assessing others and / or the situation being faced. A person's response to others and / or situations and conditions encountered can be positive or negative. Engagement relates to the source of attitude to identify certain dialogical positions related to certain meanings to describe what is being considered by someone about their relationship with other people or groups of people. Graduation relates to the use of language functions in order to strengthen or weaken the attitude and engagement of a particular text written by an columnist related to news columns. Graduation consists of force and focus, where force is used to strengthen or weaken a certain level of evaluation
(Martin and White, 2005).
Attitude has three areas related to feelings, namely: affect, appreciation and judgment. Affect focuses attention on situations and conditions or circumstances and emotional responses. In other words affect evaluates explicitly carried out by individuals or groups of people through their representation in providing emotional responses that describe their emotional state about the situations and conditions experienced or being faced. Appreciation is more focused on the object that is considered related to the properties inherent in the object, such as an appreciation of the phenomenon of natural beauty, the beauty of the mountain and sea views
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when the sun will rise or set, and the like. Examples of appreciation that are easily distinguished are such as the aesthetic evaluation of physical objects or material conditions. Appreciation can also be positive or negative, for example the nature of a phenomenon is beautiful and good for positive nature, or bad for negative phenomena. Judgment is related to normative assessment of human behavior.
Judgment assumes the involvement of human consciousness, volition or will in showing human behavior. Judgment can also be positive or negative. Judgment that has a positive nature, for example human behavior in good deeds, for example helping fellow humans, helping the needy and elderly people, and so on. Whereas negative judgment indicate bad or negative behavior that they do, for example behavior about corruption, killing others, stealing, lying, etc.
This research limits the problem of the columnist's attitude towards social welfare issues in the news columns of DutchNews.nl, which consists of judgment
(social esteem and social sanctions), appreciation which consists of reaction, composition, and valuation, and affect that can be categorized into in three ways, namely: happiness / unhappiness, security / insecurity, and satisfaction / dissatisfaction. In addition, how columnists' ideology (Us and Them) in reporting on social welfare issues in the news columns of DutchNews.nl will be identified.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation given above, these are the problem formulations for this study. These problems are related to one another, and are to discover the columnists’ attitude and representation of social welfare issues in news columns of
DutchNews.nl.
1. What are the highest types (positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude
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(based on attitude of appraisal theory) toward social welfare issues in news
columns of DutchNews.nl?
2. How is the columnists’ ideology (Us and Them) of social welfare issues
represented in news columns of DutchNews.nl?
C. Research Goals
Based on the problem which was addressed, the current research has the below goals.
The first goal is to identify what are the highest types (positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude (based on attitude of appraisal theory) toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. To accomplish the first goal, the researcher uses attitude of appraisal theory, which contains of judgment (social esteem and social sanction), appreciation (reaction, composition, and valuation), and affect (happiness/unhappiness, security/insecurity, and satisfaction/dissatisfaction).
The second goal is to find how are the columnists’ ideology (social groups or “Us against Them”) represented in news columns of DutchNews.nl that shows the columnists group’s affiliation and their ideology. To accomplish the second research goal, the researcher uses ideology (“Us and Them”) theory.
D. Benefits of the Study
This research has theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, this research may contribute to the development of the attitude theory, especially in judgment, appreciation, and affect. It also contributes to the development of ideological square theory (“Us and Them”).
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Practically, this research probably gives the contribution to other researchers as well as the readers because (1) it shows insightful information on columnists’ attitude of social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl, and
(2) it also gives information on how the representation of columnists’ ideology
(social groups or “Us against Them”) of social welfare issues in news columns of
DutchNews.nl that shows the columnists group’s affiliation and their ideology.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The second chapter present three parts consists of : theoretical review, the related studies, and the theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Review
The theoretical consideration is about the theories that used in this research, which is appraisal theory with attitude, and ideology (us and them) theory from ideological square. These theories will be used to accomplish the first and second research goals. Parts A.1.a, A.1.b, A.1.c, deal with the first research goal, which are to identify the highest types (positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. Part A.2 deals with the second research goal, which is to find how are the columnists’ ideology (social groups or “Us against Them”) toward social welfare issues represented in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
A.1 Appraisal Theory
The appraisal system mainly evaluates the subjective ideology of the language users through the evaluation vocabulary (Dong and Xiao Ling, 2018).
Appraisal theory is a concept that is applied to find out or study moods understood in English texts, where this structure is called attitude. Appraisal theory has a stage called attitude, where based on the framework of Martin and White (2005), the appraisal framework is divided into attitude, engagement, and graduation. Attitude consists of judgment, appreciation, and affect. Engagement consists of Monogloss
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and Heterogloss. Whereas Graduation consists of Force and Focus (Martin and
White, 2005).
An overview of appraisal resources is shown in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 An Overview of Appraisal Resources (Source: Martin and White, 2005:38)
Because the first research goal is about the columnist’s attitude toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl, then the theoretical review will be focused on attitude theory.
According to Martin and White (2005) attitude is more promising to be considered in the structure of meaning in English, where the term attitude is generally used as a reference to evaluative meaning as a discourse from the writer or speaker taking a position to indicate that an event is positive or negative.
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Basically positive and negative evaluations from columnists are aimed at sensitive issues as a basis for the attitude assessment of the columnist. The columnist's attitude can be formal or informal, done explicitly or implicitly, depending on the perception of the columnist responding to a positive or negative event.
Attitude are consists of judgment, appreciation, and affect (Martin and
White, 2005; Zou, Smith, and Hoey, 2015). Attitude incorporates those implications by which writers append a bury abstract worth or appraisal to members and related to judgment, appreciation, and affect (Young and Harrison, 2004; Bednarek, 2006).
The method in attitude theory is very dependent on mood, can be categorized into three semantic fields, where it refers to judgeemnt (ethics), appreciation (aesthetics), and emotions (affect). These three things will be discussed next.
A.1.a Judgment
Judgment consists of social esteem and social sanction. Social esteem consists of normality, capacity, and tenacity. Social sancition consists of veracity and propriety (Martin and White, 2005; Young and Harrison, 2004; Bednarek,
2006).
Basically, judgment is related to understanding our attitude to people and the manner they behave. It can be categorized into two major namely judgment of esteem and judgment of social sanctions.
The first category of judgment is social esteem, which is judgment that deals with social esteem, that means it tends to be monitored in the verbalized culture like chatter or conversation. The judgment of social esteem has three main features,
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namely: normality, capacity, and tenacity. Normality is an assessment that emphasizes individuals who act unusual in society. Capacity tends to assess how someone has abilities. While tenacity tends to show the tenacity or determination of a person.
The second category of judgment is social sanction. Social sanction is related to the assessment of sanctions related to social sanctions and tends to relate to written matters such as regulations, laws, etc. Social santion consists of two features, namely propriety (how moral?) and veracity (how honest?).
Judgment deals with attitudes towards behavior, which we admire or criticize, praise or condemn. Judgment can be divided into social esteem and social sanction. “Judgment of esteem have to do with ‘normality’ (how unusual someone is), ‘capacity’ (how capable they are) and ‘tenacity’ (how resolute they are), while judgment of sanction have to do with ‘veracity’ (how truthful someone is) and
‘propriety’ (how ethical someone is) (Martin and White, 2005; Dong and Xiaolin,
2018).
Judgment of social esteem involve evaluations under which the person judged will be lowered or raised in the esteem of their community, but which do not have legal or moral implications. Thus, negative values of social esteem will be seen as dysfunctional or inappropriate or to be discouraged but they will not be assessed as sins or crimes. (If you breach social sanction you may well need a lawyer or a confessor but if you breach social esteem you may just need to try harder or to practice more or to consult a therapist or possibly a self-help book.). Basically social esteem is divided into the following three subcategories: normality or custom
(how unusual someone is, how customary their behaviour is), capacity (how
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capable someone is) and tenacity (how dependable someone is, how well they are disposed emotionally or in terms of their intentionality).
The full system of judgment is shown in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2.
Table 2.1 Judgment of Social Esteem (Source: Martin and White, 2005:53)
Social Esteem Positive [Admire] Negative [Criticise]
Normality lucky, fortunate, unlucky, hapless, star- ‘how special?’ charmed. normal, crossed, odd, peculiar, natural, familiar, cool, eccentric, erratic, stable, predictable, in, unpredictable, dated, fashionable, avant garde, daggy, retrograde, celebrated, unsung obscure, also-ran Capacity powerful, vigorous, mild, weak, whimpy, ‘how capable?’ robust, sound, healthy, unsound, sick, crippled, fit, adult, mature, immature, childish, experienced, witty, helpless, dull, dreary, humorous, droll, grave, slow, stupid, thick, insightful, clever, gifted, flaky, neurotic, insane, balanced, together, sane, naive, inexpert, foolish, sensible, expert, shrewd, illiterate, uneducated, literate, educated, ignorant, incompetent, learned, competent, unaccomplished, accomplished, unsuccesful, successful, productive unproductive Tenacity plucky, brave, heroic, timid, cowardly, gutless, ‘how dependable?’ cautious, wary, patient, rash, impatient, careful, thorough, impetuous, hasty, meticulous, tireless, capricius, reckless, weak, preserving, resolute, distracted, despondent, reliable, dependable, unreliable, undependable, faithful, loyal, constant, unfaithful, disloyal, flexible, adaptable, inconstant, stubborn, accomodating obstinate, wilful
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Table 2.2 Judgment of Social Sanction (Source: Martin and White, 2005:53)
Social Sanction Positive [Praise] Negative [Condemn] ‘mortal’ Veracity [truth] truthful, honest, credible, dishonest, deceitful, ‘how honest?’ frank, candid, direct, lying, deceptive, discrete, tactful manipulative, devious, blunt, blabbermouth Propriety [ethics] good, moral, ethical, law bad, immoral, evil, ‘how far beyond abiding, fair, just, corrupt, unfair, unjust, reproach?’ sensitive, kind, caring, insensitive, mean, cruel, unassuming, modest, vain, snobby, arrogant, humble, polite, rude, discourteous, respectful, reverent, irreverent, selfish, altruistic, generous, greedy, avaricious charitable
A.1.b Appreciation
Appreciation includes assessments of semiotic and regular marvels, as per the manners by esteemed (Zhou, Smith, and Hoey, 2015). Appreciation is an assessment to appreciate the atmosphere of an event or phenomenon. Appreciation is the response to things and their composition, and the values of things.
Appreciation can be known in terms of positive and negative evaluations.
Appreciation can be categorized into three types which are reactions, related to affection or emotion towards something, composition that emphasizes opinions and judgment relating to perceptions or attitudes, and valuations related to cognition
(Martin and White, 2005).
Appreciation involves evaluations of semiotic and natural phenomena according to the ways in which they are valued or not in a given field. In general terms appreciation can be divided into our ‘reactions’ to things (do they catch our attention; do they please us?), their ‘composition’ (balance and complexity), and
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their ‘value’ (how innovative, authentic, timely) (Martin and White, 2005; Dong and Xiaolin, 2018).
The system of appreciation is shown in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Types of Appreciation (Source: Martin and White, 2005:56)
Appreciation Positive Negative
Reaction: arresting, captivating, engaging, dull, boring, tedius, dry, impact ‘did it fascinating, exciting, moving, lively, ascetic, uninviting, flat, grab me?’ dramatic, intense, remarkable, predictable, monotonous, notable, sensational unremarkable, pedestrian
Reaction: okay, fine, good, lovely, beautiful, bad, yuk, nasty, plain, ugly, quality ‘did I splendid, appealing, enchanting, grotesque, repulsive, like it?’ welcome revolting, off-putting
Composition: balanced, harmonius, unified, unbalanced, discordant, balance ‘did it symmetrical, proportioned, irregular, uneven, flawed, hang consistent, considered, logical, contradictory, disorganised, together?’ shapely, curvaceous, willowly shapeless, amorphous, distorted
Composition: simple, pure, elegant, lucid, clear, ornate, extravagant, Complexity precise, intricate, rich, detailed, byzantine, arcane, unclear, ‘was it hard to precise woolly, plain, monolithic, follow?’ simplistic
Valuation penetrating, profound, deep, shallow, reductive, innovative, original, creative, timely, insignificant, derivative, long awaited, landmark, inimitable, conventional, prosaic, dated, exceptional, unique, authentic, real, overdue, untimely, dime-a- genuine, valuable, priceless, dozen, everyday, common, worthwhile, appropriate, helpful, fake, bogus, glitzy, effective worthless, shoddy, pricey, ineffective, useless, write- off
A.1.c Affect
Affect consists of happiness/unhappiness, security/insecurty, and
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satisfaction/dissatisfaction. (Martin and White, 2005; Young and Harrison, 2004).
Affect is dealt with enlisting positive and negative concerns (cheerful/pitiful, certain/anxious, and interested/wearied) (Bednarek, 2006).
According to Martin and White (2005), in attitude theory, affect shows the main attitudes that influence and lead to feelings in the form of responses to behavior, texts, processes, and phenomena that occur. Affect is related to emotion which is the core of three semantic fields, because it is an expressive source that represents physiologically from practically the moment of birth. Thus, this emotion refers to an influence which consists of positive or negative. Affect consists of three categories, namely happiness / unhappiness, security / insecurity, and satisfaction / dissatisfaction.The happy / unhappy variable relates to the nature of feelings such as happiness or sadness, security / insecurity refers to emotions of peace and fear in relation to our environment, while the latter is satisfaction / dissatisfaction associated with feelings of victory and defeat in relation to an activity.
Affect is the center of the three subsystems of attitude. Affect is concerned with registering positive and negative feelings: do we feel happy or sad, confident or anxious, interested or bored? Affect system can be divided into affect as
‘quality’, affect as ‘pro- cess’, affect as ‘comment’. Affect as “quality” generally uses quality adjectives or phrases to express emotions. Affect as “process” uses process clauses to express feelings, mainly including mental process and behavioral process. Affect as “comment” uses modal adjunct to comment on the clause process
(Martin and White, 2005; Dong and Xiaolin, 2018).
In the news column, satisfaction / dissatisfaction is more related to associations that describe the feelings of the columnist whether he is satisfied or not
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satisfied with an event; security / insecurity refers to the columnist's feelings about insecure or secure of a situation, whereas happiness / unhappiness draws the columnist's feeling of happiness or unhappiness towards an event. Based on this description, we know that affect is related to self-emotion.
The system of affect is shown in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 Types of Affect (Source: Martin and White, 2005: 51)
Affect Positive Negative un/happiness cheerful, buoyant, sad, melancholy, jubilant, like, love, adore despondent, cut-up, heart-broken, broken- hearted, heavy-hearted, sick at heart, sorrowful, grief-stricken, woebegone, dejected, joyless, dreary, cheerless, unhappy, sad, gloomy, downcast, low, down, down in the mouth, depressed, weepy, wet-eyed, tearful, in tears in/security together, confident, uneasy, anxious, assured, comfortable, freaked out, startled, confident, trusting surprised, astonished dis/satisfaction involved, absorbed, flat, stale, jaded, cross, engrossed, satisfied, angry, furious, bored pleased, with, sick of, fed up chuffed/impressed, with charmed, thrilled
A.2 “Us and Them” Ideology
The simplest and most direct approach to evaluate prejudice, is to ask people what they think about a given group. This might seem a simplistic approach, but it has been the prevalent methodology for most of this century. What gave validity to
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such explicit questionnaires and interviews in the past was the fact that people had no difficulties in declaring “out-groups” inferior and in openly discriminating against them. From a cognitive point of view, this technique assumes that “in- group” categories are built around positive prototypical instances and that thinking about the “in-group” facilitates access to respectable and admirable exemplars while the opposite holds for the “out-group” (Capozza and Brown, 2000).
Regularly, this sort of things rise up out of gathering strife and battle, and they subsequently ordinarily pitch “Us” against “Them” (van Dijk, 1998).
Gathering enrollment as a matter of first importance has to do with who has a place or does not have a place with “Us,” and how we separate ourselves from others by our activities, points and standards, just as our resources.
Socially essential is the thing that position we have in respect to the others
- regardless of whether we are in a prevailing or overwhelmed position, or whether we are regarded or underestimated, and so on as is normally the situation in jerk versus women's activist, bigot versus against supremacist philosophies (van Dijk,
1998).
The general procedure of ideological discourse means that we do not tear down ourselves and do not commend them. This type of positive self-introduction and negative other-introduction is not just an exceptionally broad normal for gathering struggle and the manners in which we associate with contradicted gatherings, yet additionally describes the way we talk about ourselves as well as other people (van Dijk, 1998; Richardson, 2004).
The general procedure of ideological discourse is excessively supreme and excessively broad to empower a progressively inconspicuous ideologic analysis that
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additionally applies to other's structures in the outflow of the belief system (van
Dijk 1998), as well as dominates racist talk and text on and about ‘racial’ and ethnic others (Richardson, 2004).
The “ideological square” image can be shown in the Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2 The Ideological Square
Source: http://www.angelfire.com/ny5/josho/Portfolio/index.album/ideological-
square?i=20.
Based on images from ideological square, there are four parts of the overall ideological communication technique, namely:
1. Express/emphasize information that is positive about “Us”.
2. Express/emphasize information that is negative about “Them”.
3. Suppress/de-emphasize information that is positive about “Them”.
4. Suppress/de-emphasize information that is negative about “Us”.
According to van Dijk (1998:284) there are two standards of ideological square, namely, the presence or absence of information in semantic representation
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derived from occasion models, and the work of expression or suppression of information within the interests of the speaker/writer. This final principle is a portion of an overall technique of ideological communication that comprises of the above four primary parts.
These four parts, which constitute what may be called the “ideological square,” clearly play a part within the broader contextual technique of positive self- presentation or face-keeping and its “out-group” corollary, “negative other presentation.” However, these are not primarily focused on members as people, but on members acting as group members. This recommends a third vital principle of ideological discourse analysis, namely, the reality that since ideologies are social and group-based, moreover, the ideological opinions expressed in talk must have implications for groups or social issues.
However, these are no longer in particular focused on individuals as people, but on contributors appearing as crew members. This recommends a third essential principle of ideological discourse analysis, namely, the truth that when you consider that ideologies are social and group-based, moreover, the ideological opinions expressed in discuss ought to have implications for companies or social issues.
B. Review of Related Studies
The reviews of related studies presents related researches, which based on attitude theory as well as the ideology (“Us and Them”) theory. There are related several studies, which give important contributions in the inspiration form and principles to the study course.
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Healy (2011) published a dissertation in University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, September 16, 2011, entitled: Ideologies and us versus them: A comparative study using systemic functional grammar of Irish and British editorials related to the ending of the IRA’s armed campaign. This dissertation shows how the ideology of the editors in two newspapers circulating in England and Ireland in showing their ideological attitude. This dissertation also shows how editors create two teams, "Us and Them," and try to influence readers to become part of "Us," through describing this group positively and emphasizing the negativity of "Them."
Wu (2013) published a paper in Canadian Center of Science and Education,
Canada, January 29, 2013, entitled: Appraisal Perspective on Attitudinal Analysis of Public Service Advertising Discourse. This study aims to learn about the meaning of attitudes towards public service announcements, using the appraisal framework with a view to expressing how linguistic factors will realize the appraisal meaning of service. The results of the study concluded that in the attitude system only gives the smallest quantity presentation; implicit judgment show less distribution than specific judgment; and a lot of judgment occur as an alternative of affect and appreciation.
Metasari (2013) published a thesis in Universitas Dian Nuswantoro,
Semarang, September 24, 2013, entitled: Appraisal System In The Jakarta Post’s
Editorial “Start Working, Jokowi." This thesis analyzes appraisal system inside the
Jakarta Post’s editorial. It pursuits at explaining the appraisal units identified inside the editorial and explaining the author’s perspective (positive or negative) towards the theme of the editorial. By this analysis, the researcher desires to recognize how people categorical and negotiate attitudes, feelings, judgment, appreciation, and
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therefore, the author’s viewpoint toward Jokowi inside the editorial. The object of this analysis is an article taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper entitled “Start
Working, Jokowi." It's chosen as the data as a end result of The Jakarta Post is the biggest English-language newspaper in Indonesia that includes private views of the newspaper’s editor involving Joko Widodo, known as Jokowi, who is an tremendous governor. The data was broke down through using descriptive qualitative method and used clause as the unit of research. From the analysis,
Metasari (2013) observed twenty six structures of attitude that consist of eleven
(42.3%) affect systems, one system of judgment (3.9%), and fourteen systems of appreciation (53.8%). In phrases of engagement system, the researcher found 2
(7.1%) of monoglossic structures inside the editorial. The writer used heteroglossic system rather of monoglossic system in most a part of the textual content inside the editorial. The heteroglossic system discovered inside the text consists of 11 (39.2%) structures of dialogic contraction and fifteen (57.7%) structures of dialogic expansion. The researcher discovered twenty five structures of graduation that encompass fifteen (60%) intensification units and ten (40%) quantification devices.
The author's attitude toward Jokowi inside the editorial is positive. In this editorial, the writer describes Jokowi as a real chief or the ideal leader for the residents of
Jakarta and therefore, the writer wants the readers to expect thus.
Aungsuwan (2017) published a paper in Thammasat University, Thailand,
2017, entitled: A Corpus-Informed Appraisal Analysis of Thai Media
Representation and Attitudes towards Red-shirt Protesters in Political Conflicts in
Thailand. This paper goals to analyses and compared representation and attitudes of media towards Red-shirt protesters inside the political conflicts in Kingdom of
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Thailand between two Thai English-language newspapers: Bangkok Post and additionally The Nation. The data had been retrieved from Political online news in
Kingdom of Thailand written in English posted from 31 October to 31 December
2013. Terms related with red-shirt protesters had been chosen with the concept for excessive frequency and excessive keyness scores, suggesting that they performed a key position and obtained media interest during the political turmoil. Collocations, and connotations associated to the chosen phrases had been analysed to point out how plenty they expose media attitudes. The results, based totally on the appraisal analysis, showed that red-shirt protesters had been evaluated in terms of affect: desire, undesire, insecurity, and dissatisfaction in Bangkok Post, and additionally
The Nation; happiness in Bangkok Post; and unhappiness inside The Nation. Red- shirt protesters expressed jn political activities, politicians, and political company in Bangkok Post and additionally The Nation. Kinds of judgment included: incapacity, and impropriety in Bangkok Post and additionally The Nation; and tenacity, veracity, and inveracity in Bangkok Post. Red-shirt protesters had been appraised by using Red-shirt member opponent, and news reporter in Bangkok Post; and opponent and news reporter inside The Nation. The outcomes from judgment found that the country expressed greater negative attitudes towards Red-shirt protesters than Bangkok Post.
Fatmawati and Cahyono (2018) published a paper in Universitas Dian
Nuswantoro, Semarang, August 2, 2018, entitled: Power of Sakdiyah Ma’Ruf in
Stand-Up Comedy Through Appraisal Approach. This paper entitled “Power of
Sakdiyah Ma’ruf in Stand-Up Comedy through Appraisal Approach". There are two objectives in this study: to explain the appraisal system of attitude and to research
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the conclusion of power in Sakdiyah Ma’ruf stand-up comedy at TEDxUbud in
May 2016. The researcher used descriptive qualitative technique to explain the conclusion of appraisal’s attitude and power of every utterance of the written transcription of the video of Sakdiyah Ma’ruf’s stand-up comedy. The researcher found that there are thirty five appraisal system of attitude that comprises six affect
(17.14%), thirteen judgment (37.14%) and sixteen appreciation (45.71%). The researcher uses the gradability system of attitude to contemplate the power of the speaker in her stand-up comedy. The study utilized discourse analytic, case study methodology. The study has theoretical implications for linguists fascinated by modeling voice, notably through appraisal theory, in stylistics and connected domains. Finally, it offers EAP lecturers insights and tools for serving to students to fashion voices that adapt to disciplinary conventions. However, also express their individuality.
Afzal and Harun (2015) published a paper in Universiti Utara, Malaysia,
August, 2015, entitled: A Critical Analysis of Newspaper Editorial Discourse on the Portrayal of Uprising in Libya and Syria. This research paper analyzed significantly the editorial discourse of an uprising in Libya and Syrian Arab
Republic from two mainstream newspapers, specifically The News International of
Islamic Republic of Pakistan and additionally The Arab News of Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia. Afzal and Harun explored how the crises had been depicted inside the two cultural settings, how the news editorials comfortable the target audience through the ideological framing and the way that impacted the common public opinion. The editorial texts had been posted during January 2011 to December 2012, which used to be a peak time for media coverage of the events. The hypothetical shape of this
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investigation depended on van Dijk’s model of ideological square that served as a guiding principle for Afzal and Harun to deal with the editorial voices as “in-group”
(Saudi Arabia) and “out-group” representations (Pakistan). Afzal and Harun used the qualitative data analysis software package deal NVivo ten to lookup the data.
Findings of twelve editorial texts elucidated evaluative beliefs of editors and their ideological constructions of authorities and protestors as social actors of the uprising. Drawing from the attitude of critical discourse analysis (CDA), Afzal and
Harun distinctive editorial affiliation with the rebellion thru developing the experience of the meaning created. The study found that the editorials depicted the authorities and additionally their movements as a risk to incoming change and the protectors as indications of revolution and social amendment.
Mahmood, Kausar, and Khan (2018) published a paper in Journal of
Research in Social Sciences, United States, June, 2018, entitled: A Critical discourse analysis of the editorials of Dawn and The New York Times in the aftermath of Army Public School attack: The Us versus Them ideology. This paper attempts to analyze the editorials of the two newspapers which are Fajar of the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan and The New York Times of America to describe military public schools in the case of the Peshawar attack. The van Dijk's ideological square model was used to discover how the Taliban represented "Us" and the victims as "Them". This can be done using "lexical choices and syntactic structures". The results of the study revealed that The New York Times had dealt with the problem in a fairer way than Dawn. The attackers were identified as
Taliban with positive sentiment representing "Us". Dawn rarely calls the attackers
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Taliban and identifies them with negative sentiment as militants representing
"Them".
Shakoury (2018) published a paper in University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, May, 2018, entitled: Critical Discourse Analysis of Iranian Presidents’
Addresses to the United Nations General Assembly (2007-2016). The study delineate in this thesis combines micro-level text evaluation (following twenty five discursive units delivered by using (van Dijk, 2005) with a macro-analysis focusing on the classification of positive self-representation and negative other- representation. The data evaluation demonstrates that President Rouhani created extra use of the discursive devices' consensus, illustration, hyperbole and polarization, whereas President Ahmadinejad utilized extra regularly lexicalization and vagueness. The assessment of the speeches by using two presidents at macro- level suggests that Rouhani relied a lot of on positive self-representation and
Ahmadinejad on negative other-representation. The outcomes of the study additionally exhibit that the two presidents bring distinct viewpoints on most subjects covered inside the eight UNGA addresses even though their ideological stances on a variety of topics, like world Zionism and additionally the occupation of Palestine, appear pretty similar.
Koliba (2016) published a paper in University of Lodz, Poland, 2016, entitled: The Diverse and Dynamic World of Us and Them in Political Discourse.
The point of this paper is to show the vary and dynamics of interpersonal relationships depicted in political discourse. In almost every political activity, there is the opposition camp (Them), in a similar way as that of the allies (Us), as a end result of that relations of inclusion and exclusion are continuously present. The
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present day study deals with “Us and Them” constructions from a pragmatic- cognitive perspective. The ability through that these relations are structured to rely upon the speaker’s intentions inside the discourse, that successively confirm the technique the “Us and Them” are presented. What's more, relationships of inclusion and exclusion between a single discursive event are dynamic and responsible to alternations, seeing that reasons at the back of and implications of particular fragments that characterize the discursive event as a full, may vary.
Tahir (2013) published a paper in Air University, Pakistan, 2013, entitled:
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Religious Othering of Muslims in the Washington
Post. The researcher thru van Dijk’s analytical framework of “Us and Them” ideologies explored the underlying beliefs of the text related with “in-group and out-group” displays. Through the study of lexical portrayals and choice discursive methods, the researcher concluded that the article represented Muslims and their movements negatively through treating “Them” as others.
Costelloe (2014) published a paper in University of Limerick, Ireland, 2014, entitled: Discourses of sameness: Expressions of nationalism in a newspaper discourse on French urban violence in 2005. The researcher based on the scenes of violent rebellion that caused media discussions related with French national identity. The study discovered that national identity accomplice degreed expressions of nationalism had been delineated in an exclusionary means. It moreover argued that a discourse of sameness created symbolic boundaries between
“Us and Them”. The print news media adopted techniques that depicted immigrant minorities as others.
All of the above related studies will be summarized in Table 2.5.
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Table 2.5 Summary of Appraisal and CDA Related Studies
Authors’ Research Objective Data Source Main Findings Names and Analysis Method Healy To identifying and Editorials There are no different (2011) comparing strategies Newspapers ideological used by the writer to Halliday’s perspectives among show the reader their Metafunctions the editorials. ideological van Dijk’s The two newspapers standpoint. Ideological have quite similar To know the writer’s square negative view about group affiliation and the topic being therefore their discussed. ideology. Wu (2013) To analyze the Public service Public service attitudinal meaning of advertising advertising public service discourse discourse’s concern advertising discourse Samples with human behavior using the Appraisal Articles and the objective Framework with a Martins and world rather than with view to revealing how White’s the emotional field. linguistic elements Attitude The distributions of realizes the appraisal Theory affect in the ten meaning and samples are especially what substantially attitudinal value is of outnumbered by frequent occurrence judgment and in the target appreciation, which discourse. means little psychology, feeling and emotions are presented. The public service advertising discourse usually uses process lexicon to express the attitude, and seldom uses quality words. The overwhelming use of social esteem demonstrates the neutrality and objectivity of the public service advertising discourse, which is mainly
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associated with capacity. The public service advertising discourse often use more direct or vivid expression to inform. If the appraised is the subject that the public service advertising discourse tries to inform, negative appreciation is probably applied. Metasari To explain the Editorial The most dominant (2013) appraisal devices Online appraisal system in recognized in the text. Newspaper the editorial is To explain the Martin and Engagement 28 author’s attitude White’s (35.44 %) system. (positive or negative) Appraisal The author‟s attitude toward Jokowi in the Theory toward Jokowi in the editorial. editorial is positive. Aungsuwan To analyse and Online In terms of media (2017) compare Newspaper representation, Red- representation and Martin and shirt protesters are attitudes of media White’s both positive and towards Red-shirt Appraisal negatively protesters in the Theory represented. political conflicts in In The Nation, Red- Thailand between shirt protesters were two Thai English- also positively language represented. newspapers: The key participants Bangkok Post and in this work The Nation. deals with humans so the attitudinal positioning may focus on affect and judgement more than appreciation. Fatmawati To describe the Written Sakdiyah Ma’ruf is and Appraisal system of Transcription more often use Cahyono Attitude and to Video appreciation rather (2018) analyze the Martin and than judgment and realization of power White’s affect. in Sakdiyah Ma’ruf Appraisal In terms of power, stand-up comedy at Theory Sakdiyah shows herself as a powerful
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TEDxUbud on May Fairclough’s person and has higher 2016. Power (CDA) position than the hearer. Sakdiyah has more power and higher position than the audience because she well understand how is life in a conservative community rather than the audience. Afsal and To analyzed the Newspapers The two newspapers Harun editorial discourse of van Dijk’s despite varied (2015) uprising in Libya and ideological sociocultural, Syria from two square geographical and mainstream institutional newspapers namely orientation openly The News criticized the International of authorities, supported Pakistan and the Arab the change through News of Saudi the self- Arabia. representation of events and openly negated the resistance from the authorities through negative-other representation. Mahmood, To critically analyze Newspapers The New York Times Kausar, and the editorials of two van Dijk’s editorial is more Khan renowned ideological balanced in the (2018) newspapers, namely square representation of the the Dawn of Pakistan us and them and The New York sentiments. Not only Times of America for the Taliban are clearly the portrayal of the mentioned and Army Public School, criticized but the Peshawar attack. victims are also fairly represented to express solidarity with them. The dawn editorial is more us oriented as it is predominantly concerned with the plight of the dead and injured and the victims‘ families. But at the same time, the
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them sentiment is weak as the editorial, through its syntactic structures, does not clearly hold the Taliban responsible for the attack. Shakoury To examines Transcripts of Rouhani and (2018) linguistic features in speeches. Ahmadinejad adopted eight van Dijk’s two different addresses of Iranian political ideological stances on Presidents, Hassan discourse most of the topics Rouhani and covered in their talks. Mahmoud Rouhani sounded Ahmadinejad, to the ideologically more United positive than Nations General Ahmadinejad. on the Assembly. one hand, Rouhani was found to have the tendency to lower negative representation of other to keep face and mitigate the tension between Iran and the world community. Rouhani and Ahmadinejad were found ideologically similar regarding topics such as the Zionist world and the occupation of Palestine with Rouhani being more moderate in talking about the topic to a certain point. Koliba To present the Political The ideological (2016) diversity and Discourse square is most dynamics of van Dijk’s successful in interpersonal ideological marking clusivity in relationships square campaigning: represented in presenting oneself as political discourse. ‘the better one’ entails
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a negative image of the speaker’s adversary, benefiting the speaker in his potential victory. Tahir To explain how the Article The author of the (2013) writer of the article Newspaper article particularly perceives and van Dijk’s represents the Muslim describes ideological individuals, groups an event, that is, square and governments protests of Muslims, participating in, or under the influence of supporting, the the shared or common protests for political ideology of his group. leverage as others. His core argument in the article is the hijacking of these protests by those who have their own vested interests rather than defence of Islam. Thus we find their description negative in the article. On the other hand, the presentation of those who did not participate in the protests for fear of being misused is positive; hence, they are close to the writer’s ideology or ideological group. The writer describes the protests and the protesters under the influence of his group’s or institutional ideology. He uses a number of semantic moves to create a certain image of Us and Them in the mind of the reader. Costeloe To examines French Articles The assumption of (2014) newspaper Newspaper a ‘them’ and ‘us’ representations of emerges across all
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urban violence in Fairclough’s news sources with the 2005 using a critical Critical implicit discourse analytical Discourse understanding that approach, focusing Analysis ‘we’ are majority on how the scenes of Wodak’s French society and violent rioting Critical ‘they’ are anything prompted media Discourse that falls outside this discussions Analysis definition pertaining to French van Dijk’s of the imagined national identity. Critical French community, Discourse including and in Analysis particular immigrant minorities living in the banlieues.
Based on the Table 2.5, the researcher has an explanation in the following matters:
1. The researcher use the sample of ten news columns while previous
researchers such as Metasari (2013) only use one news. However, previous
researchers such as Healy (2011) and Aungsuwan (2017) used two
newspapers while the researcher only used one newspaper, namely:
DutchNews.nl.
2. The researcher used two theories namely Attitude theory from Martin and
White (2005) and Ideological Square (Us and Them) theory from van Dijk
(1998), whereas previous researchers used only one theory: Attitude theory
from Martin and White (2005) or Ideological Square (Us and Them) theory
from van Dijk. However, previous studies used CDA (Critical Discource
Analysis) while the researcher did not use this theory.
3. The research findings related to the columnist’s attitude and their ideology
of social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl are as follows. In
general, the columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of
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DutchNews.nl tend to use a negative expression (negative frequency = 117
or 58.5%) to express their opinion or characters. The negative judgment in
this research has the highest frequency (negative judgment frequency = 48
or 24.0%) shows that negative opinion of columnists in general. The
analysis of the columnists’ ideology (social group’s representation or “Us
against Them”) shows the columnists tend to represent “Them” (frequency
= 108 or 55.96%) more than represent “Us” (frequency = 85 or 44.04%),
which means the columnists show their negative values toward social
welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
C. Theoretical Framework
There are two theories will be used to answer the first and second research problems.
The first theory is about attitude from appraisal theory, which consists of judgment (social esteem and social sanction), appreciation (reaction, composition, and valuation), and affect (happiness/unhappiness, security/insecurity, and satisfaction/dissatisfaction) will be used to answer the first research problem, which are the highest types (positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
The second theory is about ideology (“Us and Them”) from ideological square will be used to answer the second research problem, which is the representation of columnists’ ideology (social groups or “Us against Them”) toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
The third chapter have Type of Study, Data, Source, Collection, Criteria,
Analysis, and Trustworthiness.
A. Type of Study
This study belongs to the Systemic Functional Linguistics which focuses on what the highest types (positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude and ideology toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
It means that this study was intended to discover what the columnists’ expression attitude (positive or negative) and to discover their ideology on social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
This study is categorized as descriptive and qualitative approach.
Qualitative research methods do not involve numbers or mathematical calculations.
Qualitative research is closely associated with words, sounds, feeling, emotions, colours and other elements that are non-quantifiable. Qualitative studies aim to ensure greater level of depth of understanding and qualitative data collection methods include interviews, questionnaires with open-ended questions, focus groups, observation, game or role-playing, case studies etc. (Source: https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/data-collection/).
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B. Data
The data in this study are secondary data. Secondary data is a type of data that has already been published in books, newspapers, magazines, journals, online portals, etc. In this study the secondary data are ten news columns of social welfare issues that have been published by DutchNews.nl in The Netherlands. The ten news columns of DutchNews.nl related to social welfare issues are as follows.
1. News Column No. 1 issue related to the visit of King Willem Alexander and
Queen Maxima to Ireland for a state visit, and at the meeting they expanded
the boundaries of diplomacy.
2. News Column No. 2 issues related to environmental policies that have
successfully returned wolves to the Netherlands, where for more than 140
years the animals have not been in the Netherlands and are considered
extinct.
3. News Column No. 3 issues related to death of Ms. Pothoven due to
euthanasia, but not reported effectively, causing widespread disagreement.
4. News Colum No. 4 issues related to improving the government's strategy to
enable refugees to enter the labor market, because so far there has been
discrimination against refugees and asylum seekers in Europe in general,
and in the Netherlands in particular.
5. News Column No. 5 issues related to the defeat of populist parties in general
elections in the European Union, thus making populist parties on the left
and right (SP and PVV) destroyed or defeated.
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6. News Column No. 6 issues related to EU law violations including wildlife
regulating wildlife trade, giving rise to the case of orca wild birth known as
Morgan.
7. News Column No. 7 issues related to the failure of the Dutch government,
Rutte in the third period (Rutte III), which resulted in tax increases and
inflation of prices of goods on the market.
8. News Column No. 8 issues related to the signing of a special agreement
regulating the migration of Moroccan workers to the Netherlands, thus
making integration a great success
9. News Column No. 9 issues related to national standards in the Netherlands
relating to the sale of organic products by farmers who violate regulations
on the sale of organic ingredients, due to lack of enforcement of regulations
from the relevant authorities.
10. News Column No. 10 issues related to regulatory discrimination against all
taxpayers in the Netherlands, where passport holders other than the
Netherlands even though they are obedient Dutch taxpayers who have lived
for a long time (say more than 5 years) in the Netherlands, do not obtain the
same rights in universal elections in the Netherlands and Europe, thus
threatening democracy.
C. Source
Data sourced from the official website of the famous Dutch newspaper named DutchNews.nl. An online newspaper was chosen as the media for the material source for this study. The reason it that is an online newspaper served the purpose of the study. The study took ten news columns related to social welfare
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issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. The researcher chose ten news columns of DutchNews.nl with consideration of his ability to manage and analyze a number of those articles.
This online newspaper is widely acknowledged as one of the best Dutch online newspapers in English for their capability in providing the news in English.
DutchNews.nl is a newspaper publishing trending issues in English for international readers. The DutchNews.nl goal is to give broad coverage of the major Dutch news so that non-Dutch speakers can understand the events happening in Netherlands.
DutchNews.nl was established in 2006, DutchNews.nl also publishes special coverage of some issues related to elections, the government’s annual budget presentation and other significant issues in Netherlands. DutchNews.nl presents on an interesting editorial experience for the DutchNews.nl’s readers through the quality, and informative content.
DutchNews.nl is a very popular electronic newspaper in The Netherlands.
DutchNews.nl is the leading newspaper of quality Dutch news that reports the latest in English for international people. We can access news online, using mobile phones, through newsletters and social media, and all of that can be accessed for free. DutchNews.nl has a wide range of various headlines so that non-Dutch readers can keep abreast of the events and know what their friends and coworkers are talking about. DutchNews.nl articles about young Rembrandt in Leiden to political scandals, from Eredivisie football covers the full spectrum of Dutch news.
DutchNewsnl published about Dutch life and culture. Think about the list of the most popular tulip varieties, what not to do in a Dutch supermarket, advice for a weekend break and instructions on learning Dutch. A special section on this website
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is intended for employment and housing - with a comprehensive list information to help you way through the peculiarities market.
DutchNews.nl has been covering news in the Netherlands since September
2006. Since then the website has grown to become the main The Netherlands news and information about the people.
The researcher chose DutchNews.nl because of the ease of accessing news for free and also because he wanted to learn about social welfare issues internationally published by DutchNews.nl. While many online newspapers must be paid and become customers in order to access the latest news, such as The
Jakarta Post in Indonesia. This online newspaper can be accessed at https://www.dutchnews.nl/.
D. Collection
The data collecting started with choosing the social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl as the media for the material source for this study. The researcher selected ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
After selecting the ten social welfare issues, the researcher analysed by using two main theories for this research, which are the attitude from appraisal theory and ideology (“Us and Them”) theory. Briefly, the data analysis has three main procedures: 1) Read and examine, 2) Conducting trustworthiness, and 3) Making interpretation based on the analysis. The analysis was supported by Martin and
White’s apprasial theory specifically attitude related to judgment, appreciation, and affect as well as van Dijk’s ideology (“Us and Them”) theory.
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In this study the researcher used qualitative approach in which the data were in the form of reading materials or articles on social welfare issues from news columns of DutchNews.nl. Some steps of data collection are as follows:
1. Browsing through articles on social welfare issue from news columns of
DutchNews.nl. The researcher browsing articles related to social welfare
issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
2. Collecting ten articles related to social welfare issues taken from news
columns of DutchNews.nl. The researcher collected the data taken from
news columns of DutchNews.nl. There are ten news columns chosen related
to social welfare issues published by DutchNews.nl.
3. Reading and understanding ten news columns related to social welfare
issues published by DutchNews.nl. In this step, the researcher reads the
contents of the news column several times in order to understand deeply
about the content of the social welfare issues of each paragraph written by
the columnist of DutchNews.nl.
4. Identifying all key words and sentences that contain the columnist's opinion
as data. After reading and understanding the news column of DutchNews.nl,
the researcher identified or found all key words and sentences of each
paragraph that contained the columnist’s opinion as the data.
5. Recording data then classify it for analysis purposes.
The instrument used for data collection was a laptop computer that had an internet network to be able to visit the website of DutchNews.nl and download ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
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E. Criteria
The data in this study must meet the following criteria: Accuracy,
Accessibility, Completeness, Consistency, Relevance, and Timeliness. All of these criteria can be met by DutchNews.nl as a source of data in accordance with the two research questions and research goals that have been stated in Chapter I .
F. Analysis
To answer the first research question about “What are the highest types
(positive or negative) of columnists’ attitude (based on attitude of appraisal theory) toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl?”, the researcher did some steps below.
1. Read each news column from ten collected news columns related to social
welfare issues of DutchNews.nl.
2. Understand and identify key words written by columnist in each paragraph
of each news column related to social welfare issue of DutchNews.nl.
3. Classifying the key words based on the categories of judgment,
appreciation, and affect.
4. Identify the positive or negative emotion of columnist based on the key
words in point 3.
5. Grouping key words into positive and negative judgment, positive and
negative appreciation, and positive and negative affect.
6. Calculating positive frequencies and positive percentages (total and partial)
from the categories of judgment, appreciation, and affect. The total
percentage of each category of positive judgment, positive appreciation, and
positive affect must be 100%.
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7. Calculating negative frequencies and negative percentages (total and partial)
from the category of judgment, appreciation, and affect. The total
percentage of each category of negative judgment, negative appreciation,
and negative affect must be 100%.
8. Summarize into one table based on each category of judgment, appreciation,
and affect analysis in order to draw conclusions.
The data analysis used tabulations to calculate the frequency of occurrence of key words related to judgment, appreciation, and affect. Furthermore, the percentage of each positive and negative classification was calculated. The software used for tabulation and calculation was Microsoft Excel.
To get result of research question on “How the columnists’ ideology (Us and Them) of social welfare issues represented in news columns of
DutchNews.nl?“, the researcher did some steps below:
1. Read each news column from ten collected news columns related to social
welfare issues of DutchNews.nl.
2. Understand and identify key words written by columnist in each paragraph
of each news column related to social welfare issue of DutchNews.nl.
3. Classifying the key words based on the categories of “Us and Them.”
4. Grouping key words into “Us and Them” based on ideological square theory
of van Dijk.
5. Calculating “Us” and “Them” frequency and percentage (total and partial)
from the categories of “Us and Them”. The total percentage of “Us” or
“Them” must be 100%.
6. Summarize into one table based on “Us and Them” category.
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The data analysis used tabulations to calculate the frequency of occurrence of key words related to "Us and Them". Furthermore, the percentage of each positive (Us) and negative (Them) classification was calculated. The software used for tabulation and calculation was Microsoft Excel.
G. Trustworthiness
The researcher attempted to get the valid data and trustworthy. For checking the trustworthiness of the data, the researcher applied triangulation, credibility and dependability in this study.
1. Triangulation
Given (2008) stated that triangulation referred primarily to the multi method of qualitative research.
Denzin (1973:301) proposes four types of triangulation: data triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, and methodological triangulation
(https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/evaluation-options/triangulation).
Theory triangulation involves using more than one theoretical framework
(https://www.napier.ac.uk/~/media/worktribe/output-
220012/triangulationpdf.pdf).
In this study the researcher used theory triangulation, because this study used two theories for interpreting the columnists attitude and their ideology in social welfare issues.
2. Credibility
Credibility in qualitative research focuses the truthfulness of the findings.
Credibility can be achieved by using triangulation, and this study used the theory triangulation mode. The researcher used the theory of triangulation because
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he uses two theories in evaluating the same data to find conclusions to research problem proposed, so it can conclude whether the data can explain the highest type
(positive or negative) of the columnists' attitude and their ideology (Us and Them) on social welfare in news column of DutchNews.nl. Through credibility of the study, the researcher made a conclusion about the columnist’s attitude and their ideology (“Us against Them”) of social welfare in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
3. Dependability
Given (2008) stated that Dependability is a technique to create and get consistency of data, which will be attained by the researcher so that the data can be dependable. Qualitative researchers relied on dependability rather than reliability.
To know that reliability in quantitative research has to deal with behavior of consistency, or the extent to which data and findings would be alike if the study were replicated. But, not like quantitative research, where the tight controls understand reliability, qualitative studies want variability because the studied context changes. Therefore, consistency is seen as the extent to which variation can be tracked or described. This is known as dependability or trustworthiness. One of the ways to create the dependable data was by implementing triangulation.
Dependability can be achieved by using triangulation, and this study used the theory triangulation mode. The researcher used the theory of triangulation because he uses two theories in evaluating the same data to find conclusions to the two research problems proposed, so it can conclude whether the data can explain the highest type (positive or negative) of the columnists' attitude and their ideology
(Us and Them) on social welfare in the news column of DutchNews.nl. Through dependability of the study, the researcher made a conclusion about the columnist’s
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attitude and their ideology (“Us against Them”) of social welfare in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
Therefore, to achieve the data analysis dependability, the researcher used theory triangulation. In this study, the researcher read and analyzed the ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl based on attitude theory consists of judgment, appreciation, and affect also ideological square theory (“Us and
Them”).
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CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The chapter comprises of two sub chapters, namely: Sub Chapter A and Sub
Chapter B.
Sub Chapter A discusses the findings related to Research Question No. 1 namely: "What are the highest types (positive or negative) of columnists' attitude toward social welfare issues in the news columns of DutchNews.nl?". While Sub
Chapter B discusses the findings and discussion relating to Research Question No.
2, namely: "How is the columnists' ideology (Us and Them) of social welfare issues represented in the news columns of DutchNews.nl?".
A. Types of Columnists’ Attitude
This subchapter will explain the conclusion of the columnists’ attitude toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl use Appraisal theory of attitude from Martin and White (2005). The discussion focuses on the highest type (positive or negative) of the columnists’ attitude consists of judgment, appreciation, and affect. In the first subchapter (Chapter IV A), the data were analyzed by using three stages of Martin and White framework. Those are: judgment, appreciation and affect.
The data analyses are shown in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2. Those data in this research have been categorized into three semantic aspects, such as judgment, appreciation and affect. In these data, they were categorized as positive and negative feelings so as to answer the first research question, which is “What are the highest types (positive or negative) of the columnists’ attitude toward social welfare issues
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in news columns of Dutchnews.nl”. The data tabulation can be found in the Table
4.1 below.
Table 4.1 Columnists’ Emotion Based on Attitude
Data No. Emoter Frequency %
1. Negative Judgment 48 24,0
2. Negative Appreciation 40 20,0
3. Negative Affect 29 14,5
4. Positive Judgment 30 15,0
5. Positive Appreciation 36 18,0
6. Positive Affect 17 8,5
Total 200 100,0
Table 4.1 presents the result of the attitude analysis. As it can be seen on the table, the columnists of social welfare issues tend to use a negative expression
(negative frequency = 117 or 58.5%) to express the columnists’ opinion or characters.
The negative attitude (negative frequency = 117 or 58.5%) can be seen in some of the sentence of the opinion taken from data analysis like as the following words: prejudice, shocked, bothers, debt, nothing, afraid, criticised, grim, problem, avoided, excuse, depressed, failure, killed, noises, failed, inconsistent, panicking, avail, doomed, mishandling, scandal, etc.
Because the highest types of columnists’ attitude from judgment, appreciation, and affect are negative judgment (48 or 24.0%), negative appreciation
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(40 or 20.0%), and negative affect (29 or 14,5%), the researcher will focus the discussion sequentially on these three types of columnists' attitude.
A.1 Negative Judgment
The negative judgment from ten social welfare issues in news columns of
DutchNews.nl. are in News Column No.1, News Column No. 5, News Column No.
7, News Column No. 9 and News Column No. 10.
In the News Column No. 1, the columnist expressed negative judgment by using six words such as glamour (Paragraph No. 2), missed (Paragraph No. 7) harm
(Paragraph No. 9), rarely (Paragraph No. 2), negligence (Paragraph No. 6), and refused (Paragraph No. 8).
In News Column No. 1, the columnist gives a negative judgment of medical negligence experienced by Adrienne, an Irish woman, born in Sligo, raised in
Limerick and educated in Cork, has died of cervical cancer in Amsterdam on New
Year's Eve at the age of 58 years. This medical negligence occurred at the largest university hospital in the Netherlands, UMC Utrecht. Two separate tests that showed that Adrienne had cancer in 2011 were not properly stored so that it disappeared and it was fatal that Adrienne was late getting medical treatment early.
Suddenly it was discovered that Adrienne had developed cancer at a terminal stage.
The second tissue sample that shows cancer, was misread by a pathologist at the same hospital, namely: UMC Utrecht. King Willem Alexander, who visited Ireland and shook the hand of Adriaan Palm, Adrienne's deceased husband, stated that
"What happened to your wife was terrible." Adriaan Palm, the husband of the deceased Adrienne, replied to King Willem Alexander that he understood how difficult it was to deal with controversial and personal matters such as Adrienne's
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death. This story caused the columnist of the news column of DutchNews.nl to give a negative judgment of medical services in the Netherlands. This story was first published in the Irish Times, which was republished in the news column of
DutchNews.nl.
In the News Column No. 5, the columnist expressed negative judgment by using eight words such as resolved (Paragraph No. 8), crisis (Paragraph No. 10) stricter (Paragraph No. 11), sensitivity (Paragraph No. 13), wiped (Paragraph No.
1), wanted (Paragraph No. 9), crumble (Paragraph No. 12), and complain
(Paragraph No. 15).
In News Column No. 5, the columnist gave negative judgment to the defeat of the populist parties on the left and right (SP and PVV) in European elections last week, writes columnist Syp Wynia. According to the columnist of the news column of DutchNews.nl, the loss of the Social Democrats and the victory for the Green
Party will lead to a tighter climate policy than Berlin, because there will be political instability in Germany. The columnist gives a negative judgment because it will analyze the adverse effects of the defeat of the populist party in the European elections, which are related to five main points, as follows. The first thing related to immigration (and Islam and identity) remains a central political theme in the
European Union (EU). Many immigrants (both illegal immigrants and often asylum seekers) are not wanted anywhere in EU countries. Secondly, the Euro crisis is very possible. Matteo Salvini will use European victories against European rules related to Euro from Brussels. He was sure he would find Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte and finance minister Wopke Hoekstra on the road. Third, the loss of Social
Democrats and victory for the Green Party will lead to a tighter climate policy than
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Berlin (and political instability in Germany). Fourth, 'Cordon sanitation' against
'populist parties' will collapse. The return of the Vlaams Block and the success of the Swedish Democrats worried the established parties, especially because the
Danish People's Party and the PVV were defeated. The Danish People's Party was never boycotted but, like Wilders, took a supporting role in government. What might happen is that traditional parties in countries such as Sweden and Belgium will adopt stricter migration policies. Fifth, the relatively high turnout for this election does not indicate greater popularity from the European parliament but rather illustrates political sensitivity to European themes. Based on the defeat of the populist parties, the columnist gave a negative judgment to the phenomenon that occurred in the European elections.
In the News Column No. 7, the columnist expressed negative judgment by using seven words such as expensive (Paragraph No.6), burden (Paragraph No. 9) despite (Paragraph No. 6), slowing (Paragraph No. 20), out (Paragraph No. 1), rid
(Paragraph No. 9), and bad (Paragraph No. 16).
In News Column No. 7, the columnist gives a negative judgment to the
Dutch government due to tax increases and inflation. The third government led by
Mark Rutte has failed to control inflation and tax increases. Prices in supermarkets and energy have risen faster than employee wages. The economy shows signs of exhaustion because the economy is not growing. The Netherlands has set the highest inflation record in Europe. In the Netherlands prices rise to three percent in
April each year. The columnist stated that without Rutte III, Dutch inflation would be in Europe an average of 1.5 percent. Higher value added tax for food from 6% to 9%, has increased price inflation by 3.6% compared to the previous year. Then
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energy prices rose 11.6%, due to higher tax increases and deemed inhumane. While outside Europe such as Canada, Australia and South Korea, for example, energy costs actually dropped. The columnist gives negative judgment to the Dutch government, because it has made prices go up and makes life more difficult. The first cabinet budget deficit led by Rutte quickly turned into a budget surplus of around 1.5% of GDP. Whereas the third time the government actually became ugly.
The collective tax burden in the Netherlands is much higher than in other developed countries, according to OECD calculations. Taxes have increased for tobacco, wind turbines and solar power, car taxes, health care premiums and more. According to the Columnist these high taxes were intentional by the Rutte government. Eight million households now pay 3,750 euros more than the first period of the Rutte government, in 2011. Companies also bear a tax burden that is around 45% higher than the total claimed by the State Council. The collective tax burden on households still rises more than 2,000 euros under Rutte. The essence of News Column No. 7, this is what causes the columnist to give negative judgment.
In the News Column No. 9, the columnist expressed negative judgment by using three words such as question (Paragraph No. 11), scandal (Paragraph No.
1), and blatant (Paragraph No. 5).
In News Column No. 9, the columnist gives negative judgment to organic food producers who do not meet health requirements, because they do not meet regulations. An organic expert named Hugo Skoppek stated that this was a national scandal because based on the results of RTL investigations as the authorities had found hundreds of organic products sold to the market did not meet the regulations of organic food ingredients in the Netherlands, and this was very embarrassing.
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Indeed organic farming is a business that requires high skills and experience from farmers. In reality, farmers do not have enough experience to produce organic products that meet the regulations of organic food ingredients in the Netherlands.
There is no reason for repetition of embarrassing events, such as: hungry pigs, calves that lack drinking water, overcrowded barns, and dirty cows. Nearly 10% of farmers violated organic food regulations, while the maximum tolerance limit was only 3-4%. The columnist questioned where the government plays a role in enforcing regulations. Last year, Dutch agriculture minister Carola Schouten ordered the SKAL evaluation so that the organization used its power to impose sanctions against violations of regulations. The columnist stated that violating regulations would damage the reputation of the entire organic industry in the
Netherlands. As citizens of the Netherlands, columnists give an opinion that they rely on the Dutch government to supervise and enforce regulations on organic matter, in order to implement the Paris Climate Agreement, so that in a context such as this organic product, the government must act effectively, reliably, and strongly.
News digest from News Column No. 9, which states a negative judgment attitude from the columnist of the news column of NewsDutch.nl.
In the News Column No. 10, the columnist expressed negative judgment by using four words such as avail (Paragraph No. 7), not (Paragraph No. 1), only
(Paragraph No. 5), and excluded (Paragraph No. 9).
In News Column No. 10, the columnist gave a negative judgment to the
Dutch government for not treating all taxpayers equally in the case of elections related to the right to vote and be elected. The columnist states that universal suffrage is the result of a long historical process, in which the right to vote is given
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to all Dutch citizens without distinguishing between origins. It has been 100 years since the introduction of universal suffrage and the lower house of the Dutch parliament held a series of activities in stages to involve more Dutch citizens who had the right to vote in general elections in the Netherlands. The democratic system should be built on the principle of equal rights for all citizens to have the same voice in elections. The columnist gives negative judgment because in reality people with
Dutch passports who have lived, say in Canada for 20 years should be eligible to vote in national and European elections. But someone who has lived in the
Netherlands for 20 years and is obedient to paying taxes, even though he is a
Canadian passport holder should have the same democratic rights as Dutch citizens who have lived abroad, say in Canada. The columnist stated that the system applied was not consistent for elections, where someone who had lived for a long time in the Netherlands, say more than five years was not allowed to have the right to vote in elections, but was allowed in the election of the water council. It should be resolved in the constitution. This discrimination makes the attitude of the columnist gives negative judgment.
A.2 Negative Appreciation
The negative appreciation of columnists’ attitude towards social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl is the second highest (40 or 20.0%).
The negative appreciation from ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. are in News Column No.3, News Column No. 5, News Column
No. 6, News Column No. 7 and News Column No. 9.
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In the News Column No. 3, the columnist expressed negative appreciation by using four words such as aggressive (Paragraph No. 9), enough (Paragraph No.
1) depressed (Paragraph No. 3), and pressure (Paragraph No. 12).
In News Column No. 3, the columnist gave a negative appreciation to clinics that carry out euthanasia, because it was related to the news about the euthanasia process (ending life in the clinic) from Ms. Pothoven. Noa Pothoven is a woman who came from Arnhem, was an award winner as a writer, ending her life
(euthanasia in the clinic) as a result of a heavy mental burden due to sexual harassment that became traumatic. This woman revealed her experiences related to psychiatrists in the Netherlands and posted a message on her Instagram, apparently died last week. The columnist confirmed the case to the clinic about Ms. euthanasia.
Pothoven, but did not get clear clarification, in the sense that the person in charge of the clinic was not transparent. The clinic, quoting patient privacy, cannot convey much information to the columnist. Westerveld, the person in charge of the clinic just called the columnist to say that as long as they knew, this young woman had stopped eating, so Liza Westerveld said goodbye to him last week and was very sad over his death. The Columnist gave a negative appreciation, because the euthanasia case was a controversy in the Netherlands, where according to the Regional
Euthanasia Review Committee report, cases relating to psychiatric problems let alone end up with euthanasia require very high evidence and accountability from a doctor. Many newspapers in the Netherlands and abroad do not publish euthanasia cases from Ms. Pothoven. Even though Ms. Pothoven detailed his suffering, also in his book Winning or Learning, but the DutchNews.nl newspaper was very cautious and gave very little information to the public about this euthanasia case.
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Westerveld, in charge of the clinic, denied that the clinic had euthanized Ms.
Pothoven. This is possible because of fear of being prosecuted as defamation, if made public. However columnist of the news column from DutchNews.nl would like to express my condolences to Ms. family and friends. Pothoven, and hopes that media partners around the world will be careful about euthanasia cases.
In the News Column No. 5, the columnist expressed negative appreciation by using three words such as wiped (Paragraph No. 1), lost (Paragraph No. 2), and losses (Paragraph No. 6).
In News Column No. 5, the columnist gave a negative appreciation for the defeat of populist parties on the left and right (SP and PVV) in European elections last week, writes columnist Syp Wynia. According to the columnist of the
DutchNews.nl news column, the loss of Social Democrats and the victory of the
Green Party will lead to a tighter climate policy than Berlin, because there will be political instability in Germany. In Germany, the Christian Democrats and Social
Democrats suffered a defeat that made Angela Merkel's coalition difficult. French
President Emmanuel Macron was shown by Le Pen who has now surpassed his popularity in gaining popular support. The European Union elections also impacted the Netherlands, due to the defeat of D66 in the general election. The columnist gives a negative appreciation because it will analyze the adverse effects of the defeat of populist parties in European elections, which are related to the five main points, as follows. The first thing related to immigration (and Islam and identity) remains a central political theme in the European Union (EU). Many immigrants
(both illegal immigrants and often asylum seekers) are not wanted anywhere in EU countries. Secondly, the Euro crisis is very likely to occur. Matteo Salvini will use
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European victories against European rules related to the Euros from Brussels. He was sure to find Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte and finance minister Wopke
Hoekstra on the road. Third, the loss of the Social Democrats and the victory of the
Green Party will lead to a tighter climate policy than Berlin (and political instability in Germany). Fourth, 'Cordon Sanitation' against 'populist parties' will collapse. The return of the Vlaams Block and the success of the Swedish Democrats worried the established parties, especially as the Danish People's Party and PVV were defeated.
The Danish People's Party was never boycotted but, like Wilders, took a supporting role in government. What might happen is that traditional parties in countries like
Sweden and Belgium will adopt stricter migration policies. Fifth, the relatively high turnout for this election does not indicate greater popularity of the European parliament but rather illustrates political sensitivity to European themes. Based on the defeat of populist parties, the columnist gave a negative appreciation of the phenomena that occurred in European elections.
In the News Column No. 6, the columnist expressed negative appreciation by using six words such as ignoring (Paragraph No. 7), befallen (Paragraph No.
21), prevent (Paragraph No. 9), movement (Paragraph No. 19). intention (Paragraph
No. 18), and transported (Paragraph No. 18).
In News Column No. 6, columnist gave a negative appreciation related to the case of wild-born orca known as Morgan, which was captured in the Wadden
Sea and is now languishing in a Spanish tourist attraction. The columnist expressed a negative attitude to the Dutch government over Morgan's misery, for violating the protection of wildlife law. In the years after Morgan's arrest, the Dutch government, through four successive ministers - Henk Bleker, Sharon Dijksma, Martijn van
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Dam, and now Carola Schouten ignored EU law. This is due to Morgan's sale and commercial exploitation, which resulted in its breeding being illegitimate and the birth of hybrid calves that were captured wild in September 2018. On December
23, 2011, MPs asked written questions to Henk Bleker, the minister responsible at the time, about "What steps will you take to prevent Morgan from being used in the breeding program". On 12 February 2014, Dijksma wrote to FMF stating: "To determine who the real owner of the Morgan Orca also depends on is the intention and agreement made by the private parties involved in this case - Dolfinarium
Harderwijk, Loro Parque and SeaWorld." However, on 2 February 2016, Van
Dam's spokesman stated: 'When Morgan orca were transported to Loro Parque, the
Dutch authorities lost their jurisdiction over Morgan, and this included the possibility of Loro Parque's intention to breed Morgan. On April 26, 2018, the district court in Utrecht ruled that the Dutch government (ie the ministry of agriculture which now has responsibility for captive animals) retained jurisdiction over Morgan even though he moved to Loro Parque - Morgan was not 'moved to
Spain'. He was transferred inside the European Union under the direction of the
Dutch government. Schouten can direct the ministry to make up for the injustice befell Morgan and work to facilitate the transfer of Morgan and his son to a marine sanctuary.
In the News Column No. 7, the columnist expressed negative appreciation by using ten words such as inflation (Paragraph No. 4), losing (Paragraph No. 4), burden (Paragraph No. 13), difficult (Paragraph No. 19). little (Paragraph No. 3), whopping (Paragraph No. 5), deny (Paragraph No. 11), failing (Paragraph No. 2), reduction (Paragraph No. 7), and sad (Paragraph No. 15).
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In News Column No. 7, the columnist gave a negative appreciation to the
Dutch government due to tax increases and inflation. The third government led by
Mark Rutte has failed to control inflation and tax increases. Prices in supermarkets and energy go up faster than employee wages. The economy is showing signs of exhaustion because the economy is not growing. The Netherlands has set the highest inflation record in Europe. In the Netherlands prices rise to three percent in
April each year. The columnist stated that without Rutte III, Dutch inflation would be in Europe an average of 1.5 percent. Higher value added tax for food from 6% to 9%, has increased price inflation by 3.6% compared to the previous year. Then energy prices rose 11.6%, due to higher tax increases and deemed inhumane. While outside Europe such as Canada, Australia and South Korea, for example, energy costs actually dropped. The columnist gave a negative assessment to the Dutch government, because it had made prices rise and made life more difficult. The first cabinet budget deficit led by Rutte quickly turned into a budget surplus of around
1.5% of GDP. In fact, the third time the government actually became ugly. The collective tax burden in the Netherlands is much higher than in other developed countries, according to OECD calculations. Taxes have risen for tobacco, wind turbines and solar power, car taxes, health care premiums, and more. According to the columnist, this high tax was intentional by the Rutte government. Eight million households now pay 3,750 euros more than the first period of the Rutte administration, in 2011. The company also bears a tax burden of about 45% higher than the total claimed by the State Council. The collective tax burden for households still rises more than 2,000 euros under Rutte. The continued increase in taxes under
Rutte was very sad because the signs were that the years of prosperity would soon
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be over. From a growth of 2.17% in 2017 and 2.5% growth last year, the prognosis for this year and further down to 1.5%. And for the years after that the cabinet predicts growth of more than 1%. But Rutte said that 'we must prepare for times that are more economically difficult'. The essence of the News Column No. 7, this is what causes the columnist to give a negative appreciation.
In the News Column No. 9, the columnist expressed a negative appreciation by using three words such as excuse (Paragraph No. 6), failure (Title), and failed
(Paragraph No. 8).
In News Column No. 9, the columnist gives a negative appreciation to organic food producers who do not meet health requirements, because they do not meet regulations. An RTL broadcaster found that hundreds of Dutch organic food producers had been permitted to sell organic products even though the applicable organic material regulations were not complied with. An organic expert named
Hugo Skoppek stated that this was a national scandal because based on the results of an RTL investigation, because the authorities had found hundreds of organic products sold to the market did not meet the regulations of organic food ingredients in the Netherlands, and this was very embarrassing. Indeed organic farming is a business that requires high skills and experience from farmers. In fact, farmers do not have enough experience to produce organic products that meet the regulations of organic food ingredients in the Netherlands. There is no reason to repeat embarrassing events, such as: hungry pigs, calves that lack drinking water, overcrowded barns, and dirty cows. Nearly 10% of farmers violate organic food regulations, while the maximum tolerance limit is only 3-4%. The columnist questioned where the government played a role in enforcing regulations. Last year,
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Dutch agriculture minister Carola Schouten ordered an evaluation of SKAL so that the organization used its power to impose sanctions for violating regulations. The columnist stated that breaking the rules would damage the reputation of the entire organic industry in the Netherlands. As citizens of the Netherlands, the columnist argues that they depend on the Dutch government to oversee and enforce regulations on organic matter, to implement the Paris Climate Agreement, so that in contexts such as organic products, the government must act effectively, reliably, and strongly. The essence of the news from the Columnist's Column is that if SKAL or its inspector is considered too soft, then it can be interpreted as allowing or even allowing farmers to sell organic products that do not meet the requirements. This will create uncertainty in the enforcement of applicable regulations. The columnist hopes that the scandal will not cause a reaction in all of Europe, because it will result in consumers losing trust in Dutch organ products. The essence of news column No. 9, which expressed the negative attitude of the columnist of the
NewsDutch.nl news column towards farmers of organic products and the government that has the authority to enforce regulations.
A.3 Negative Affect
The negative affect of columnists’ attitude towards social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl is the third highest (29 or 14.5%).
The negative affect from ten social welfare issues in news columns of
DutchNews.nl. are in News Column No. 2, News Column No. 5, News Column No.
6, News Column No. 7, News Column No. 9, and News Column No. 10.
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In News Column No. 2, the columnist expressed negative affect by using three words such as mustn’t (Paragraph No. 9), affraid (Title), and killed (Paragraph
No. 7).
In News Column No. 2, the columnist gives a negative affect to farmers who are panicking and asking for wolves to be destroyed, as is the case in Germany. The columnist believes that killing wolves will destroy ecosystems, because wolves contribute to ecosystems that promote biodiversity that is already endangered.
Wolves chase deer and wild boar. Their remains will form the basis for the so-called
"dead fauna". They attract smaller scavengers, such as beetles, butterflies, and other animals and larger carrion eaters such as ferrets, osprey birds and even griffon vultures. Impurities of all these animals are spread over a wide area and will restore the mineral cycle that is not balanced in order to achieve balance in many nature reserves in the Netherlands. The return of the wolf to the Netherlands is the ultimate achievement after years of implementing environmental policies. Thus co-existence between wolves and sheep farmers is very possible, said the European Regional
Director at the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) Joep van Mierlo.
Facts show that wolves were extinct in the Netherlands 140 years ago, so a pair of wolves returned to the Netherlands for the first time in more than a century. The
Netherlands has carried out an environmental policy that returns wolves. For 20 years hundreds of millions of euros have been spent on the Natura Network 2000.
However, IFAW did not close its eyes that with the return of wolves to the
Netherlands, around 170 sheep had been killed by wolves last year. But when compared to stray dogs who kill around 1,600 sheep, nearly ten times more ipat than those eaten by wolves. The columnist states that we must not let emotions
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overwhelm us, through preventing and restricting sheep from being killed by wolves. Some of the solutions proposed to prevent wolves from eating breeders' sheep are by installing a simple electric fence to prevent and limit the wolf's direct contact with the sheep of the breeders. The use of wolf nets is also more effective and efficient. Efforts and requests from farmers to wipe out the wolf who had just returned to the Netherlands after almost a century more than leaving the
Netherlands were given a negative affect by the columnist of the news column of
DutchNews.nl.
In News Column No. 5, the columnist expressed negative affect by using two words such as European (Title), and story (Paragraph No. 4).
In News Column No. 5, the columnist gave a negative affect for the defeat of populist parties on the left and right (SP and PVV) in European elections last week, writes columnist Syp Wynia. According to the columnist of the
DutchNews.nl news column, the loss of Social Democrats and the victory of the
Green Party will lead to a tighter climate policy than Berlin, because there will be political instability in Germany. In Germany, the Christian Democrats and Social
Democrats suffered a defeat that made Angela Merkel's coalition difficult. French
President Emmanuel Macron was shown by Le Pen who has now surpassed his popularity in gaining popular support. The European Union elections also impacted the Netherlands, due to the defeat of D66 in the general election. The columnist gives a negative appreciation because it will analyze the adverse effects of the defeat of populist parties in European elections, which are related to the five main points, as follows. The first thing related to immigration (and Islam and identity) remains a central political theme in the European Union (EU). Many immigrants
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(both illegal immigrants and often asylum seekers) are not wanted anywhere in EU countries. Secondly, the Euro crisis is very likely to occur. Matteo Salvini will use
European victories against European rules related to the Euros from Brussels. He was sure to find Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte and finance minister Wopke
Hoekstra on the road. Third, the loss of the Social Democrats and the victory of the
Green Party will lead to a tighter climate policy than Berlin (and political instability in Germany). Fourth, 'Cordon Sanitation' against 'populist parties' will collapse. The return of the Vlaams Block and the success of the Swedish Democrats worried the established parties, especially as the Danish People's Party and PVV were defeated.
The Danish People's Party was never boycotted but, like Wilders, took a supporting role in government. What might happen is that traditional parties in countries like
Sweden and Belgium will adopt stricter migration policies. Fifth, the relatively high turnout for this election does not indicate greater popularity of the European parliament but rather illustrates political sensitivity to European themes. Based on the defeat of populist parties, the columnist gave a negative appreciation of the phenomena that occurred in European elections.
In News Column No. 6, the columnist expressed negative affect by using four words such as ignorance (Paragraph No. 3), law (Paragraph No. 2), but
(Paragraph No. 17), and happen (Paragraph No. 8).
In News Column No. 6, columnist gave a negative affect related to the case of wild-born orca known as Morgan, which was captured in the Wadden Sea and is now languishing in a Spanish tourist attraction. The columnist expressed a negative affect to the Dutch government over Morgan's misery, for violating the protection of wildlife law. In the years after Morgan's arrest, the Dutch government, through
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four successive ministers - Henk Bleker, Sharon Dijksma, Martijn van Dam, and now Carola Schouten ignored EU law. This is due to Morgan's sale and commercial exploitation, which resulted in its breeding being illegitimate and the birth of hybrid calves that were captured wild in September 2018. On December 23, 2011, MPs asked written questions to Henk Bleker, the minister responsible at the time, about
"What steps will you take to prevent Morgan from being used in the breeding program". On 12 February 2014, Dijksma wrote to FMF stating: "To determine who the real owner of the Morgan Orca also depends on is the intention and agreement made by the private parties involved in this case - Dolfinarium Harderwijk, Loro
Parque and SeaWorld." However, on 2 February 2016, Van Dam's spokesman stated: 'When Morgan orca were transported to Loro Parque, the Dutch authorities lost their jurisdiction over Morgan, and this included the possibility of Loro
Parque's intention to breed Morgan. On April 26, 2018, the district court in Utrecht ruled that the Dutch government (ie the ministry of agriculture which now has responsibility for captive animals) retained jurisdiction over Morgan even though he moved to Loro Parque - Morgan was not 'moved to Spain'. He was transferred inside the European Union under the direction of the Dutch government. Schouten can direct the ministry to make up for the injustice befell Morgan and work to facilitate the transfer of Morgan and his son to a marine sanctuary.
In News Column No. 7, the columnist expressed negative affect by using three words such as nothing (Paragraph No. 18), paying (Paragraph No. 12), and never (Paragraph No. 17).
In News Column No. 7, the columnist gave a negative affect to the Dutch government due to tax increases and inflation. The third government led by Mark
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Rutte has failed to control inflation and tax increases. Prices in supermarkets and energy go up faster than employee wages. The economy is showing signs of exhaustion because the economy is not growing. The Netherlands has set the highest inflation record in Europe. In the Netherlands prices rise to three percent in
April each year. The columnist stated that without Rutte III, Dutch inflation would be in Europe an average of 1.5 percent. Higher value added tax for food from 6% to 9%, has increased price inflation by 3.6% compared to the previous year. Then energy prices rose 11.6%, due to higher tax increases and deemed inhumane. While outside Europe such as Canada, Australia and South Korea, for example, energy costs actually dropped. The columnist gave a negative assessment to the Dutch government, because it had made prices rise and made life more difficult. The first cabinet budget deficit led by Rutte quickly turned into a budget surplus of around
1.5% of GDP. In fact, the third time the government actually became ugly. The collective tax burden in the Netherlands is much higher than in other developed countries, according to OECD calculations. Taxes have risen for tobacco, wind turbines and solar power, car taxes, health care premiums, and more. According to the columnist, this high tax was intentional by the Rutte government. Eight million households now pay 3,750 euros more than the first period of the Rutte administration, in 2011. The company also bears a tax burden of about 45% higher than the total claimed by the State Council. The collective tax burden for households still rises more than 2,000 euros under Rutte. The continued increase in taxes under
Rutte was very sad because the signs were that the years of prosperity would soon be over. From a growth of 2.17% in 2017 and 2.5% growth last year, the prognosis for this year and further down to 1.5%. And for the years after that the cabinet
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predicts growth of more than 1%. But Rutte said that 'we must prepare for times that are more economically difficult'. The essence of the News Column No. 7, this is what causes the columnist to give a negative affect.
In the News Column No. 9, the columnist expressed a negative affect by using six words such as shocked (Paragraph No. 2), bothers (Paragraph No. 9), repercussions (Paragraph No. 12), integrity (Paragraph No. 3), sanctions
(Paragraph No. 11), and reliability (Paragraph No. 7).
In News Column No. 9, the columnist gives a negative affect to organic food producers who do not meet health requirements, because they do not meet regulations. An RTL broadcaster found that hundreds of Dutch organic food producers had been permitted to sell organic products even though the applicable organic material regulations were not complied with. An organic expert named
Hugo Skoppek stated that this was a national scandal because based on the results of an RTL investigation, because the authorities had found hundreds of organic products sold to the market did not meet the regulations of organic food ingredients in the Netherlands, and this was very embarrassing. Indeed organic farming is a business that requires high skills and experience from farmers. In fact, farmers do not have enough experience to produce organic products that meet the regulations of organic food ingredients in the Netherlands. There is no reason to repeat embarrassing events, such as: hungry pigs, calves that lack drinking water, overcrowded barns, and dirty cows. Nearly 10% of farmers violate organic food regulations, while the maximum tolerance limit is only 3-4%. The columnist questioned where the government played a role in enforcing regulations. Last year,
Dutch agriculture minister Carola Schouten ordered an evaluation of SKAL so that
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the organization used its power to impose sanctions for violating regulations. The columnist stated that breaking the rules would damage the reputation of the entire organic industry in the Netherlands. As citizens of the Netherlands, the columnist argues that they depend on the Dutch government to oversee and enforce regulations on organic matter, to implement the Paris Climate Agreement, so that in contexts such as organic products, the government must act effectively, reliably, and strongly. The essence of the news from the Columnist's Column is that if SKAL or its inspector is considered too soft, then it can be interpreted as allowing or even allowing farmers to sell organic products that do not meet the requirements. This will create uncertainty in the enforcement of applicable regulations. The columnist hopes that the scandal will not cause a reaction in all of Europe, because it will result in consumers losing trust in Dutch organic products. The essence of news column No. 9, which expressed the negative affect of the columnist of the
NewsDutch.nl news column towards farmers of organic products and the government that has the authority to enforce regulations.
In the News Column No. 10, the columnist expressed negative affect by using three words such as issue (Paragraph No. 2), ensure (Paragraph No. 1), and criticized (Paragraph No. 10).
In News Column No. 10, the columnist gave a negative affect to the Dutch government for not treating all taxpayers equally in the case of elections related to the right to vote and be elected. The columnist states that universal suffrage is the result of a long historical process, in which the right to vote is given to all Dutch citizens without distinguishing between origins. It has been 100 years since the introduction of universal suffrage and the lower house of the Dutch parliament held
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a series of activities in stages to involve more Dutch citizens who had the right to vote in general elections in the Netherlands. The democratic system should be built on the principle of equal rights for all citizens to have the same voice in elections.
The columnist gives negative judgment because in reality people with Dutch passports who have lived, say in Canada for 20 years should be eligible to vote in national and European elections. But someone who has lived in the Netherlands for
20 years and is obedient to paying taxes, even though he is a Canadian passport holder should have the same democratic rights as Dutch citizens who have lived abroad, say in Canada. The columnist stated that the system applied was not consistent for elections, where someone who had lived for a long time in the
Netherlands, say more than five years was not allowed to have the right to vote in elections, but was allowed in the election of the water council. It should be resolved in the constitution. This discrimination makes the attitude of the columnist gives negative affect.
The previous discussions have been conducted on the negative judgment as the first highest of columnists' attitude (48 or 24.0%), negative appreciation as the second highest of columnists' attitude (40 or 20.0%), and negative affect as the third highest of columnists' attitude (29 or 14.5%). The following discussion will focus on the categories that exist in negative judgment, negative appreciation, and negative affect. Although as an introduction, the positive and negative categories of judgment, appreciation, and affect will be discussed in general.
As seen in the Table 4.1 above, the general attitudes of columnists’ emotion are negative. Then, the same data have been classified on the specific classification
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of each attitude such as judgment, appreciation, and affect. The specific number of
data are presented in the accompanying Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Type of Columnists’ Emotion
Positive Negative N Type of Type of o Attitude Emotion Occur. Pct (%) Occur. Pct (%)
Normality 3 1,5 6 3,0
Capacity 9 4,5 10 5,0
1 Judgment Tenacity 4 2,0 8 4,0
Veracity 6 3,0 11 5,5
Propriety 8 4,0 13 6,5
Valuation 13 6,5 14 7,0
Composi- 2 Appreciation 14 7,0 11 5,5 tion
Reaction 9 4,5 15 7,5
Happiness 6 3,0 9 4,5
Security 8 4,0 11 5,5 3 Affect Satisfac- 3 1,5 9 4,5 tion
Total 83 41,5 117 58,5
Table 4.2 above shows the occurrences of the specification of each highest
attitude. It shows how every single word in the social welfare issues in news
columns of DutchNews.nl reflects to the certain columnists’ emotion based on
attitude analysis. From Table 4.2 we know the following highest negative attitude,
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such as: negative propriety for judgment (frequency = 13 or 6.5%), negative reaction for appreciation (frequency = 15 or 7.5%), and insecurity for affect
(frequency = 11 or 5,5%). These negative attitudes will be discussed in more detail in the next section.
The following discussion will focus on the categories that exist in negative judgment, negative appreciation, and negative affect, with the reason because the three categories of columnists’ attitude are the first highest, the second highest, and the third highest.
A.4 Categories of Judgment
Conceptually, positive and negative judgment can be categorized by two categories according to a book entitled Critical Discourse Analysis, written by the
ELS Team of the Graduate Program, Universitas Sanata Dharma (No Name)
2017:53, as follows:
1. Admire (positive judgment)/Criticize (negative judgment)
2. Praise (positive judgment)/Condemn (negative judgment)
Based on the above, the columnists of social welfare issues can be categorized by using positive and negative judgment in news columns of
DutchNews.nl are to admiring (positive judgment) / criticizing (negative judgment) and praising (positive judgment) / condemning (negative judgment).
Illustrative realisations for social esteem are presented in Table 4.3.
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Table 4.3 Types of Columnists’ Judgment – Social Esteem
Words of Positive Words of Negative Social Esteem Occur. Pct(%) Occur. Pct (%) (Admire) (Criticize) Normality knew, finding, well glamour, reported, (How Special?") 3 7,5% integration, crisis, 6 15,0% expensive, stretched, resulting, missed, understand, Capacity achievement, being, strategy, resolved, 9 22,5% 10 25,0% (How Capable?") paperwork, strong, sensitivity, terrible, asked, putting, slowing, despite, work, fight, until, harm, panicking, Tenacity optimism fraud, stricker, (How 4 10,0% 8 20,0% ignoring, burden, Dependable?") treated, avail Total 16 40,0% Total 24 60,0% Total Frequency = 40 (100%)
Table 4.3 shows the highest negative capacity (frequency = 10 or 25.00%).
This means that columnists of social welfare in news columns of DutchNews.nl like to criticize more than to admire.
The highest negative capacity (frequency = 10 or 25.00%) is the capacity to criticize obtained from the total of ten social welfare issues in news columns of
DutchNews.nl. And the highest occurrence of capacity to criticise from the ten social issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl is in News Column No. 5 and News
Column No. 7 which occur twice by using words such as resolved and sensitivity.
In the News Column No. 5 the columnist expressed the capacity to criticize. The word such as resolved can be found in Paragraph 8 of News Columns No.5, which the columnist expressed for capacity criticised of judgment social esteem. Another word such as sensitivity can be found in Paragraph 14 of News Columns No. 5 in
Appendix 6 (See Pages 132-133)..
The illustrative realisations for social sanction are presented in Table 4.4.
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Table 4.4 Types of Columnists’ Judgment – Social Sanction
Words of Positive Words of Negative Social Sanction Occur. Pct(%) Occur. Pct (%) (Praise) (Condemn) similar, few, rarely, judging, debunked, denying, haven't, Veracity (Truth) desperate, 6 15,8%wanted, crumble, 11 28,9% "How Honest?" acknowledged, mishandling, rid, doing turred, scandal, peaceful, even, negligence, Propriety great, wrote, refused, doomed, (Ethics) written, success, mentioned, 8 21,1% 13 34,2% "How far beyond benefits, affected discriminatory, reproach?" wiped, complain, never, out, bad, Total 14 36,8% Total 24 63,2% Total Frequency = 38 (100%)
Table 4.4 shows the highest negative propriety (frequency = 13 or 34.21%).
It means that columnists of social welfare in news columns of DutchNews.nl like to condemn more than to praise. The highest negative propriety (frequency = 13 or
34.21%) is the propriety to condemn obtained from the total of ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. And the highest frequency of propriety to condemn in the ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl is in
News Column No. 1, News Column No. 5, and News Column No. 7, where in each, it occurs twice. In the News Column No. 1, the columnist expressed the propriety to condemn with words such as negligence and refused.
The highest occurrence of negative judgment from ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl are in the News Column No. 1, News Column
No. 5, News Columns No. 7, News Column No. 9, and News Column No. 10.
The negative judgment of the above five news columns have been discussed in subchapter 4.A.1. The following discussion will be focused on the categories of
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negative judgment, that is the first highest of columnists’ attitude in news columns of DutchNews.nl. The data analysis of negative judgment is shown in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5 The Categories of Negative Judgment
News Criticize Criticize Condemn Condemn Column No. Paragraph Words Paragraph Words No. No. 1 2 glamour 2 rarely 7 missed 6 negligence 9 harm 8 refused 5 7 resolved 1 wiped 9 crisis 8 wanted 11 stricter 11 crumble 13 sensitivity 13 complain 7 6 expensive 1 out 9 burden 9 rid 6 despite 16 bad 20 slowing 9 11 question 1 scandal 5 blatant 10 7 avail 5 only 1 not 9 excluded
Table 4.5 shows the five news columns of DutchNews.nl that covered the highest categories of negative judgment. The following discussion will be based on the Table 4.5.
News Column No. 1 has three paragraphs of criticize and three paragraphs of condemn.
The columnist of News Column No. 1 used three words to criticize, such as: glamour (Paragraph No. 2), missed (Paragraph No. 7), and harm (Paragraph No.
9).
In the Paragraph No. 2, the columnist used a word such as glamour to criticize the Royal Dutch couple's journey are rarely used for high-level diplomacy that reaches out in person.
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In the Paragraph No. 7, the columnist used a word such as missed to criticize about two separate tests about cancer from Ms. Adrienne Cullen which was done in 2011 was not stored properly so it was lost. Thus the treatment of cancer treatment becomes too late, because the cancer has spread to a terminal stage, which results in Ms. Adrienne passed away. Another embarrassing thing is the second tissue sample, also showing the cancer was misread by a pathologist at the largest university hospital in the Netherlands, UMC Utrecht.
In Paragraph No. 9, the columnist used a word such as harm to critize about
Adrienne campaigned during that time for the introduction of what is known as an
'open disclosure protocol', basically an international transparency guideline in cases of medical harm, which is now only being implemented in hospitals throughout the
Netherlands after her death.
News Column No. 1 also has three paragraphs of condemn. The columnist of News Column No. 1 used three words to condemn, such as: rarely (Paragraph
No. 2), negligence (Paragraph No. 6), and refused (Paragraph No. 8).
In the Paragraph No. 2, the columnist used a word such as rarely to condemn about the most valuable work of state visits such as the Dutch Royal couple to Ireland last week. But rarely high-level diplomacy is used to reach out personally like this visit.
In the Paragraph No. 6, the columnist used a word such as negligence to condem about medical negligence at one of the largest university hospitals in the
Netherlands, UMC Utrecht which resulted in the death of Ms. Adrienne due to cervical cancer at the age of 58 years.
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In the Paragraph No. 8, the columnist used a word such as refused to condem about the refusal of professor Margriet Schneider, CEO of the hospital, to resign and investigate the death of Ms. Adrieene, is a cervical cancer patient who died from hospital.
News Column No. 5 has four paragraphs of criticize and four paragraphs of condemn.
The columnist of News Column No. 5 used four words to criticize, such as: resolved (Paragraph No. 7), crisis (Paragraph No. 9), stricter (Paragraph No. 11), and sensitivity (Paragraph No. 13).
In the Paragraph No. 7, the columnist used a word such as resolved to criticize about a number of problems that have not been resolved by the EU parliament relating to the musical chair game which is the division of top jobs.
In the Paragraph No. 9, the columnist used a word such as crisis to criticize about the ongoing euro crisis. Matteo Salvini will use European victories to fight the euro rules from Brussels.
In the Paragraph No. 11, the columnist used a word such as stricter to criticize about a stricter climate policy from Berlin (and political instability in
Germany) as a consequence of the defeat of the Social Democrats and the victory for the Green Party.
In the Paragraph No. 13, the columnist used a word such as sensitivuty to criticize about the relatively high level of participation does not reflect the great popularity of the European parliament, but shows the political sensitivity of
European themes.
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News Column No. 5 also has four paragraphs of condemn. The columnist of News Column No. 5 used four words to condemn, such as: wiped (Paragraph
No. 1), wanted (Paragraph No. 8), crumble (Paragraph No. 11), and complain
(Paragraph No. 13).
In the Paragraph No. 1, the columnist used a word such as wiped to condemn about populist parties wiped and the PvdA topped the poll, but it would be easy to be mistaken with the results of Dutch elections in the European Union, writes columnist Syp Wynia.
In the Paragraph No. 8, the columnist used a word such as wanted to condemn about immigrants (both illegal immigrants and asylum seekers) are not wanted anywhere in European Union countries. Immigration (and Islam and identity) remain the main political issues in the EU.
In the Paragraph No. 11, the columnist used a word such as crumble to condemn about 'Cordon sanitation' against the 'populist party' will be crumble, through the return of the Vlaams Block and the success of the Swedish Democrats who are very concerned about the established parties, especially because the Danish
People's Party and the PVV are defeated.
In the Paragraph No. 13, the columnist used a word such as sensitivity to condemn about the relatively high level of participation does not reflect the great popularity of the European parliament, but shows the political sensitivity of
European themes.
News Column No. 7 has four paragraphs of critisize. The columnist of
News Column No. 7 used four words to critisize, such as: expensive (Paragraph
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No. 6), burden (Paragraph No. 9), despite (Paragraph No. 6), and slowing
(Paragraph No. 20).
In the Paragraph No. 6, the columnist used a word such as expensive to criticize about the Dutch government makes its citizens become more expensive living, by sitting on their hands. The Finance Minister Wopke Hoekstra (CDA) saw a surplus of € 11.4 billion last year, despite a salary increase for civil servants, but an increase in health care costs and a sizable increase in EU contributions.
In the Paragraph No. 9, the columnist used a word such as burden to criticize about the collective tax burden, taxes and premiums, Rutte cabinet government financing, rising health care costs that continue to increase. The solution is through reducing the budget deficit.
In the Paragraph No. 6, the columnist used a word such as despite to criticize about the Dutch government makes its citizens become more expensive living, by sitting on their hands. The Finance Minister Wopke Hoekstra (CDA) saw a surplus of € 11.4 billion last year, despite a salary increase for civil servants, but an increase in health care costs and a sizable increase in EU contributions.
In the Paragraph No. 20, the columnist used a word such as slowing to criticize about the economy shows symptoms of slowing down before the purchasing power of Dutch citizens benefit from economic growth. There has been no improvement so far.
News Column No. 7 has four paragraphs of condemn. The columnist of
News Column No. 7 used three words to condemn, such as: out (Paragraph No.
1), rid (Paragraph No. 9), and bad (Paragraph No. 16).
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In the Paragraph No. 1, the columnist used a word such as out to condemn about the Dutch government allowing its citizens to spend money out of their pockets, when in fact knowing how to solve problems, writes commentator Syp
Wynia.
In the Paragraph No. 9, the columnist used a word such as rid to condemn about the collective tax burden, taxes and premiums, Rutte cabinet government financing, rising health care costs that continue to increase. The solutions are, first to get rid of the budget deficit and please Brussels, and second reducing the budget deficit.
In the Paragraph No. 16, the columnist used a word such as bad to condemn on government finances was in a bad way in 2012-2013, specifically because of the increase in taxes and prices. The economic situation has worsened and this has led to an increase in unemployment and wage stagnation.
News Column No. 9 has one paragraph of criticize and two paragraphs of condemn. The columnist of News Column No. 9 used one word to critisize, such as: question (Paragraph No. 11).
In the Paragraph No. 11, the columnist used a word such as question to criticize about the question regarding the lack of SKAL enforcement itself. What are the benefits of setting an ultimatum if you don't enforce it? If the SKAL or its inspector is considered too soft, then that can be interpreted as allowing or inviting non-compliance. This must be resolved during the internal review process in order to obtain improvements.
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News Column No. 9 also has two paragraphs of condemn. The columnist of
News Column No. 9 used two words to condemn, such as: scandal (Paragraph
No. 1), and blatant (Paragraph No. 5).
In the Paragraph No. 1, the columnist used a word such as scandal to condemn about national scandal relating to hundreds of Dutch organic food producers were allowed to sell their products as organic products, even though the producers did not meet all regulations on organic ingredients. Organic expert Hugo
Skoppek stated that the findings by RTL announcers this week were very embarrassing.
In the Paragraph No. 5, the columnist used a word such as blatant to condemn about the types of violations reported by RTL nieuws, that the farmer in question not only does not have moderate experience of organic practices and organic regulations that apply in the European Union, but overtly ignores the welfare of animals that most organic farmers or conventional hate.
News Column No. 10 has two paragraphs of critisize. The columnist of
News Column No. 10 used two words to critisize, such as: avail (Paragraph No.
7), and not (Paragraph No. 1).
In the Paragraph No. 7, the columnist used a word such as avail to critisize about the current system that people with Dutch passports who have lived, say, in
Canada for 20 years are eligible to vote in national and European elections. This is a principle, because very few people in this category avail this right. There needs to be a policy to be voted on that will only slightly affect them,
In the Paragraph No. 1, the columnist used a word such as not to critisize about not all taxpayers in the Netherlands get the same treatment and more needs
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to be done to ensure that everyone has the right to vote, as said by Sally Wyatt and
Hans Radder.
News Column No. 10 also has two paragraphs of condemn. The columnist of News Column No. 9 used two words to condemn, such as: only (Paragraph No.
5), and excluded (Paragraph No. 9).
In the Paragraph No. 5, the columnist used a word such as only to condemn about the current system, only citizens of the Netherlands can vote in national and provincial elections (and indirectly senate elections), while European elections are open to all.
In the Paragraph No. 9, the columnist used a word such as excluded to condemn about the majority of people who have lived in the Netherlands legally and for a long period of time (more than five years, say) but who do not have the right passport cannot excluded from 'universal' suffrage. It seems that 'inburgering'
- the process of integrating into Dutch society - is largely a duty rather than a right.
A.5 Categories of Appreciation
Conceptually, positive and negative appreciation can be categorized by three categories according to a book entitled Critical Discourse Analysis, written by the ESL Team of the Graduate Program, Universitas Sanata Dharma, (No Name)
2017:53, as follows:
1. Positive Reaction/Negative Reaction
2. Positive Composition/Negative Composition
3. Positive Valuation/Negative Valuation
Based on the above, the columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of DuntchNews.nl can be categorized by using positive and negative appreciation
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to show their positive reaction/negative reaction, positive composition/negative composition, and positive valuation/negative valuation. The appreciation analyses are presented in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6 Types of Columnists’ Appreciation
Appreciation Words of Positive Occur. Pct (%) Words of Negative Occur. Pct (%) brave, bigger, coreographed, effective, had, killed, pressure, benefits, rewards, noises, rid, losses, Valuation 13 17,1% 14 18,4% won, increasing, intention, revived, gaining, transported, failing, achievement, ease, reduction, sad, melted, back, enough, depressed, spotted, cheap, asylum, lost, clear, certainty, prevented, Composition 14 18,4% 11 14,5% combine, highest, movement, little, average, exceeded, whooping, deny, increasingly, lower, failure balancing, awful, die, appreciation, aggresive, grim, Reaction settled, done, safe, 9 11,8% problem, wiped, 15 19,7% successive, ignoring, befallen, protected, success, inflation, losing, Total 36 47,4% Total 40 52,6% Total Frequency = 76 (100%)
Table 4.5 shows the highest negative reaction (frequency = 15 or 19.74%), which means the columnists of social welfare in news columns of DutchNews.nl react negatively about the issues. The highest occurrence of negative reaction is
News Column No. 7. In this news column, the columnist reacted negatively with words such as inflation, losing, burden and difficult., as seen in Paragraph 4 of News
Column No. 7, Paragraph 9 of News Column No. 7, and Paragraph 9 of News
Column No. 7 in Appendix 19 (See Pages 151-152).
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The columnist’s expression for negative reaction of appreciation using a word such as inflation can be found in Paragraph 3 of News Column No. 7. In this paragraph, the columnist reacted negatively about inflation in Netherlands:
The highest occurrence of negative appreciation from ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl are in the News Column No. 3, News
Column No. 5, News Columns No. 6, News Column No. 7, and News Column No.
9.
The negative appreciation of the above five news columns have been discussed in subchapter 4.A.2. The following discussion will be focused on the categories of negative appreciation, that is the second highest of columnists’ attitude in news columns of DutchNews.nl. The data analysis of negative appreciation is shown in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7 The Categories of Negative Appreciation
News Negative Negativ Negative Negative Negative Negative Colum Reaction e Compositi Compositi Valuatio Valuation n No. Paragrap Reactio on on n Words h No. n Paragraph Words Paragrap Words No. h No.
3 9 aggresiv 1 enough 12 Pressure e 3 depressed 5 1 wiped 2 lost 6 Losses 6 7 ignoring 9 prevent 18 intention 21 befallen 19 movement 18 transporte d 7 4 inflation 3 little 2 failing 4 losing 5 whopping 7 reduction 13 burden 11 deny 15 sad 19 difficult 9 6 excuse Title failure 8 Failed
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Table 4.7 shows the five news columns of DutchNews.nl that covered the highest categories of negative appreciation. The following discussion will be based on the Table 4.7.
News Column No. 3 has one paragraph of negative reaction, two paragraphs of negative composition, and one paragraph of negative valuation.
The columnist of News Column No. 3 used one word to react negatively which is: aggresive (Paragraph No. 9).
In the Paragraph No. 9, the columnist used a word such as aggresive to react negatively about how the determined interest from other countries about Dutch
Euthanasia policy can not change anything because topics such as dementia and psychiatric issues are problematic in the Netherlands.
The columnist of News Column No. 3 used two words to compose negatively which are: enough (Paragraph No. 1), and depressed (Paragraph No. 3).
In the Paragraph No. 1, the columnist used a word such as enough to compose negatively about how The Daily Telegraph called the columnist to check the story about what happened to Noa Poethoven. The columnist hated the news because there is something not right about the news being published about Noa
Poethoven.
In the Paragraph No. 3, the columnist used a word such as depressed to compose negatively about Noa Poethoven life. Noa Poethoven is a rape victim when she was a child and can’t go on with her life because of euthanasia.
The columnist of News Column No. 3 used one word to value negatively which is pressure (Paragraph No. 12)
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In Paragraph No. 12, the columnist used a word such as pressure to compose negatively that the reason international news covered so much about Noa Poethoven story is to stay relevant and get many viewers.
News Column No. 5 has one paragraph of negative reaction, one paragraph of negative composition, and one paragraph of negative valuation.
The columnist of News Column No. 5 used one word to react negatively which is: wiped (Paragraph No. 1).
In the Paragraph No. 1, the columnist used a word such as wiped to react negatively about how the result of Dutch Election cannot be understand because the
Populist parties which the columnist like, defeated at the election.
The columnist of News Column No. 5 used one word to compose negatively which is: lost (Paragraph No. 2).
In the Paragraph No. 2, the columnist used a word such as lost to compose negatively about the result of the Dutch election in which D66 lost at the election while on the other hand GroenLinks won at the election.
The columnist of News Column No. 5 used one word to value negatively which is: losses (Paragraph No. 6).
In the Paragraph No. 6, the columnist used a word such as losses to value negatively about how The Germans parties losses at the election and it can have negative effect on Angela Markel and her coalition.
News Column No. 6 has two paragraphs of negative reaction, two paragraphs of negative composition, and two paragraph of negative valuation.
The columnist of News Column No. 6 used two word to react negatively which is: ignoring (Paragraph No. 7) and befallen (Paragraph No. 21).
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In the Paragraph No. 7, the columnist used a word such as ignoring to react negatively about how the Dutch Government oftenly ignore the European Union law instead of fulfilling that European Union law about animal protection.
In the Paragraph No. 21, the columnist used a word such as befallen to react negatively about how the Dutch Government is not capable to do something to
Morgan the orca which according to the columnist has suffered animal cruelty.
The columnist of News Column No. 6 used two word to compose negatively which is: prevent (Paragraph No. 9) and movement (Paragraph No. 19).
In the Paragraph No. 9, the columnist used a word such as prevent to compose negatively about how the Dutch Government can’t stop the orca from being used for breeding programme. The columnist thinks that it’s the government responisbility.
In the Paragraph No. 19, the columnist used a word such as movement to compose negatively about how the orca was moved to Spain by the European
Union. The European Union moved the orca because of the influenced of the Dutch
Government.
The columnist of News Column No. 6 used two words to value negatively which are: intention (Paragraph No. 18) and transported (Paragraph No. 18).
In the Paragraph No. 18, the columnist used a word such as intention to value negatively about how the Dutch government can’t give the best answer to the
Free Morgan Foundation about the ownership of Morgan the “orca”.
In the Paragraph No. 18, the columnist used a word such as transported to value negatively about how the Dutch government allowed Loro Paque to breed
Morgan the “orca”. The columnists thinks the situation is getting worse.
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The columnist of News Column No. 7 used four words to react negatively which are: inflation (Paragraph No. 4), losing (Paragraph No. 4), burden (Paragraph
No. 13), and difficult (Paragraph No. 19).
In the Paragraph No. 4, the columnist used a word such as inflation to react negatively about how a country like the Netherlands can have so high inflation.
Because Netherlands is a developed country.
In the Paragraph No. 4, the columnist used a word such as losing to react negatively about how Mark Rutte government make the Netherlands even worse by inflation occurs so highly. Even worser than the previous government.
In the Paragraph No. 13, the columnist used a word such as burden to react negatively about how Mark Rutte have so many taxes and the columnists thinks will be difficult to remove those taxes or at least minimalized it.
In the Paragraph No. 19, the columnist used a word such as difficult to react negatively about how Rutte made things difficult for the Netherlands. Instead of promising good times, Mark Rutte promising hard times which made the columnist mad.
The columnist of News Column No. 7 used three words to compose negatively which are: little (Paragraph No. 3), whopping (Paragraph No. 5), and deny (Paragraph No. 11).
In the Paragraph No. 3, the columnist used a word such as little to compose negatively on how people might thought that a country as developed as the
Netherlands free from inflation instead the Netherlands have many inflation.
In the Paragraph No. 5, the columnist used a word such as whopping to compose negatively about the situation occured in the Netherlands in terms of tax
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which is high for a developing country compared to others such as Canada or
Australia.
In the Paragraph No. 11, the columnist used a word such as deny to compose negatively on how the government is the sole purpose for the high inflation or taxes happening in the Netherlands which is not good.
The columnist of News Column No. 7 used three words to value negatively which are: failing (Paragraph No. 2), reduction (Paragraph No. 7), and sad
(Paragraph No. 15).
In the Paragraph No. 2, the columnist used a word such as failing to value negatively about how Mark Rutte government still can’t minimilize the high inflation and high taxes that occuring in the Netherlands.
In the Paragraph No. 7, the columnist used a word such as reduction to value negatively about how Finance Minister Hoekstra still can’t find a solution on the high debt that Netherlands experience at the moment.
In the Paragraph No. 15, the columnist used a word such as sad to value negatively about the Netherlands become worse ever since Mark Rutte government in charge. The columnists don’t understand why it happened during Mark Rutte regime.
The columnist of News Column No. 9 used one word to react negatively which is: excuse (Paragraph No. 6)
In the Paragraph No. 6, the columnist used a word such as excuse to react negatively about what happened to the farms animals are unacceptable. The columnists thinks this kind of things are nothing but an excuse.
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The columnist of News Column No. 9 used one word to compose negatively which is: failure (In the Paragraph Title)
In the Paragraph Title, the columnist used a word such as failure to compose negatively about how the scandal that happened in The Netherland’s organic food producers is a sign of failure because the farmers involved are unprofessional.
The columnist of News Column No. 9 used one word to value negatively which is: failed (Paragraph No. 8)
In the Paragraph No. 8, the columnist used a word such as failed to value negatively about the discovery of the SKAL. The columnists thinks that SKAL has failed because many farmers didn’t obey the rules, which made the customer unhappy.
A.6 Categories of Affect
Conceptually, the positive and negative affect can be categorized by three categories according to a book entitled Critical Discourse Analysis, written by the
ESL Team of the Graduate Program, Universitas Sanata Dharma, (No Name)
2017:53, are as follows:
1. Happiness (positive affection)/Un-Happiness (negative affection)
2. Security (positive affection)/Insecurity (negative affection)
3. Satisfaction (positive affection)/Dissatisfaction (negative affection)
Table 4.8 will show positive and negative evaluations related to affect.
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Table 4.8 Types of Columnists’ Affect
Affect Words of Positive Occur. Pct(%) Words of Negative Occur. Pct (%) Un/happiness brave, bravery, shamefully, musn't, delight, promising, not, ignorance, declaration, celebrate 6 13,0%nothing, prejudice, 9 19,6% shocked, bothers, issues careful, done, scapegoating, condolences, rules, afraid, careful, In/security 8 17,4% 11 23,9% inurgering, rights, European, law, but, relief, criminals paying, encourage, respect, stretched, isn't, killed off, jobs story, happen, Dis/satisfaction 3 6,5% 9 19,6% never, sanctions, reliability, criticized Total 17 37,0% Total 29 63,0% Total Frequency = 46 (100%)
Table 4.8 shows the highest affect of insecurity (frequency = 11 or 23.91%).
This means that the columinsts feel insecure about the issues being published. The highest occurrence of insecurity is shown in News Column No. 6 and No. 9. In this news column, the columnist felt insecure with words such as law and but.
The columnist’s expression for affect of insecurity using a word such as law can be found from Paragraph 14 in News Column No. 6.
In Paragraph 22 of News Column No. 6, the columnist expressed for affect of insecurity using a word such as but. In this paragraph, the columnist felt insecure about Carola Schouten willingness to fix Morgan’s case: But will she?
The highest occurrence of negative affect from ten social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl are in the News Column No. 2, News Column No.
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5, News Columns No. 6, News Column No. 7, and News Column No. 9, and News
Column No. 10.
The negative affect of the above six news columns have been discussed in subchapter 4.A.2. The following discussion will be focused on the categories of negative affect, that is the third highest of columnists’ attitude in news columns of
DutchNews.nl. The data analysis of negative affect is shown in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9 The Categories of Negative Affect
News Unha- Unhappiness Inse- Insecuri- Dissa- Dissatis- Co- ppiness Words curity ty tisfac- faction lumn Para- Para- Words tion Words No. graph graph Para- No. No. graph No. 2 9 mustn’t 2 afraid 7 killed 5 - - Title Europe- 4 story an 6 3 ignorance 2 law 8 happen 17 but 7 18 nothing 12 paying 17 never 9 2 shocked 12 Repercu 11 sanctions 9 bothers ssions 7 reliability 3 integrity 10 2 issue 1 ensure 10 criticized
Researcher only discuss categories of negative affect in Table 4.9 by giving just one example for the News Column No. 2.
News Column No. 2 has one paragraph of unhappiness category (Paragraph
No. 9), one paragraph of insecurity category (Paragraph No. 2), and one paragraph of dissatisfaction category.
In the Paragraph No 9 of News Column No. 2, the columnist used a word such as mustn’t to express unhappy feeling. In this paragraph the columnist feels unhappy about we mustn’t let emotions overwhelm us. We must prevent or limit
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the sheep from being killed and protect the wolves from the attack itself. That can be done and the costs are relatively small.
In the Paragraph No 2 of News Column No. 2, the columnist used a word such as afraid to express insecure feeling. In this paragraph the columnist feels insecury about The columnist feels insecure about the fear of the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) about others being less enthusiastic and able to take brutal action against a pair of wolves who have settled in the Netherlands for the first time in more than a century. The two wolves were placed in the Veluwe national park. Many people welcomed but various possibilities for the wolf killing could occur.
In the Paragraph No 7 of News Column No. 2, the columnist used a word such as killed to express unsatisfy feeling. In this paragraph the columnist feels unsatisfy about
The columnist feels unsatisfy about despite the return of the wolf to settle in the Netherlands as a peak achievement after years of implementing environmental policies. But IFAW is not satisfied with what is experienced by sheep farmers, where most likely hungry wolves will kill sheep. Around 170 sheep have been killed by wolves during the past year. However around 1,600 sheep have been killed nearly ten times as many times as wild dogs.
B. The Columnists’ Ideology (Us and Them)
This subchapter will explain the conclusion of the columnists’ ideological attitude toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl use “Us and
Them”. The discussion focuses on the highest type (positive or negative) of the columnists’ attitude and the position of “Us against Them” toward social welfare
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issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. The data analysis used the representation of “Us against Them” of van Dijk’s framework.
The data of the representation of “Us and Them” will be shown in the Table
4.10.
Table 4. 10 Us and Them Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues in News
Columns of DutchNews.nl
Position Emphasize Columnist's News Freq.of Freq.of (Ideologi- % % /Deempha- Represen- Columns Us Them cal size tation Square) 1 13 6,74% 10 5,18% US/THEM 1 & 3 US 2 14 7,25% 8 4,15% US/THEM 1 & 3 US 3 9 4,66% 10 5,18% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 4 9 4,66% 11 5,70% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 5 2 1,04% 8 4,15% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 6 9 4,66% 14 7,25% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 7 4 2,07% 21 10,88% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 8 15 7,77% 9 4,66% US/THEM 1 & 3 US 9 5 2,59% 9 4,66% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 10 5 2,59% 8 4,15% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM Total 85 44,04% 108 55,96% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM Total Frequency = 193 (100%)
The position numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 in Table 4.10 can be explained as follows:
1. Express/emphasize information that is positive about “Us”.
2. Express/emphasize information that is negative about “Them”.
3. Suppress/de-emphasize information that is positive about “Them”.
4. Suppress/de-emphasize information that is negative about “Us”.
The following explanation will be based on table data analysis in Table
4.10. A complete analysis of the frequency (occurrence) of “Us” and “Them” can be seen in Appendices 34-44 (See Pages 168-192).
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Based on the frequency of “Us” and “Them” in Table 4.8, we know that the columnists represent “Them” (frequency = 108 or 55.96%) more than “Us”
(frequency = 85 or 44.04%). Columnists represent “Them” in seven news columns, more than represent “Us” in three news columns.
The columnists represent “Them” in the News Columns 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and
10. While, the columnists represent “Us” in the News Columns 1, 2, and 8. Issues in these news columns will be discussed more detail in Section B.1 and Section B.2.
In this research, columnists represent “Them” (frequency = 108 ) more than represent “Us” (frequency = 85 ); it means the columnists act as against or opposition in the news. Therefore, the conclusion is that the columnists represent
“Them” more often (frequency = 108) to show their negative values. The highest negative value is in the News Column No. 7. In this news column, the columnist who is Mr. Syp Wynia from Amsterdam uses negative values to criticize the Dutch
Government. The columnist portrayed so many negative values about the Dutch
Government while, on the other hand, supported The Dutch Citizens.
van Dijk (1998) made a theoretically significant contribution called the ideological square which describes positive in-group and negative out-group. Many group ideologies involve self-representation and others, called Us and Them, often appear to be polarized as Good Us and Bad Them.
The researcher will discuss self-representation (Positive Us or In-Group) and other people's representations (Negative Them or Out-Group) separately in sections B.1 and B.2.
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B.1 Columnists’ Representation of “Us” (In-Group Affiliation)
The columnists in news columns of DutchNews,nl represent “Us” (In-Group
Affiliation) in the News Columns 1, 2, and 8, related to the following issues:
1. News Column No. 1 issue related to the visit of King Willem Alexander and
Queen Maxima to Ireland for a state visit, and at the meeting they expanded
the boundaries of diplomacy.
2. News Column No. 2 issues related to environmental policies that have
successfully returned wolves to the Netherlands, where for more than 140
years the animals have not been in the Netherlands and are considered
extinct.
3. News Column No. 8 issues related to the signing of a special agreement
regulating the migration of Moroccan workers to the Netherlands, thus
making integration a great success.
The researcher will discuss in more detail these three issues in the following description.
Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 1 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Us” (frequency = 13) which contributed a total of 6.74% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 1 emphasizes positive information about “Us”.
Frequency of “Them” (Out-Group) in News Column No. 1 is 10 or contributes a total of 5.18% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Them”.
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In News Column No. 1, columnist positively emphasizes the visit of the
King of The Netherlands to Ireland. In this case, columnist treats King Willem
Alexander and Queen Maxima as part of “US” (In-Group Affiliation) representation. This is because columnist sympathizes with kindness and high respect for the late columnist's wife named: Adirienne Cullen. The case of the late
Adrienne Cullen is related to the negligence of the doctor's practice that caused her death. King Alexander and Queen Maxima visited for three days to Ireland, aiming to expand the boundaries of diplomacy, which specifically addresses the death of a columnist's wife named Adrienne Cullen. Where this rarely happens in any high- level diplomacy in the world. Moreover, the visit of the Dutch Royal couple is very simple when compared to a state visit for foreign diplomacy. During the visit, King
Willem Alexander and Queen Maxima shook hands with the columnist and said: what happened to your wife named Adrieene Cullen was terrible, and we are concerned and sympathetic to you as a husband who lost your wife. Then the columnist replied: how difficult it is for diplomacy to deal with controversial and personal matters such as the death of Adrienne, my wife. For this, I appreciate the invitation to meet King Willem Alexander and Queen Maxima personally to express the concern of the Dutch Royal couple. The King described the deceased
Adrieene as a brave, persistent figure, and remained eager to live despite having reached a terminal condition in her illness. The Dutch King stated to the columnist who was also the husband of the late Adrieene that he had made similar comments about his concern over the controversial case experienced by Adrieene. The King of The Netherlands greatly appreciated Adrieene because her death had brought positive changes in the field of health services to be careful, even though it had to
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be paid handsomely through her death. The columnist as the husband of Adrieene really appreciated the personal and respectful reception of the King of The
Netherlands with Queen Maxima to the columnist. From the description above shows, columnist emphasizes the positive things of King Willem Alexander and
Queen Maxima as "Us" representation or In-Group Affiliation. Although there are negative and very terrible things about Adrieene, who is a columnist's wife, but columnist de-emphasizes negative things from the cause of Adrieene's death. The negative case that is very prominent from Adrieene, although it is not shown by columnist is related to the following matters.
The case of Adrieene's death was related to medical negligence as a result of cervical cancer that had reached its terminal stage, even though based on clinical trials it had been known two years earlier but was simply ignored. It is unfortunate that poor medical service comes from a well-known hospital in the Netherlands, namely UMC Utrecht.
Case in News Column No. 1 above shows the columnist emphasizes positive "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasizes negative “Them” (Out-
Group Affiliation).
Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 2 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Us” (frequency = 14) which contributed a total of 7.25% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 2 emphasizes positive information about “Us”.
Frequency of “Them” (Out-Group) in News Column No. 2 is 8 or contributes a
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total of 4.15% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Them”.
In News Column No. 2, columnist positively emphasizes the return of a wolf, the pride of the Dutch population because the wolf that has been lost or almost extinct has not been found for a long time. So the wolf which has been gone for more than a century has returned to The Netherlands, and it is a very beautiful moment. There are two wolves that have not been found in a century in The
Netherlands, they are in the Veluwe national park which is a Dutch national park.
News of the return of wolves in The Netherlands was greeted with euphoria by
Dutch residents who had waited long for the return of the lost wolves. Columnist is happy in the return of the wolf and according to columnist, the matters regarding security of the wolf must be tightened so that this kind of thing does not happen again in the future. Over the last few decades, The Netherlands has made every effort to restore the lost wolf. For 20 years, hundreds of millions of euros have been spent to uphold the laws of flora and fauna, which are supposed to be protected.
Efforts such as those mentioned and the creation of ecodust by The Netherlands finally paid off after the lost wolf returned to its original place, The Netherlands.
Few people know that wolves greatly contribute to the human ecosystem. In addition to contributing to the human ecosystem, the wolves become symbols of endangered bio diversity. Columnist considers the return of the wolf as the best achievement ever achieved by The Netherlands. Because of the efforts that The
Netherlands tried for 20 years to restore the wolf finally succeeded. From the description above shows, the columnist emphasizes the positive things from The
Netherlands as "Us" representation or In-Group Affiliation. Although there are
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negative and frightening things about the return of the wolf that has long been lost, but the columnist de-emphasizes the negative things on the return of the wolf that was gone for a long time. Negative cases that are very prominent at the return of the lost wolf, although not shown by columnist is related to the following matters.
The return of the long-lost wolf is indeed welcomed by the Dutch population with euphoria, but the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) is not sure about all Dutch residents like the long-lost wolf back, fear shown by the
International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) can be understood due to those who do not like the wolf can cause unexpected actions. Not surprisingly, 140 years ago the wolf extinct in The Netherlands. People who don't like the presence of wolves are farmers, and they want the wolves to be killed. This kind of thing has already happened in the neighboring country of Netherlands namely Germany. Columnist advises farmers not to blame wolves if their sheep are killed by wolves. Solutions can be found so that wolves and sheep can coexist. Because if a farmer kills a wolf, the wolf's life will be destroyed in The Netherlands.
Case in News Column No. 2 above shows the columnist emphasizes positive "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasizes negative “Them” (Out-
Group Affiliation).
Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 8 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “US” (frequency = 15) which contributed a total of 7.77% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 8 emphasizes positive information about “Us”.
Frequency of “Them” (Out-Group) in News Column No. 8 is 9 or contributes a
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total of 4.66% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Them”.
In News Column No. 8, columnist emphasizes positively about the achievements of Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent, although a minority but
Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent can excel. Dutch youth of Moroccan descent show remarkable achievements according to parliamentary party leader D66 Rob
Jetten and integration spokesman Jan Paternotte. Dutch relations with Morocco began 50 years ago when The Netherlands and Morocco signed a special agreement regulating the migration of Moroccan workers to The Netherlands. Moroccans achievements have increasingly grown in The Netherlands. They and their children and grandchildren have become one with Dutch society because their culture has been integrated with Dutch culture. Not only did they become one and mingle with
Dutch society. They also made their own history in The Netherlands. The success of the Ajax Amsterdam football club in the Champions League competition cannot be separated from their player who have Moroccan blood namely Hakim Ziyech.
So far, Ziyech has become the most important player in the Ajax Amsterdam soccer team. Successful Dutch descendants of Morocco are not only footballer Hakim
Ziyech, but there are Khadija Arib and Ali B. Khadija Arib successful in politics and are now members of the Dutch parliament, while Ali B is a famous rap musician in the Netherlands. It was not only Dutch figures of Moroccan descent who achieved extraordinary prestige, but Dutch children of Moroccan descent recorded their own history in the field of education. In high school Dutch children of
Moroccan descent were suggested by their teacher to pursue higher education such as to University. Two young Dutch professionals of Moroccan descent such as
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Mochine Ouass and Mohammed Azzouz are successfully at establishing the
Gamechangers Academy. From the description above shows the columnist emphasizes positive things from Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent as "Us" representation or In-Group Affiliation. Although there are negative things about
Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent, but columnist de-emphasizes negative things from Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent. A very prominent negative case of Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent, although not presented by columnist, is related to the following.
Poor integration policy has always disadvantaged Dutch citizens of
Moroccan descent even though Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent have embraced
Dutch culture. When talking about the level of crime in the Netherlands, Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent are blamed as the cause. Prejudice against Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent always occurs in almost every city in the Netherlands and columnist who also a Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent often get this behavior. The image of Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent who are identical with criminals is nothing new in the Netherlands. Racism is nothing new for Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent in the Netherlands. Even famous politicians like Rob
Oudkerk have experienced racism by Geerts Wilders. Many Dutch citizens of
Moroccan descent in the Netherlands are unemployed due to the rejection of Dutch offices who want to employ them. Dutch citizens of Moroccan descent and also of
Arab descent have more chance of getting rejected in a job interview session than the native Dutch citizens.
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Case in News Column No. 8 above shows columnist emphasizes positive
"US" (In-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasizes negative Them (Out-Group
Affiliation).
B.2 Columnists’ Representation of “Them” (Out-Group Affiliation)
The columnists in news columns of DutchNews,nl represent “Them” (Out-
Group Affiliation) in the News Columns 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10, related to the following issues:
1. News Column No. 3 issues related to death of Ms. Pothoven due to
euthanasia, but not reported effectively, causing widespread
disagreement.
2. News Colum No. 4 issues related to improving the government's
strategy to enable refugees to enter the labor market, because so far there
has been discrimination against refugees and asylum seekers in Europe
in general, and in the Netherlands in particular.
3. News Column No. 5 issues related to the defeat of populist parties in
general elections in the European Union, thus making populist parties
on the left and right (SP and PVV) destroyed or defeated.
4. News Column No. 6 issues related to EU law violations including
wildlife regulating wildlife trade, giving rise to the case of orca wild
birth known as Morgan.
5. News Column No. 7 issues related to the failure of the Dutch
government, Rutte in the third period (Rutte III), which resulted in tax
increases and inflation of prices of goods on the market.
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6. News Column No. 9 issues related to national standards in the
Netherlands relating to the sale of organic products by farmers who
violate regulations on the sale of organic ingredients, due to lack of
enforcement of regulations from the relevant authorities.
7. News Column No. 10 issues related to regulatory discrimination against
all taxpayers in the Netherlands, where passport holders other than the
Netherlands even though they are obedient Dutch taxpayers who have
lived for a long time (say more than 5 years) in the Netherlands, do not
obtain the same rights in universal elections in the Netherlands and
Europe, thus threatening democracy.
Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 3 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Them” (frequency = 10) which contributed a total of 5.18% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 3 emphasizes negative information about “Them”. Frequency of “Us” (In-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 3 is 9 or contributes a total of 4.66% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Us”.
In News Column No. 3, columnist emphasizes negatively about the international newspaper reports that Noa Poethoven died of euthanasia.
Columnist reads a story in a confusing story published by a news agency in Central
Europe, even according to columnist, people who do not understand Dutch understand if there is something strange in the newspaper story. The news agency wrote a story if a 17-year-old girl named Noa Poethoven had died of euthanasia.
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Not only the news agency based in Central Europe that reported that Noa Poethoven died of euthanasia. However, major news agencies that have world reputation such as: News.com.au, Australian News Corp, Mail Online, Independent, Washington
Post, and The Times also reported that Noa Poethoven died due to euthanasia. They all preach the same thing as if Noa Poethoven died because of euthanasia. They immediately preach without verifying whether the news is true or just a hoax.
DutchNews.nl news agency and columnist agreed that if Noa Poethoven had indeed died of euthanasia there would be a heated debate about the problem. This happens because in the Netherlands the issue of euthanasia is still controversial to be discussed. Columnist thinks that news agencies that tell about the death of Noa
Poethoven are not careful enough to tell a story. The news agencies that tell the story of the death of Noa Poethoven because of euthanasia thinks that if they understand everything about the Netherlands or whatever is happening in the
Netherlands. Columnist argues that if only because they had been to Amsterdam,
Eindhoven, and Rotterdam that doesn't mean they knew everything about the culture of the people in the Netherlands. From the description above shows the columnist emphasizes negative things from news agencies reporting the death of
Noa Poethoven due to euthanasia as "Them" representation or Out-Group
Affiliation. Although there are positive things about news agencies reporting the death of Noa Poethoven due to euthanasia, but columnist de-emphasizes the positive things from news agencies reporting on the death of Noa Poethoven due to euthanasia.
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A very prominent positive case from the news agencies reporting that the death of Noa Poethoven was due to euthanasia, even though it was not presented by columnist is related to the following matters.
In the Netherlands, news agencies do not report or say that Noa Poethoven died of euthanasia. Columnist argues that in the Netherlands, the news agencies respect Noa Poethoven's life, therefore news agencies in the Netherlands only report that Noa Poethoven has died. In addition news agencies in the Netherlands are more careful in preaching a story. Almost all news agencies in the Netherlands first verify whether the news is true or just a hoax. Columnist says that a person's life or death deserve to be respected. Columnist hopes that in the future news agencies will be more careful in reporting a news.
Case in News Column No. 3 above shows the columnist emphasizes negative "Them" (Out-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasizes positive Us (In-Group
Affiliation).
Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 4 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Them” (frequency = 11) which contributed a total of 5.70% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 4 emphasizes negative information about “Them”. Frequency of “Us” (In-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 4 is 9 or contributes a total of 4.66% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Us”.
In News Column No. 4, columnist negatively emphasizes how the Dutch government did not provide an opportunity for refugees to work first before settling
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in The Netherlands. About almost four years ago the Dutch government promised to all that refugees from Syria could perform well in the world of work in The
Netherlands, but that was not proven in the end due to the lack of job training for refugees from Syria. The Dutch government adores refugees from Syria. They are considered a future asset of The Netherlands. Whereas in real-life refugees from
Syria are the same as refugees from other countries that lack of experience in job training in The Netherlands. Most of them are unemployed, only a few work and study at the University. According to the columnist, this happened because of the lack of job training provided by the Dutch government to refugees who came to
The Netherlands. This is a big problem not only for refugees from Syria but refugees from other countries that came to The Netherlands. From the description above, it shows the columnist emphasizes negative things from the Dutch government as "Them" representation or Out-Group Affiliation. Although there are negative things about the Dutch government, but columnist de-emphasizes the positive things of the Dutch government. A very prominent positive case from the
Dutch government, although not presented by columnist is related to the following matters.
According to columnist, integration is best done by working. Because by working, the ability of refugees in the world of work can be seen. After developed the integration department, the Dutch government should train the refugees to be more independent by not only depended on the Dutch government money but by earning their own money. Refugees should be considered a grown ups not a child.
Case in News Column No. 4 above shows columnist emphasizes negative "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasizes positive "Us" (In-Group Affiliation).
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Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 5 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Them” (frequency = 8) which contributed a total of 4.15% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 5 emphasizes negative information about
“Them”. Frequency of “Us” (In-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 5 is 2 or contributes a total of 1.04% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Us”.
In News Column No. 5, columnist emphasizes negatively about the results of the elections which took place in The Netherlands. Columnist argues that the results of the elections that took place in The Netherlands do not show europeanism.
Major parties that embrace europeanism loses to parties that are not taken into account or that are not purely European. Election results in The Netherlands differ from election results in France and Italy. In Italy and France, the big parties that embraced europeanism won big, unlike in The Netherlands. Only France and Italy where the Europeanism parties won by a landslide victory. The Netherlands,
Germany, and Spain suffered a similar fate where a party full of immigrants won by a landslide victory. The issue discussed in the election this time is about illegal immigrants in the European Union. Illegal immigrants occur because of the lack of strict government defense, in this case immigration. The impact of the European
Union elections on The Netherlands is huge because The Netherlands is a member of the European Union. From the description above, it shows,the columnist emphasizes negative things from the Dutch government as "Them" representation or Out-Group Affiliation. Although there are negative things about the Dutch
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government, but columnist de-emphasizes the positive things of the Dutch government. A very prominent positive case from the Dutch government, although not presented by columnist is related to the following matters. Although the
Europeanism Dutch party lost. France and Italy won, and that made the Dutch government happy because The Dutch government are friends with Macron and
Salvini.
Case in News Column No. 5 above shows columnist emphasizes negative
"Them" (Out-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasizes positive "Us" (In-Group
Affiliation).
News Column No. 6 written by two columnists namely: Matthew Spiegl is the legal advisor for the Free Morgan Foundation and Dr. Ingrid N. Visser is the chair of the foundation and scientific advisor, hereinafter referred to as columnists.
Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 6 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Them” (frequency = 14) which contributed a total of 7.25% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the two columnists in News Column No. 6 emphasize negative information about “Them”. Frequency of “Us” (In-Group Affiliation) in News
Column No. 6 is 9 or contributes a total of 4.66% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that two columnists de-emphasize positive issues about “Us”.
Two Columnists in News Column No. 6 emphasize negatively to the Dutch government about issues related to EU law violations including wildlife regulating
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wildlife trade, giving rise to the case of orca wild birth known as Morgan. On
Wednesday, the highest administrative court of the Netherlands will hear legal arguments in the case of a wild-born orca known as Morgan, which was captured in the Wadden Sea and is now languishing in a Spanish tourist attraction. The Dutch government is to blame for its misery, said Matthew Spiegl and Dr. Ingrid N Visser.
Violations of EU law - including wildlife law - undermine the foundations of trade unions. When violations are alleged, they must be recognized, dealt with and resolved without reason or delay.
This legal case was brought by the Free Morgan Foundation to the ministries of agriculture, nature and food quality on May 29. The fate of captive cetaceans
(whales, dolphins and dolphins) is becoming a target of ever increasing scrutiny by enlightened countries and international academic and legal circles. The blatant violation of the Dutch government to wildlife law in Morgan's case was mentioned in depth in a new article that highlights the mismanagement of Morgan by officials and the court. In June 2010 when a young orca was captured in the Wadden Sea, no one competent with relevant wildlife law provisions would imagine the tragic story and trampling on Morgan's rights that had taken place. Retrieval In the years after
Morgan's arrest, the Dutch government (through the actions of four consecutive ministers - Henk Bleker, Sharon Dijksma, Martijn van Dam and now Carola
Schouten) has largely imitated disregard for EU law. That has allowed the sale and commercial exploitation of Morgan, which resulted in its illegal breeding and the birth of hybrid calves that were taken captive in September 2018. How did the
Dutch government allow this to happen? On December 23, 2011, MPs asked written questions to Henk Bleker, the minister responsible at the time, by asking: 'What
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steps will you take to prevent Morgan from being used in the breeding program, according to your statement ... this is not basic permission that you gave that allows moving to Loro Parque? 'Bleker avoids answering; indifferently ignored the fact that breeding wild orca must be pre-authorized. In his response dated February 17,
2012, Bleker stated in a naive manner - news that the orca had found a connection with another species of its own was good news'. But that is not a legal standard.
Ownership On January 31, 2014, the Free Morgan Foundation asked Bleker Sharon
Dijksma's successor about the involvement of the US amusement park group
SeaWorld with Dutch and Spanish amusement parks in connection with the sale and 'ownership' of Morgan, who as wild-born individuals were given special protection. On 12 February 2014, Dijksma wrote to FMF stating: 'To determine who the real owner of the Morgan Orca also depends on is the intention and agreement made by the private parties involved in this case - Dolfinarium
Harderwijk, Loro Parque and SeaWorld.'
Case in News Column No. 6 above shows the two columnists emphasize negative "Them" (Out-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasize positive "Us" (In-
Group Affiliation).
Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 7 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Them” (frequency = 21) which contributed a total of 10.88% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 7 emphasizes negative information about “Them”. Frequency of “Us” (In-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 7
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is 4 or contributes a total of 2.07% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Us”.
In News Column No. 7, columnist emphasizes negative "Them" (Out-Group
Affiliation) relating to the failure of the third government Mark Rutte, who failed to control inflation so that inflation in The Netherlands is the highest in the
European Union. The price increase is almost 3% in April every year, and this is the highest inflation, where so far the average inflation in Europe is only about
1.5%. Higher value-added tax for food from 6% to 9% resulted in inflation of around 3.6% compared to the previous year. Similarly, energy prices rose by around
11.6%, while outside Europe (Canada, Australia and South Korea, for example) energy costs instead dropped. Columnist and commentator Syp Wynia in News
Column No. 7 stated that this was the Dutch Government has made life more difficult and expensive for its citizens. An increase in taxes during the third term of government Prime Minister Mark Rutte (Rutte III) has caused a failed economy to become worse, bringing more unemployment and stagnation in workers' wages.
The company also bears a share of the higher tax burden, around 45% of the total claimed by the State Council. However, the collective tax burden for the average household still rises more than € 2,000 below Rutte III. The current cabinet policy under Prime Minister Rutte the third time (Rutte III) is very bad in the eyes of Dutch citizens, where the taxes will rise again in 2020. These higher taxes are the result of deliberate policy and no coalition minister or politician can refuse them. The collective tax increase under the Rutte III cabinet amounted to a total of € 30 billion in additional tax a year. Eight million households now pay € 3,750 more a year compared to 2011, when the first year of the Rutte era (Rutte, I).
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The continued tax increase under Rutte III is very sad because it is a sign that the prosperity years are coming to an end. From a growth of 2.17% in 2017 and
2.5% growth last year, the prognosis for this year and further down to 1.5%. And for the years after that the cabinet predicts growth of more than 1%. When government finances are in a bad way - in 2012-2013, in particular - taxes go up and so do prices.
The result is that a failed economy gets worse, bringing more unemployment and wage stagnation. When the economy is revived between 2014 and 2019 residents will reap the benefits, or that's what was promised. That never happened, because an increase in collective tax reduced the increase in purchasing power. Disposable income and now an increase in disposable income can - and very
'can' - still happen. The economy starts to decline, and previous promises are not counted anymore. Even the normally optimistic State Council has had enough and wants a portion of the budget surplus to move towards tax relief. While next year's budget is done and cleaned on April 26. How does it look like no one knows until
Prinsjesdag, five months henceforth? However, Rutte said that 'we must prepare for times that are more economically difficult'. And yes, those times didn't just come.
They were already here. The economy is showing signs of slowing down before the purchasing power of these citizens has the opportunity to benefit from good years.
Negative issues about price increases, taxes, unemployment increase, workers' wages do not increase, health care costs. Poor energy costs have caused columnist to emphasizes the negative of negative III negative a negative "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation). Although there positive also positive issues related to
Prime Minister Rutte when governing in the Period I (Rutte I), columnist de-
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emphasizes these positive things so that the columnist is more pro-Dutch citizens.
Moreover, Rutte III states that 'we must prepare for times that are more economically difficult'. And yes, those times didn't just come, they were already here. The economy is showing signs of slowing down before the purchasing power of these citizens has the opportunity to benefit from good years.
However, if compared to the first period of the administration (Rutte I) there were positive “Us” (In-Group Affiliation) during the first administration period of Rutte I, when it began to rule in 2011. Analysis in News Column 7 has clearly demonstrated the columnist's representation of "Them" through emphasizing negative "Them" (Out-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasizing positive "Us" (In-Group Affiliation).
Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 9 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Them” (frequency = 9) which contributed a total of 4.66% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 9 emphasizes negative information about
“Them”. Frequency of “Us” (In-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 9 is 5 or contributes a total of 2.59% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Us”.
In News Column No. 9, columnist emphasizes the negative "Them" (Out-
Group Affiliation) relating to violations of organic product sales regulations that are very strict, but are permitted to sell their products without meeting organic requirements. The supervisor and producer of organic food who received negative criticism from columnists who happened to also be a 40-year veteran of the organic
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food industry and have worked at all levels of the supply chain. Hugo Skoppek, the veteran name and columnist was also involved in the development of certification organizations in Europe and America. This week the RTL broadcaster found that hundreds of Dutch organic food producers were allowed to sell their products as organic, even though they did not meet all the rules. Organic expert Hugo Skoppek said the findings were a national scandal. I was just surprised. Nothing in life is
100%, but the fact that RTL investigators found hundreds of 'organic' products for sale that do not fully comply with regulations for organic food in the Netherlands is indeed embarrassing. We hear derogatory remarks about the integrity of organic producers in developing countries, implying that something like that does not exist in the Netherlands. Organic farming is a challenging business and requires farmers to have a variety of skills and experience. But given a certain level of understanding, this allows farmers to operate with relative ease. From the types of violations reported by RTL nieuws, it appears that these farmers not only lack a moderate understanding of organic practices and EU organic regulations but also ignore neglect of animal welfare which is hated by most farmers, organic or conventional.
There is no reason for the repeated discovery of hungry pigs, calves without drinking water, overcrowded barns, and dirty cows.
The findings of RTL investigations clearly show that SKAL has failed its mandate. Nearly 10% of farmers do not comply with some rules. If the figure is 3-
4%, I would consider it tolerable as an industry person, although I believe that many consumers will still find this unacceptable. What bothered me most was that a farmer was given several three-month periods to provide his cattle. This should be fixed in place with the presence of the inspector. If farmers do not have straw to
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obey, structural problems that are found will be clearly seen there and then.
Ultimatum I sincerely question the lack of enforcement of SKAL's own policies.
What is the use of establishing an ultimatum and not enforcing it? As a control authority, SKAL Biocontrole is dedicated to proving the reliability of organic products in the Netherlands. We are the only organic control organization in the
Netherlands, assigned by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. SKAL Biocontrole is the designated Control Authority responsible for the inspection and certification of organic companies in the Netherlands, within the context of Regulations: (EC) Nr.
834/2007, (EC) Nr. 889/2008 and (EC) Nr. 1235/2008.
Last year, agriculture minister Carola Schouten ordered the evaluation of
SKAL, the watchdog organization and said after its findings it was discovered that the organization had to make better use of its power to impose sanctions. Let's be clear here. This is not just about some organic farmers who violate EU regulations.
It's about the reputation of the entire Dutch organic industry. Let's hope this scandal doesn't cause a reaction in all of Europe because consumers lose trust in Dutch organic products. As citizens, we rely on the government to do their work and provide the necessary supervision to ensure that our institutions function properly.
However, if compared to the about 90 percents of organic producers who still obey the rules and terms of sale of organic products, but columnist has de- emphasized positive "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and emphasized negative "Them"
(Out-Group) Affiliation). Analysis in News Column No. 9 has clearly demonstrated the columnist's representation of "Them" through emphasizing negative "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) and de-emphasizing positive "Us" (In-Group Affiliation).
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Based on the analysis results of "Us" (In-Group Affiliation) and "Them"
(Out-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 10 of DutchNews.nl (See Table 4.10), it is known that the highest frequency is “Them” (frequency = 8) which contributed a total of 4.15% to the ideological square system in this research. This means that the columnist in News Column No. 10 emphasizes negative information about
“Them”. Frequency of “Us” (In-Group Affiliation) in News Column No. 10 is 5 or contributes a total of 2.59% to the ideological square system in this research, while showing that columnist de-emphasizes positive issues about “Us”.
In News Column No. 10, columnist emphasizes negative "Them" (Out-
Group Affiliation) relating to the injustice issue of the Dutch government which discriminates against the right to vote in general elections in the Netherlands, even though someone has lived for 20 years and abiding by paying taxes in the
Netherlands is not permitted to become a voter. Even if someone has lived for twenty years and paid taxes in the Netherlands, he will lose democratic rights because he is not allowed to participate in elections in the Netherlands.
In the current system, only Dutch citizens can vote in national and provincial elections (and, indirectly, senate elections) while European elections are open to all
EU citizens. However, a democratic system is built on the principle that all citizens must have a say in the nature and implementation of government policies. However, they are directly affected by the consequences. The first interest in the current system is that people with Dutch passports who have lived, say, in Canada for 20 years are eligible to vote in national and European elections. They are given a voice in policies that will only affect them a little. This is primarily a principle, because very few people in this category use this right.
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The right to vote, and to be elected, is an important part of democracy.
Universal suffrage is the result of a long historical process in which the right to vote is given step by step to more and more citizens. It has been 100 years since the introduction of universal suffrage and the lower house of parliament held a series of activities aimed at raising public awareness of the value of our parliamentary democracy in which 'every vote has the same value'
Sally Wyatt is a professor of digital culture at Maastricht University, as author of News Column No. 10 states that it seems that 'inburgering' - the process of integrating into Dutch society - is largely a matter of duty rather than rights. This system is also strangely inconsistent. Because in reality a large number of people who have lived in the Netherlands legally and for a long period of time (more than five years, say) may participate in local council elections that are open to anyone who has legally lived in this country for more than five years Meanwhile, for the water council election, anyone who is registered in the Netherlands qualifies for the water council election. The columnist suggested that the introduction of universal suffrage in the Netherlands and Europe would bring inclusive patriotism a step closer.
Analysis in News Column No. 10 has clearly demonstrated the columnist's representation of "Them" through emphasizing negative "Them" (Out-Group
Affiliation) and de-emphasizing positive "Us" (In-Group Affiliation).
Based on the above discussion in Sub Chapter 4.A and Sub Chapter 4.B, the researcher obtained the following findings.
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In general, the columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of
DutchNews.nl tend to use a negative expression (negative frequency = 117 or
58.5%) to express their opinion or characters. The negative judgment in this research has the highest frequency (negative judgment frequency = 48 or 24.0%) shows that negative opinion of columnists in general.
The analysis of the types of columnists’ judgment of social esteem shows the highest negative capacity (frequency = 10 or 25.00%). This means that columnists of social welfare in news columns of DutchNews.nl like to criticize more than to admire. The analysis of the types of columnists’ judgment of social sanction shows the highest negative propriety (frequency = 13 or 34.21%). It means that columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl like to condemn more than to praise.
The analysis of the types of columnists’ appreciation shows the highest negative reaction (frequency = 15 or 19.74%), which means the columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl react negatively about the issues.
The analysis of the types of columnist’s affect shows the highest affect of insecurity (frequency = 11 or 23.91%). This means that the columinsts feel insecure about the issues being published.
The analysis of the columnists’ ideology (social group’s representation or
“Us against Them”) shows the columnists tend to represent “Them” (frequency =
108 or 55.96%) more than represent “Us” (frequency = 85 or 44.04%)), which means the columnists show their negative values toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
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Based on the findings and discussions in Subchapter 4A and Subchapter 4B above, the researcher obtained answers to the research questions, are as follows.
The answers to the first research question about: “What are the highest types
(positive or negative) of the columnists’ attitude toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl?” are as follows: (1) the columnists like to admire more than to criticize, also like to praise more than to condemn, (2) the columnists like the composition of the issue, but react negatively about the issues, and (3) the columnists feel secure about the issues being published.
The answer to the second research question about: “How is the columnists’ ideology (Us and Them) of social welfare issues represented in the news columns of DutchNews.nl? is that the columnists tend to represent “Them” more than “Us,” which means the columnists show their negative values toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl. The highest negative value of “Them” is in the News Column No. 7. In this news column, the columnist who is Mr. Syp
Wynia from Amsterdam uses negative values to criticize the Dutch Government.
The columnist portrayed so many negative values about the Dutch Government as
“Them” (Out-Group Affiliation) while, on the other hand, supported The Dutch
Citizens as “Us” (In-Group Affiliation).
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS
The final chapter demonstrates the conclusion of the Research Question No.
1, Research Question No. 2, and the suggestions.
A. Conclusion of the Types of Columnists’ Attitude
In general, the columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of
DutchNews.nl tend to use a negative expression (negative frequency = 117 or
58.5%) to express their opinion or characters. The negative judgment in this research has the highest frequency (negative judgment frequency = 48 or 24.0%) shows that negative opinion of columnists in general.
The analysis of the types of columnists’ judgment of social esteem shows the highest negative capacity (frequency = 10 or 25.00%). This means that columnists of social welfare in news columns of DutchNews.nl like to criticize more than to admire. The analysis of the types of columnists’ judgment of social sanction shows the highest negative propriety (frequency = 13 or 34.21%). It means that columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl like to condemn more than to praise.
The analysis of the types of columnists’ appreciation shows the highest negative reaction (frequency = 15 or 19.74%), which means the columnists of social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl react negatively about the issues.
The analysis of the types of columnist’s affect shows the highest affect of insecurity (frequency = 11 or 23.91%). This means that the columinsts feel insecure about the issues being published.
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Based on the conclusion, the researcher obtained answers to the first research question about: “What are the highest types (positive or negative) of the columnists’ attitude (based on attitude of appraisal theory) toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl?” are as follows: (1) the columnists like to criticize more than to admire, also like to condemn more than to praise, (2) the columnists react negatively about the issues, and (3) the columnists feel insecure about the issues being published.
B. Conclusion of the Columnists’s Ideology (Us and Them)
The analysis of the columnists’ ideology (social group’s representation or
“Us against Them”) shows the columnists tend to represent “Them” (frequency =
108 or 55.96%) more than represent “Us” (frequency = 85 or 44.04%), which means the columnists represent their negative values toward social welfare issues in news columns of DutchNews.nl.
Based on the conclusion, the researcher obtained answers to the second research question about: “How is the columnist’s ideology (Us and Them) of social welfare issues represented in the news columns of DutchNews.nl? is that the columnists tend to represent “Them” more than “Us,” which means the columnists represent their negative values toward social welfare issues in news columns of
DutchNews.nl.
The highest negative value of “Them” is in the News Column No. 7. In this news column, the columnist who is Mr. Syp Wynia from Amsterdam uses negative values to criticize the Dutch Government. The columnist portrayed so many negative values about the Dutch Government as “Them” (Out-Group
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Affiliation) while, on the other hand, supported The Dutch Citizens as “Us” (In-
Group Affiliation).
C. Suggestions
Future research is suggested to use a larger newspaper, because there is only one newspaper used in this research, which is DutchNews.nl from Amsterdam,
Netherlands. Future research should select at least two newspapers, for example,
The Jakarta Post and The Globe from Jakarta, Indonesia, then they analyze the news columns in those newspapers. Also future research should employ other theories in the research, for example, in the interpersonal metafunction analysis.
The future researcher can add mood, modality with appraisal analysis. If the future researcher wants to go beyond that, the future researcher can use Systemic
Functional Grammar of Metafunctions which not only consists of interpersonal metafunction but also ideational metafunction and textual metafunction.
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Accessed on September 12, 2019 https://www.sentinelsource.com/elf/fur_fins_and_feathers/animal-welfare-human- welfare-the-important-connection/article_0e0e45e4-25f1-11e7-a7ba- 8f6fb549d221.html. Accessed on September 12, 2019 https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/evaluation-options/triangulation. Accessed on October 19, 2019. https://www.napier.ac.uk/~/media/worktribe/output-220012/triangulationpdf. Accessed on October 19, 2019. https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/data-collection/. Accessed on January 29, 2020.
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APPENDIX 1
Judgment Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues in News Columns of
DutchNews.nl
News Positive % Negative %
Columns Judgment Judgment
1 2 2,6% 6 7,7%
2 4 5,1% 3 3,8%
3 4 5,1% 4 5,1%
4 5 6,4% 5 6,4%
5 1 1,3% 8 10,3%
6 5 6,4% 4 5,1%
7 1 1,3% 7 9,0%
8 6 7,7% 4 5,1%
9 0 0,0% 3 3,8%
10 2 2,6% 4 5,1%
Total 30 38,5% 48 61,5%
Total Frequency = 78 (100%)
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APPENDIX 2
Judgment Analysis of News Co1umn No. 1: Dutch royal visit to Ireland
included a brave gesture of respect
No Sentences Judgment 1 King Willem-Alexander and queen Maxima were in Ireland Admire for the three day visit last week. And in one meeting, they stretched the bounds of diplomacy, writes Peter Cluskey. 2 But rarely is high-level diplomacy used to reach out in as Condemn personal a way as this visit was. 3 He told me he had made similar comments to Irish journalists Praise on a visit to The Hague recently. 4 The most valuable work of state visits such as the one by the Criticise Dutch royal couple to Ireland last week is often done well away from the glamour by trade delegations and foreign ministry officials. 5 Adrienne, an Irish woman, born in Sligo, raised in Limerick Condemn and educated in Cork, died of cervical cancer in Amsterdam last New Year’s Eve at the age of 58 – a victim of medical negligence at one of the Netherlands’ largest university hospitals, UMC Utrecht. 6 Two separate tests that showed she had cancer in 2011 were Criticise ‘missed’. One actually got ‘lost’ for two years. By the time it was ‘found’ her condition was terminal. A second tissue sample, also showing cancer, was misread by a pathologist at the same hospital – although it was correctly read by 11 peers in other hospitals during a subsequent investigation. 7 Adrienne campaigned during that time for the introduction of Criticise what are known as ‘open disclosure protocols’, essentially international transparency guidelines in cases of medical harm, which are now newly in place in hospitals all over the Netherlands. 8 She also campaigned for an EU-wide ban on gagging clauses Condemn in medical settlements, after we repeatedly refused to sign.
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APPENDIX 3
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 2: The wolf is back, let it not die out
a second time
No Sentences Judgment 1 Peaceful co-existence between wolves and sheep farmers is Praise possible, says regional director Europe at International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) Joep van Mierlo. 2 For decades the Netherlands has been conducting an Admire environmental policy destined to lead to the return of the wolf. Over a 20 year period, hundreds of millions of euros were spent on the Natura 2000 network, the Flora and Fauna law and the list of protected species. These efforts in the area of rules and regulations, execution, enforcement and the creation of ecoducts are now resulting in the return of the wolf. 3 We regard the return of the wolf as a crowning achievement Admire after years of shaping environmental policy. 4 In Germany many sheep farmers use electric fencing and Praise netting in areas which are home to wolf packs and reports of attacks on sheep have been few and far between. They are not 100% effective but then nothing is. An airbag cannot guarantee you will survive every crash. 5 Judging from the emotional responses triggered by the return Condemn of the wolf, it is easy to see why the animal became extinct in the Netherlands 140 years ago. This time around we must do everything we can to make sure history doesn’t repeat itself. 6 Perhaps farmers never thought it would come to this. Now Criticise that it has they are panicking and calling for wolves to be culled, just as in Germany. But killing wolves would amount to a direct destruction of this capital investment. Wolves contribute to our ecosystems and promote an already endangered biodiversity. 7 If they don’t the wolves in the Netherlands will be doomed – Condemn again.
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APPENDIX 4
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 3: Why international newspapers
reported the death of Noa Pothoven as ‘euthanasia’…when it wasn’t
No Sentences Judgment 1 When the phone rang on a Tuesday afternoon with a Admire blocked number, I knew it was London. 2 Even to the English news editor, who doesn’t speak the Praise tricky language of Dutch. 3 The troubled young woman, and award-winning writer, Admire who had been sexually abused and then traumatised by her experiences of psychiatric institutions in the Netherlands, had posted a message on her Instagram account – now deleted. In it, she announced her decision to stop eating and drinking due to her constant mental suffering and saying that she was being ‘let go’. She died last Sunday. 4 Only when a Politico journalist reached a local Praise Gelderlander journalist to debunked the story and called out the international madness on Twitter, the clinic issued a statement. 5 Why international newspapers reported the death of Criticise Noa Pothoven as ‘euthanasia’…when it wasn’t. 6 In the meantime, media outlets from News.com.au Condemn (from the News Corp Australia stable) to the Mail Online, Independent, Washington Post and The Times were reporting a ‘euthanasia’ as though it were fact – apparently having done no mentioned at all. 7 Westerveld posted a Tweet denying any ‘euthanasia’, Condemn did international papers issue corrections. Perhaps they were sorry; perhaps they were afraid of a libel suit. 8 But just because you’ve eaten Dutch cheese once, that Criticise doesn’t mean you understand the culture – and the reporting seems to have been based around a true misunderstanding of how life and death are treated in the Netherlands.
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APPENDIX 5
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 4: Wynia’s Week: Refugees need to
work before they get settled in
No Sentences Judgment 1 Wynia’s Week: Refugees need to work before they get Admire settled in. 2 Asylum seekers are treated as vulnerable people while Praise most of them have shown great determination travelling great distances under very difficult circumstances. 3 Instead of making ‘inburgering’ courses the main Admire occupation of asylum seekers who have gained a residency permit, the focus should now be on finding work, Koolmees said. But he is having a fight on his hands with local councils who want more money. Before his ideas become policy, at least two years will have gone by and Koolmees may no longer be in office. 4 Housing for asylum seekers should not be spread across Praise the country but concentrated in places where there are jobs. Let employers desperate for workers organise training and language courses. 5 Asylum seekers are confronted with an avalanche of Admire paperwork as it is and can do without this time- consuming and bureaucratic rigmarole. 6 The government’s strategy to get refugees into work Criticise needs an overhaul, says columnist Syp Wynia. 7 On the whole, in reality Syrians haven’t done much Condemn better than other asylum seekers. Only a few of them had sufficient training to enter into higher education, most are unemployed and those who have a job mainly work part time. 8 It looks as if the current government policy is too Condemn circumspect, too fearful of seeming to be discriminatory. 9 Every single report and policy paper about integration Criticise problems is full of ‘coaching’ and ‘support’ and other pampering terms. It’s as if asylum seekers are small children without any responsibility of their own, whose inaction – there is no sanction on not working – is always someone else’s fault, usually the government’s. 10 The government’s asylum policy is not helping. Instead Criticise of promoting integration, it stands in its way. Fraud is wide-spread. Social affairs minister Wouter Koolmees (D66) has realised that things can’t go on this way.
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APPENDIX 6
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 5: Wynia’s Week: The Dutch EU
election results are not European
No Sentences Judgment 1 In Flanders the Vlaams Blok made a strong come-back Admire (while the more moderate Flemish nationalists N-VA became the overall Belgian winner). In Denmark the populists lost to the Danish People’s Party but in Sweden the right-wing Sweden Democrats became the third biggest party. Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) seemed to have lost some of its impetus but in some East German states the allies of Salvini, Le Pen and Wilders got most of the votes. 2 Populist parties were wiped out and the PvdA topped Condemn the polls, but it would be easy to be wrong-footed by the Dutch results of the EU elections, writes columnist Syp Wynia. 3 Apart from the results for the EU parliament itself and Criticise the game of musical chairs that is the division of the top jobs a number of issues are far from resolved. 4 Immigration (and Islam and identity) remains the Condemn central political theme in the EU. Many immigrants (both illegal immigrants and often asylum seekers) are not wanted anywhere and are passed from one EU country to another. 5 The euro crisis is very much alive. Matteo Salvini will Criticise use his European victory to fight the euro rules from Brussels. He is sure to find Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte and finance minister Wopke Hoekstra on his path. 6 The Social Democrats loss and the victory for the Criticise Greens will lead to a stricker climate policy from Berlin (and political instability in Germany). 7 The ‘cordons sanitaire’ against ‘populist’ parties are Condemn about to crumble. The come-back of the Vlaams Blok and the success of Sweden Democrats are worrying the established parties, more so because the Danish People’s Party and the PVV lost. The Danish People’s Party was never boycotted but, like Wilders, took on a supportive role in the government. What will probably happen is that the traditional parties in countries like Sweden and Belgium will adopt a stricter migration policy. 8 The relatively high turnout for this election does not Criticise point to a greater popularity of the European parliament but illustrates the political sensitivity of European
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themes – which doesn’t mean that some of the campaigns were not completely national in character. 9 And more importantly, outsiders PVV and SP are out Condemn completely, promising some inner party turmoil. Thierry Baudet, well, he didn’t do that well either. And that is something the ‘party cartel’ is definitely not going to complain about.
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APPENDIX 7
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 6: Free Morgan Foundation in court
again in fight for wild orca
No Sentences Judgment 1 Free Morgan Foundation in court again in fight for wild Admire orca 2 Infringement of EU law – including wildlife law – Praise undermines the very foundation of the union. When acts of infringement are alleged, they must be acknowledged, addressed and resolved without excuse or delay. 3 On 31 January 2014, the Free Morgan Foundation Admire asked Bleker’s successor Sharon Dijksma about the involvement of the USA theme park group SeaWorld with Dutch and Spanish theme parks with regard to the sale and ‘ownership’ of Morgan, who as a wild-born individual was afforded special protection. 4 On 9 November 2015, the FMF wrote to Dijksma’s Praise successor Martijn van Dam about SeaWorld’s involvement in the unauthorised sale, exploitation and potential breeding of Morgan. 5 On 26 November 2015, MP Marianne Thieme followed Praise up with a written parliamentary question: Did you receive the letter of Free Morgan Foundation, which shows that the Loro Parque animal park intends to breed with the wild born orca Morgan, while this is contrary to the law? 6 The Dutch government’s flagrant infringement of Condemn wildlife law in the case of Morgan is chronicled in depth in a new article which highlights the mishandling of Morgan by officials and the courts. 7 Bleker evaded answering; dismissively ignoring the Criticise fact that breeding wild-born orcas must be pre- authorised. In his response dated 17 February 2012, Bleker stated with feigned naivety ‘the news that the orca has found a connection with others of her own species is good news’. But that is not the legal standard. 8 On 11 December 2015, Van Dam preliminarily Condemn answered Thieme, stating ‘I’ve received the letter and I will answer soon’. But Van Dam never answered Thieme’s questions as promised. 9 Now agriculture minister Carola Schouten has an Criticise opportunity to right the terrible wrong that has befallen Morgan. Morgan’s case will soon be before the highest Dutch administrative court, where the flagrant
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misinterpretation of EU law on the ‘breeding’ of Morgan will face scrutiny.
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APPENDIX 8
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 7: Wynia’s Week: taxation and
inflation – citizens are out of pocket
No Sentences Judgment 1 Meanwhile next year’s budget was done and dusted on Admire April 26th. What it will look like no one knows until Prinsjesdag, five months from now. 2 The Dutch government knows how to look after itself Condemn but is leaving its citizens out of pocket, writes commentator Syp Wynia. 3 The Dutch government is making life more expensive Criticise for its citizens but is sitting pretty itself. Finance minister Wopke Hoekstra (CDA) was looking at a surplus of €11.4bn last year, despite a pay rise for civil servants, increased healthcare costs and a considerable hike in European Union contribution. 4 In practice, the collective tax burden – taxes and Condemn premiums – grew as it always did under Rutte, first to get rid of the budget deficit and please Brussels and secondly to finance the monumentally pretentious climate ambitions of this cabinet. And, last but not least, it grew to keep up with spiralling healthcare costs. 5 Companies too have shouldered part of the higher tax Criticise burden, some 45% of the total the Council of State claims. But even so, the collective tax burden for the average household has still increased by over €2,000 under Rutte. 6 Despite a more lenient income tax under Rutte III this Criticise cabinet is still both the tax and inflation champions. Instead of a €1000 decrease as promised, the Dutch are paying a €1000 more. And that is without taking into account the future costs of electric cars and gas free homes. Who will pay for those is anyone’s guess. 7 When government finance was in a bad way – in 2012- Condemn 2013 in particular – taxes went up and so did prices. The result was that a failing economy became worse, bringing more unemployment and stagnating wages in its wake. 8 And yes, those times are not only coming they are here Criticise already. The economy is showing signs of slowing down before the purchasing power of the citizens of this country had a chance to profit from the good years.
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APPENDIX 9
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 8: Moroccans are doing very well
despite useless integration policy: D66
No Sentences Judgment 1 Moroccans are doing very well despite useless Admire integration policy: D66 2 Despite a worse than useless integration policy, young Praise Dutch Moroccans are doing very well in the Netherlands, write D66 parliamentary party chairman Rob Jetten and integration spokesman Jan Paternotte. 3 Although three quarters of the Moroccan Admire ‘gastarbeiders’ who came to this country in the 1060s have returned to Morocco, many decided to stay. They, and their children and grandchildren in particular, have found their place in Dutch society and are putting their stamp on this country’s history. 4 Ajax’ Champions League success couldn’t have Praise happened without Hakim Ziyech, parliament wouldn’t meet without Khadija Arib and the Voice of Holland wouldn’t be the same without Ali B and his positive energy. 5 That is not the whole story: Moroccans are still over- Admire represented in the crime figures, although these too are dropping. Acceptance and emancipation of people who identify as lhbit still leaves much to be desired but, as a whole, the figures for the Moroccan Dutch are reason for optimism. 6 Once they were reunited with their families it was Praise looked upon favourably when newcomers clustered together in an area. It did not matter because they would be going back anyway. Benefits were also given without asking too many questions. 7 And once a Moroccan girl graduates from university, Condemn perhaps the first in her family to do so, she is turned down for a job because her cv does not include a year in the management of a student organisation. 8 In 2017 the Vrije Universiteit found that ethnic origin is Criticise a determine factor for employers. A Dutch applicant with a police record for violence is three times more likely to receive a positive response than a person with an Arabic name and a blameless past. 9 The people who were recruited for work in the Condemn Netherlands were not seen as human beings but as working hours. ‘Get undressed, bend over, and be searched, like cattle’ Fahri Isik, one of the workers,
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described the vetting procedure he and others were subjected to at the time. Integration was not a goal. The men were put up in boarding houses, without language lessons or ‘inburgering’. 10 Decades later lessons have not been learned. When tens Criticise of thousands of Syrian refugees came to the Netherlands they were treated in much the same way. Language classes were out because these might tempt people to stay. And once a residency permit was granted people were left to organise their own ‘inburgering’.
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APPENDIX 10
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 9: Organic food scandal highlights
farmer and inspection failures
No Sentences Judgment 1 I sincerely questions SKAL’s lack of enforcement of its Criticise own policies. What is the point of setting an ultimatum and not enforcing it? If SKAL or its inspectors are perceived as being too lenient, that could be interpreted as allowing or even inviting non-compliance. This, too, should have been discovered during an internal review process and corrected. 2 This week broadcaster RTL found that hundreds of Dutch Condemn organic food producers were being allowed to sell their products as organic, even though they did not meet all the rules. Organic expert Hugo Skoppek says the findings are a national scandal. 3 From the type of violations reported by RTL nieuws, it Condemn appears that the farmers in question do not only lack a moderate understanding of organic practices and the EU organic regulations but have a blatant disregard for animal welfare which most farmers, organic or conventional, would despise.
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APPENDIX 11
Judgment Analysis of News Column No. 10: Universal suffrage is not so
universal in the Netherlands
No Sentences Judgment 1 However, the democratic system is built on the principle Praise that all citizens of a country should have a say in the nature and implementation of government policy. They are, after all, directly affected by its consequences. 2 A democratic system lives by the involvement of citizens Admire in the fortunes of the country or region in which they live. That involvement needs to include not just some but all of those who live there. The introduction of truly universal suffrage in the Netherlands and Europe would bring such an inclusive patriotism one step closer. 3 But in practice some votes are more equal than others. In Condemn the present system only Dutch nationals can vote in the national and provincial elections and, indirectly, the election of the senate) while the European elections are open to all EU nationals. 4 The first kink in the current system is that people with a Criticise Dutch passport who have been living, say, in Canada for 20 years are eligible to vote in both the national and European elections. They are given a say in policies which will affect them very little, if at all. This is primarily a point of principle, as very few people in this category actually avail themselves of this right. 5 The second kink is of practical importance as well. A Criticise person who has lived in this country for 20 years and paid tax for every one of them is deprived of the democratic right to vote in the national and provincial elections because she holds a Canadian passport and not a Dutch one. 6 A large number of people who have lived here legally and Condemn for a long period of time (over five years, say) but who do not have the right passport are unjustifiably excluded from ‘universal’ suffrage. It seems ‘inburgering’ – the process of integrating into Dutch society – is largely a matter of duties rather than rights.
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APPENDIX 12
Appreciation Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues in News Columns of
DutchNews.nl
News Positive % Negative %
Columns Appreciation Appreciation
1 4 5,3% 2 2,6%
2 8 10,5% 2 2,6%
3 2 2,6% 4 5,3%
4 5 6,6% 5 6,6%
5 1 1,3% 3 3,9%
6 3 3,9% 6 7,9%
7 2 2,6% 10 13,2%
8 7 9,2% 3 3,9%
9 2 2,6% 3 3,9%
10 2 2,6% 2 2,6%
Total 36 47,4% 40 52,6%
Total Frequency = 76 (100%)
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APPENDIX 13
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 1: Dutch royal visit to Ireland
included a brave gesture of respect
No Sentences Appreciation 1 These occasions are a balancing act. The visiting Positive dignitaries should see the best of the country, its Reaction people and culture, of course. 2 I responded that I understood how difficult it was for Positive diplomacy to tackle an issue as controversial and Reaction personal as Adrienne’s death, and for that reason I greatly appreciate the invitation to meet him and his willingness to make such comments. 3 The king described Adrienne as brave, persistent, Positive and altruistic, especially knowing her condition was Valuation terminal. 4 We stayed on personal territory for another moment Positive or two and in five minutes it was all over. The ring of Composition outward-facing bodyguards melted away and Willem-Alexander rejoined queen Maxima. 5 So this was not an easy issue for diplomacy to tackle Negative – especially as part of a carefully choreographed Valuation state visit. 6 Rather than from the Dutch media, most of whom – Negative with a few exceptions, including DutchNews.nl – Reaction have ranged from timid to indifferent in covering Adrienne’s awful story and its aftermath. Some royal bravery is needed there too.
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APPENDIX 14
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 2: The wolf is back, let it not die
out a second time
No Sentences Appreciation 1 The wolf is back. Positive Composition 2 It was Omroep Gelderland that bagged the scoop on Positive May 19th: a wolf pair had settled in the Netherlands Reaction for the first time in over a century. 3 The two were spotted in the Veluwe national park. Positive Composition 4 Wolves go after deer and boar. Their remains form the Positive basis for the so-called ‘carrion fauna’. They attract Valuation smaller carrion eaters, like beetles and butterflies as well as bigger carrion eaters like badgers, stone martens, birds such as the ospreys and even griffon vultures. The excrement of all these animals are spread over large areas and restores the mineral cycle which is out of balance in many of the country’s nature reserves. The wolf plays a key role in this process. 5 We should prevent or limit sheep from being killed and Positive so protect the wolf against itself. It can be done and Reaction would cost relatively little. 6 There are ways that have been proven to be effective Positive to keep wolves away from sheep. Simple electric Valuation fences are a deterrent to wolves and will limit contact to a minimum. 7 Wolf netting is relatively cheap. Some €2m will buy Positive enough electric fences and netting to cover the east of Composition the country in its entirety. That is peanuts compared to the huge investments that have been made in environmental schemes in the last 30 years. 8 By using netting, and other solutions, farmers and Positive nature lovers together can keep both sheep and wolves safe. Reaction
9 Let it not die out a second time. Negative
Reaction
10 IFAW is not blind to the darker side of the wolf’s Negative return, which is primarily experienced by sheep farmers. Travel makes hungry and wolves will be Valuation tempted by an unprotected snack en route. Some 170 sheep were killed by wolves on the move last year.
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Some 1,600 sheep, almost ten times as many, were killed by stray dogs.
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APPENDIX 15
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 3: Why international newspapers reported the death of Noa Pothoven as ‘euthanasia’…when it
wasn’t
No Sentences Appreciation 1 So why was there only one article about the death in Positive the Dutch press, from a local paper that had published Valuation many interviews with Noa Pothoven from Arnhem and her family? 2 Although the report in the Algemeen Dagblad Positive mentioned a euthanasia clinic high up in the copy, it Composition was clear in other articles that this clinic had said she was not eligible for its help late last year. 3 Sure enough, The Daily Telegraph had been calling Negative me, asking me to check out a story. Composition 4 ‘This depressed 17-year-old girl who was raped as a Negative young child and who felt she could no longer go on Composition living has been legally euthanised at an “end-of-life clinic,”’ it began. 5 The editor of DutchNews.nl and I agreed that it was all Negative very odd: if this were genuinely true, the Dutch media Reaction would be full of debate about it. Despite the aggressive interest from the rest of the world in the Netherlands’ euthanasia policy, cases around dementia and psychiatric issues are already controversial here – and subject to a high burden of proof for doctors, according to the Regional Euthanasia Review Committees’ annual reports. Every case is re-examined at regional and national level, and doctors who do not comply with strict laws and a set of new guidelines can be, and are being, prosecuted. 6 But how did the story get so out of control? Clearly, Negative there’s a pressure on international news outlets to Valuation keep up with the competition for clicks and when one outlet follows wire copy, more may well follow. It takes time to check things, and tight budgets mean various outlets try to cover smaller countries like The Netherlands with non-Dutch-speakers from bases like Brussels.
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APPENDIX 16
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 4: Wynia’s Week: Refugees need
to work before they get settled in
No Sentences Appreciation 1 Some 18 months after arriving in the Netherlands, 5% Positive of asylum seekers have a job. After 2.5 years 10% are Valuation in work, and this goes up to 25% after 3.5 years. Two thirds are still on benefits at this point. 2 Work is more important than courses,that much Positive should become abundantly clear. Integration is best achieved through work. The new norm should be for Composition asylum seekers to stand on their own two feet, instead of relying on the certainty of benefits over the uncertainty of paid work.
3 Successive cabinets have put their own stamp on the Positive inburgering process. Former social affairs minister Lodewijk Ascher (PvdA) introduced the so-called Reaction ‘participation declaration’ – managing to get this largely symbolic measure through parliament just before he stepped down on October 1 2017. 4 Rewards work, cut benefits Positive
Valuation
5 Combine work with language classes and training Positive
Composition
6 Some four years ago, a wave of asylum seekers, Negative among whom many Syrians, reached Western European shores to the reassuring noises of a few Valuation well-known Dutch personalities and various people in authority. Syrians, they said, were highly educated and would be an asset to Dutch society. The highest asylum centre chief predicted ‘an enormous empowerment for the Netherlands’ 7 It’s a big problem. From 2014 onward some 200,000 Negative asylum seekers, including relatives who joined them later, have come to the Netherlands and tens of Composition thousands more arrive each year.
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8 If unemployment among them remains this high and Negative thousands of children grow up depending on benefits, then the current integration policy will become the Reaction latest grim chapter of this country’s immigration policy over the last 50 years. 9 It is not an easy problem to solve. Even after 15 years, Negative only half of all asylum seekers are in work (usually simple part time jobs). If, in a time of labour shortages, Reaction asylum seekers hardly get a look-in, what will happen if the economy slows down, as it is already showing signs of doing? 10 But first and foremost: get rid of the government Negative bureaucracy which stops asylum seekers from helping themselves. Valuation
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APPENDIX 17
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 5: Wynia’s Week: The Dutch
EU election results are not European
No Sentences Appreciation 1 Things were quite different in the rest of Europe. In Positive some of the biggest countries of the European Union traditionally Europhile politicians got the Valuation boot. Italy and France rewarded Geert Wilders’ friends (Matteo Salvini and Marine le Pen) who won decisively. In the UK Nigel Farage’s Brexit party won most UK seats and in Poland and Hungary the nationalist government parties also won. 2 In last week’s European elections, the PvdA bagged Negative the biggest win while the CDA and VVD managed a decent score. The populist parties on the left and Reaction right (SP and PVV) were wiped out and Forum voor Democratie got fewer votes than expected. GroenLinks won and D66 lost. It may look like the old order has been restored but that is far from certain. 3 In Germany both government parties (christian Negative democrats and social democrats) faced substantial losses and that may cause Angela Merkel’s Valuation coalition to totter, especially if the SPD has anything to do with it. French president Emmanuel Macron is shown up by Le Pen who has now surpassed him in popular support. 4 The EU elections are having an effect on the Negative Netherlands as well. The PvdA is celebrating but not too much. The whole establishment is having a Composition party because apart from D66, no one lost and some even won.
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APPENDIX 18
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 6: Free Morgan Foundation in
court again in fight for wild orca
No Sentences Appreciation 1 On Wednesday, the highest Dutch administrative Positive court will hear legal arguments in the case of the Composition wild-born orca know as Morgan, who was captured in the Wadden Sea and now languishes in Spanish tourist attraction. The Dutch government is to blame for her plight, say Matthew Spiegl and Dr Ingrid N Visser. 2 The plight of captive cetaceans (whales, dolphins Positive and porpoises) is subject to increasing scrutiny by Valuation enlightened nations as well as international academic and legal circles. 3 The sale, commercial exploitation and even Positive breeding of protected animals is not a private’ Reaction matter. Rather, Article 8(1) of Council Regulation (EC) 338/97 clearly states: ‘The purchase, offer to purchase, acquisition for commercial purposes, display to the public for commercial purposes, use for commercial gain and sale, keeping for sale, offering for sale or transporting for sale of specimens of the species listed in Annex A shall be prohibited.’ 4 In the years that followed Morgan’s capture, the Negative Dutch government (through the actions of four Reaction successive ministers – Henk Bleker, Sharon Dijksma, Martijn van Dam and now Carola Schouten) has been duplicitous in ignoring EU law. It has allowed the sale and commercial exploitation of Morgan, resulting in her unauthorised breeding and the subsequent birth of her wild-captive hybrid calf in September 2018. 5 On 23 December 2011, MPs submitted written Negative questions to Henk Bleker, the responsible minister Composition at the time, asking: ‘What steps are you going to take to prevented Morgan from being used in a breeding programme, as according to your statements… this was not the basis for the permit you granted that made the move to Loro Parque possible?’ 6 On 12 February 2014, Dijksma wrote to the FMF Negative stating: ‘To determine who is the real owner of orca Valuation Morgan also depends on the intention of and
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agreements made by the private parties involved in this case – Dolfinarium Harderwijk, Loro Parque and SeaWorld.’ 7 However, on 2 February 2016, a spokesperson for Negative Van Dam stated: ‘When Morgan the orca was Valuation transported to Loro Parque, the Dutch authorities lost their jurisdiction over Morgan, and this includes any possible intention on the part of Loro Parque to breed Morgan.’ 8 On 26 April 2018, the district court in Utrecht ruled Negative the Dutch government (namely the agriculture ministry which now has responsibility for captive Composition animals) does retain jurisdiction over Morgan despite her movement to Loro Parque – Morgan was not ‘transferred to Spain’. She was moved within the European Union under the direction of the Dutch government. 9 Schouten can direct the ministry to make amends Negative for the injustice that has befallen Morgan and work to facilitate the transfer of Morgan and her calf to a Reaction sea sanctuary.
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APPENDIX 19
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 7: Wynia’s Week: taxation and
inflation – citizens are out of pocket
No Sentences Appreciation 1 Without them Dutch inflation would be at the Positive European average of 1.5%. Composition 2 When the economy revived between 2014 and 2019 Positive citizens were going to reap the benefits, or so they Valuation were promised. 3 Wynia’s Week: taxation and inflation – citizens are Negative out of pocket. Reaction 4 The third Mark Rutte-led government is still failing Negative to deliver on spending power. Supermarket prices Valuation and energy bills are rising faster than wages. Taxes have been mounting to a record high, resulting in budget surpluses and rapidly diminishing government debt. Meanwhile the economy is showing signs of fatigue before people have even started to enjoy the fruits of its growth. 5 It is a little known fact that the Netherlands is the Negative inflation champion of the European Union. Only Composition some Eastern European countries are showing similarly high price hikes. In the Netherlands price increases – almost 3% in April on a yearly basis – are almost entirely the result of tax hikes under Rutte III. 6 And while wages are not completely stagnant, a Negative raise of almost 3% is not on the cards. Dutch Reaction workers are, on average, not gaining but losing ground. 7 Higher value added tax on food (from 6% to 9%) Negative resulted in a price hike of 3.6% compared to the Composition year before. And energy prices went up by a whooping 11.6% because of higher taxes to finance climate measures, an increase never seen in the civilised world. Outside Europe (in Canada, Australia, and South Korea, for example) energy costs are down! 8 The budget deficits of the first cabinets led by Rutte Negative have rapidly turned into a budget surplus of 1.5 % Valuation of GDP. Hoekstra is raking it in thanks to tax hikes, and an as yet flourishing economy, prompting an IMF prediction of a reduction of Dutch government debt to 40% of GDP by 2023.
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9 The collective tax burden in the Netherlands is Negative much higher than in the rest of the developed world, Reaction according to OECD calculations. The European average is 34.2% of GDP. When Rutte first became prime minister in 2011 the Dutch came in at 35.9%. In 2019 it is 39.6%, the highest it has been for the last 25 years. 10 Income tax may have eased a bit this year but that Negative does not compensate for higher taxes on tobacco, Composition wind turbines and solar farms, higher taxes on cars, higher healthcare premiums and higher employee contributions. The current cabinet policy means those taxes will go up again in 2020. Those higher taxes are a result of a deliberate policy and there is no minister or coalition politician who can deny it. 11 The continuing tax hikes under Rutte are doubly sad Negative because the signs are that the years of prosperity are Valuation coming to an end. From 2.17% growth in 2017 and 2.5% growth last year, the prognosis for this year and the next has tumbled to 1.5%. And for the years after that the cabinet predicts a growth of just over 1%. 12 But Rutte did say that ‘we must prepare for Negative economically more difficult times’. Reaction
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APPENDIX 20
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 8: Moroccans are doing very
well despite useless integration policy: D66
No Sentences Appreciation 1 It is 50 years ago this week that the Netherlands and Positive Morocco signed to a special deal regulating the Reaction migration of Moroccan workers to the Netherlands. Despite a completely inadequate integration policy, integration has been a resounding success as the new and successful generation of Moroccans shows. 2 These people are no longer the exception. The Positive number of children with Moroccan roots whose Composition schools advise them to go on to pre college or university secondary education exceeded 40% for the first time last year and shows the biggest increase of all population groups in the last 12 years. 3 One in three is now in a Havo or VWO stream. In Positive 2005 that figure was only one in five. Girls, in Valuation particular, are doing well, tipping boys with a Dutch background to the post when it comes to gaining a diploma. ‘A remarkable advance’, the Telegraaf called it. 4 The number of second generation Moroccans on Positive welfare benefits has dropped to 6.7%, or one in Composition fifteen. Moroccan Dutch are increasingly marrying outside their own group. 5 For Dutch Moroccans, in particular, this is an extra Positive special achievement because they are most often Reaction the victims of prejudicial treatment. 6 Fortunately the focus does shift every once in a Positive while. Moroccan young professionals Mohcine Composition Ouass and Mohammed Azzouz were recently singled out for praise by SCP director Kim Putters for their Gamechangers Academy which sees successful Moroccans coaching parents to stand up for an appropriate school advice for their children. 7 And yet. Despite Wilders and despite decades of a Positive completely useless integration policy a new Valuation generation of Moroccans is making a big success of itself. And that is quite an achievement. 8 It’s a label that puts the score at 2-0 the moment a Negative child with Moroccan roots is born in this country. Composition Differences in school CITO test scores and advice
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regarding recommended further education show that Moroccan children are rated lower than their CITO scores would justify. 9 These efforts could have been avoided and Negative integration could have been more successful still if Reaction the Dutch government hadn’t made a fundamental mistake 50 years ago. 10 This was the origin of the communities which Negative became Moroccan and Turkish islands in the big Valuation cities, with high unemployment and, later, high criminality. The politicians who opted for this laissez faire policy of integration were, in reality, committing a political crime
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APPENDIX 21
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 9: Organic food scandal
highlights farmer and inspection failures
No Sentences Appreciation 1 Organic farming is a challenging enterprise and Positive requires farmers to have a wide variety of skills and Valuation experience. But given a certain degree of understanding, it allows farmers to operate with relative ease. 2 As citizens we rely on the government to do their Positive job and provide the necessary oversight to ensure Composition that our institutions function properly. This will become even more imperative as our societies implement the Paris Climate Agreement. In that context – as in the organic one – they must act effectively, reliably and forcefully. 3 Organic food scandal highlights farmer and Negative inspection failure. Composition 4 There is no excuse for the repeated discovery of Negative hungry pigs, calves without drinking water, Reaction overcrowded barns, and filthy cows. 5 The findings of the RTL nieuws investigation Negative clearly indicate that SKAL has failed its mandate. Valuation Almost 10% of the farmers don’t comply with some of the rules. If that figure had been 3-4%, I would consider it tolerable as an industry insider, although I believe that many consumers would still find this unacceptable.
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APPENDIX 22
Appreciation Analysis of News Co1umn No. 10: Universal suffrage is not so
universal in the Netherlands
No Sentences Appreciation 1 It is 100 years since the introduction of universal Positive suffrage and the lower house of parliament is Valuation organising a series of activities aimed at greater public awareness of the value of our parliamentary democracy in which ‘every vote is of equal value’. 2 It is high time the kinks in our constitution were Positive ironed out. In his recent book, The people vs Composition Democracy: Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it American political scientist Yascha Mounk advocate the concept of ‘inclusive patriotism’. 3 Universal suffrage is not so universal in the Negative Netherlands. Composition 4 The system is also strangely inconsistent. Local Negative council elections are open to anyone who has been Valuation legally resident in this country for over five years while for the water board elections anyone registered here is eligible.
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APPENDIX 23
Affect Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues in News Columns of
DutchNews.nl
News Positive % Negative %
Columns Affect Affect
1 6 13,0% 3 6,5%
2 1 2,2% 3 6,5%
3 2 4,3% 2 4,3%
4 4 8,7% 1 2,2%
5 0 0,0% 2 4,3%
6 1 2,2% 4 8,7%
7 1 2,2% 3 6,5%
8 2 4,3% 2 4,3%
9 0 0,0% 6 13,0%
10 0 0,0% 3 6,5%
Total 17 37,0% 29 63,0%
Total Frequency = 46 (100%)
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APPENDIX 24
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 1: Dutch royal visit to Ireland included
a brave gesture of respect
No Sentences Affect 1 Dutch royal visit to Ireland included a brave Satisfaction gesture of respect 2 That’s why – although few people realized it while Satisfaction it was happening – the visit of king Willem- Alexander and queen Maxima was different: behind the scenes, it stretched the boundaries of diplomacy in a unique gesture of respect for my late wife, Adrienne Cullen. 3 Although it’s not a word one readily associates Happiness with diplomacy, I think of that gesture as brave. 4 However, on the fringes of a reception in Dublin Security last Thursday evening – after two weeks of careful preparation by the Dutch ambassador in Dublin, Adriaan Palm – king Willem-Alexander shook me by the hand, looked me in the eye, and said ‘What happened to your wife, Adrienne, was terrible …’ 5 ‘What she has done has brought about change,’ he Security said, ‘but her loss must be very, very, difficult for you.’ 6 It also struck me as extraordinary that this welcome Happiness chink of bravery has come from Dutch royalty. 7 On the other hand, a series of stylized photo-ops Dissatisfaction simply isn’t enough to convey the substance of the visit or to show the human face of the visitors. 8 As recently as last month, professor Margriet Insecurity Schneider, the hospital’s CEO, was forced to apologize when she claimed – in a comment to this newspaper – that I was ‘scapegoating’ her by calling for her resignation on foot of that investigation, which she had flatly refused to carry out for years. 9 This gesture was a clear indication that at the Unhappiness highest level in the Netherlands what happened to Adrienne, and the way its aftermath was shamefully mishandled, is now regarded as utterly unacceptable.
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APPENDIX 25
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 2: The wolf is back, let it not die out a
second time
No Sentences Affect 1 The news was greeted with whoops of delight by Happiness many. 2 But the International Fund for Animal Welfare Insecurity (IFAW) is afraid that others are less enthusiastic and may take action. 3 We understand how farmers feel when they see Dissatisfaction their sheep have been killed. They love their animals and want to look after them. For many farmers they are (part of) their livelihood. 4 But we mustn’t let emotions guide us. Unhappiness
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APPENDIX 26
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 3: Why international newspapers
reported the death of Noa Pothoven as ‘euthanasia’…when it wasn’t
No Sentences Affect 1 The Daily Telegraph of London, to its credit, did Happiness not publish anything about the sad story, and at DutchNews.nl we wrote a news piece about a promising young writer who had died. Although Ms Pothoven went into detail about her suffering – also in her book Winning or Learning – we wanted to write about her life with respect. 2 DutchNews.nl would like to extend our Security condolences to Ms Pothoven’s family and friends. 3 There was something off about the unbylined, 12- Dissatisfaction paragraph story from the Central European News agency. 4 And hope that our media colleagues around the Insecurity world will be more careful, and more kind, in the future.
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APPENDIX 27
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 4: Wynia’s Week: Refugees need to
work before they get settled in
No Sentences Affect 1 So here, to finish are my five rules for helping asylum Security seekers into work: 2 Put work before inurgering Security 3 House asylum seekers where there are jobs. Satisfaction 4 Scrap bureaucratic measures, starting with Asscher’s Happiness participation declaration 5 And Syrians are not doing better than the average Unhappiness refugee. What was that about ‘empowerment’?
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APPENDIX 28
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 5: Wynia’s Week: The Dutch EU
election results are not European
No Sentences Affect 1 Wynia’s Week: The Dutch EU election results are not Insecuri- European ty 2 So the Social Democratic victories in Spain, Scandinavia Dissatis- and the Netherlands and the Green surge in Germany do faction not tell the whole story. The biggest European countries not only provide the most MEPs but will also set the tone in the council of ministers and the European council, the top executive comprised of prime ministers and presidents. It was precisely where the powers that be became the powers that were.
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APPENDIX 29
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 6: Free Morgan Foundation in court
again in fight for wild orca
No Sentences Affect 1 In June 2010 when a young orca was captured in the Security Wadden Sea, no competent person au fait with the relevant provisions of wildlife law would have imagined the tragic tale and trampling of Morgan’s rights that has ensued. 2 The Dutch government’s institutional ignorance of Unhappi- union law and international conventions governing the ness trade in wildlife will be on ‘public display’ in the legal proceedings brought by the Free Morgan Foundation against the ministry of agriculture, nature and food quality on May 29. 3 How did the Dutch government let this happen? Dissatis- faction 4 Dijksma’s rationalisation is the antithesis of the law Insecuri- intent that private parties may not secretly buy and sell ty protected species. 5 But will she? Insecuri- ty
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APPENDIX 30
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 7: Wynia’s Week: taxation and
inflation – citizens are out of pocket
No Sentences Affect 1 Even the usually sanguine Council of State has had Security enough and wants part of the budget surplus to go towards tax relief. 2 In today’s money the rise of collective taxes under the Insecurity Rutte cabinets amounts to a total of €30bn in extra taxes a year. Eight million households are now paying €3,750 more a year compared to 2011, the first year of the Rutte era. 3 It never happened, as rising collective taxes creamed off Dissatis- any rise in spending power. faction 4 And now that a disposable income rise could – and it is Unhappi- very much ‘could’ – still happen, the economy is starting ness to tank and earlier promises count for nothing yet again.
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APPENDIX 31
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 8: Moroccans are doing very well
despite useless integration policy: D66
No Sentences Affect 1 ‘As a Moroccan I like to visit people at home’, joked Security stand-up comic Najib Amhali, referring to the image of Moroccans as born criminals. From former Labour MP Rob Oudkerk’s ‘kutmarokkanen’ [effing Moroccans, DN] to Wilders’ ‘fewer Moroccans’ chant Moroccans have been labelled as a group by the left and the right. 2 We are calling on minister Koolmees to celebrate 50 Happiness years of Moroccan labour migration by making a radical change to the integration legislation, ensuring that newcomers will never have to battle their way up from such a disadvantaged position again. And let’s bury Rob Oudkerk’s’ K-word once and for all. 3 For the last few decades we have learned to Insecurity encourage children, but when it comes to children with Moroccan roots the message is often that this is not their country. 4 Just think how quickly integration could take place if Unhappiness we ditched prejudice, discrimination and old boys networks. Why focus on incidents involving Moroccan Dutch who leave the straight and narrow when the bigger picture shows things are getting better all the time?
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APPENDIX 32
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 9: Organic food scandal highlights
farmer and inspection failures
No Sentences Affect 1 And what about the role of the government? Last year, Dissatisfaction farming minister Carola Schouten ordered an evaluation of Skal and said after its findings were made known that the organisation should make better use of its power to impose sanctions. 2 Let us be clear here. This is not just about a few Insecurity organic farmers in violation of the EU regulations. This is about the reputation of the entire Dutch organic industry. Let us hope this scandal does not have repercussions throughout Europe as consumers lose confidence in Dutch organic products. 3 I am simply shocked. Nothing in life is 100%, but the Unhappiness fact that RTL investigators found hundreds of ‘organic’ products on sale that do not fully comply with the regulations for organic food in the Netherlands is indeed scandalous. 4 We hear contemptuous statements about the organic Insecurity integrity of producers in developing countries, implying that something like that does not exist in the Netherlands. Well, apparently it does. 5 So where does this leave Skal, the national control Dissatisfaction authority and therefore the independent supervisor for reliability of organic products in the Netherlands? 6 What bothers me most is that one farmer was granted Unhappiness several three-month periods to provide his cows with straw. This should have been rectified on the spot with the inspector present. If the farmer did not have any straw available to comply, the structural problem which was later discovered would have been apparent right there and then.
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APPENDIX 33
Affect Analysis of News Co1umn No. 10: Universal suffrage is not so
universal in the Netherlands
No Sentences Affect 1 Not all taxpayers in the Netherlands are created equal Insecurity and much needs to be done to ensure everyone has the right to vote, say Sally Wyatt and Hans Radder. 2 With the provincial elections just behind us and the Unhappiness European elections around the corner, analyses and articles abound. But there is one issues that hardly ever makes the news: that of suffrage. The right to vote, and to be voted for, is an essential part of democracy. Universal suffrage is the result of a long historical process in which the right to vote was granted step by step to more and more citizens. 3 The link with nationality, so eagerly criticised by the Dissatisfaction Dutch where countries such as Morocco and Turkey are concerned, goes against the principle at the heart of a democratic system.
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APPENDIX 34
Us and Them Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues in News
Position Emphasize Columnist's News Freq.of Freq.of (Ideologi- % % /Deempha- Represen- Columns Us Them cal size tation Square) 1 13 6,74% 10 5,18% US/THEM 1 & 3 US 2 14 7,25% 8 4,15% US/THEM 1 & 3 US 3 9 4,66% 10 5,18% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 4 9 4,66% 11 5,70% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 5 2 1,04% 8 4,15% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 6 9 4,66% 14 7,25% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 7 4 2,07% 21 10,88% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 8 15 7,77% 9 4,66% US/THEM 1 & 3 US 9 5 2,59% 9 4,66% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM 10 5 2,59% 8 4,15% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM Total 85 44,04% 108 55,96% THEM/US 2 & 4 THEM Total Frequency = 193 (100%)
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APPENDIX 35
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 1: Dutch royal visit to Ireland
included a brave gesture of respect
No Sentences Us/Them 1 Dutch royal visit to Ireland included a brave gesture of Us respect 2 King Willem-Alexander and queen Maxima were in Us Ireland for the three day visit last week. And in one meeting, they stretched the bounds of diplomacy, writes Peter Cluskey. 3 But rarely is high-level diplomacy used to reach out in Us as personal a way as this visit was. 4 These occasions are a balancing act. The visiting Us dignitaries should see the best of the country, its people and culture, of course. 5 That’s why – although few people realized it while it Us was happening – the visit of king Willem-Alexander and queen Maxima was different: behind the scenes, it stretched the boundaries of diplomacy in a unique gesture of respect for my late wife, Adrienne Cullen. 6 Although it’s not a word one readily associates with Us diplomacy, I think of that gesture as brave. 7 However, on the fringes of a reception in Dublin last Us Thursday evening – after two weeks of careful preparation by the Dutch ambassador in Dublin, Adriaan Palm – king Willem-Alexander shook me by the hand, looked me in the eye, and said ‘What happened to your wife, Adrienne, was terrible …’ 8 I responded that I understood how difficult it was for Us diplomacy to tackle an issue as controversial and personal as Adrienne’s death, and for that reason I greatly appreciated the invitation to meet him and his willingness to make such comments. 9 The king described Adrienne as brave, persistent, Us and altruistic, especially knowing her condition was terminal. 10 He told me he had made similar comments to Irish Us journalists on a visit to The Hague recently. 11 ‘What she has done has brought about change,’ he Us said, ‘but her loss must be very, very, difficult for you.’ 12 We stayed on personal territory for another moment Us or two and in five minutes it was all over. The ring of outward-facing bodyguards melted away and Willem- Alexander rejoined queen Maxima.
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13 It also struck me as extraordinary that this welcome Us chink of bravery has come from Dutch royalty. 14 The most valuable work of state visits such as the one Them by the Dutch royal couple to Ireland last week is often done well away from the glamour by trade delegations and foreign ministry officials. 15 On the other hand, a series of stylized photo-ops simply Them isn’t enough to convey the substance of the visit or to show the human face of the visitors. 16 Adrienne, an Irish woman, born in Sligo, raised in Them Limerick and educated in Cork, died of cervical cancer in Amsterdam last New Year’s Eve at the age of 58 – a victim of medical negligence at one of the Netherlands’ largest university hospitals, UMC Utrecht. 17 Two separate tests that showed she had cancer in 2011 Them were ‘missed’. One actually got ‘lost’ for two years. By the time it was ‘found’ her condition was terminal. A second tissue sample, also showing cancer, was misread by a pathologist at the same hospital – although it was correctly read by 11 peers in other hospitals during a subsequent investigation. 18 As recently as last month, professor Margriet Them Schneider, the hospital’s CEO, was forced to apologize when she claimed – in a comment to this newspaper – that I was ‘scapegoating’ her by calling for her resignation on foot of that investigation, which she had flatly refused to carry out for years. 19 Adrienne campaigned during that time for the Them introduction of what are known as ‘open disclosure protocols’, essentially international transparency guidelines in cases of medical harm, which are now newly in place in hospitals all over the Netherlands. 20 She also campaigned for an EU-wide ban on gagging Them clauses in medical settlements, after we repeatedly refused to sign. 21 So this was not an easy issue for diplomacy to Them tackle – especially as part of a carefully choreographed state visit. 22 This gesture was a clear indication that at the highest Them level in the Netherlands what happened to Adrienne, and the way its aftermath was shamefully mishandled, is now regarded as utterly unacceptable. 23 Rather than from the Dutch media, most of whom – with Them a few exceptions, including DutchNews.nl – have ranged from timid to indifferent in covering Adrienne’s awful story and its aftermath. Some royal bravery is needed there too.
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APPENDIX 36
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 2: The wolf is back, let it not die
out a second time
No Sentences Us/Them 1 The wolf is back. Us 2 Peaceful co-existence between wolves and sheep Us farmers is possible, says regional director Europe at International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) Joep van Mierlo. 3 It was Omroep Gelderland that bagged the scoop on Us May 19th: a wolf pair had settled in the Netherlands for the first time in over a century. 4 The two were spotted in the Veluwe national park. Us 5 The news was greeted with whoops of delight by Us many. 6 For decades the Netherlands has been conducting an Us environmental policy destined to lead to the return of the wolf. Over a 20 year period, hundreds of millions of euros were spent on the Natura 2000 network, the Flora and Fauna law and the list of protected species. 7 These efforts in the area of rules and regulations, Us execution, enforcement and the creation of ecoducts are now resulting in the return of the wolf. 8 Wolves go after deer and boar. Their remains form the Us basis for the so-called ‘carrion fauna’. They attract smaller carrion eaters, like beetles and butterflies as well as bigger carrion eaters like badgers, stone martens, birds such as the ospreys and even griffon vultures. The excrement of all these animals are spread over large areas and restores the mineral cycle which is out of balance in many of the country’s nature reserves. The wolf plays a key role in this process. 9 We regard the return of the wolf as a crowning Us achievement after years of shaping environmental policy. 10 We should prevent or limit sheep from being killed Us and so protect the wolf against itself. It can be done and would cost relatively little. 11 There are ways that have been proven to be effective to Us keep wolves away from sheep. Simple electric fences are a deterrent to wolves and will limit contact to a minimum. 12 In Germany many sheep farmers use electric fencing Us and netting in areas which are home to wolf packs and reports of attacks on sheep have been few and
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far between. They are not 100% effective but then nothing is. An airbag cannot guarantee you will survive every crash. 13 Wolf netting is relatively cheap. Some €2m will buy Us enough electric fences and netting to cover the east of the country in its entirety. That is peanuts compared to the huge investments that have been made in environmental schemes in the last 30 years. 14 By using netting, and other solutions, farmers and Us nature lovers together can keep both sheep and wolves safe. 15 Let it not die out a second time. Them 16 But the International Fund for Animal Welfare Them (IFAW) is afraid that others are less enthusiastic and may take action. 17 Judging from the emotional responses triggered by the Them return of the wolf, it is easy to see why the animal became extinct in the Netherlands 140 years ago. This time around we must do everything we can to make sure history doesn’t repeat itself. 18 Perhaps farmers never thought it would come to this. Them Now that it has they are panicking and calling for wolves to be culled, just as in Germany. But killing wolves would amount to a direct destruction of this capital investment. Wolves contribute to our ecosystems and promote an already endangered biodiversity. 19 IFAW is not blind to the darker side of the wolf’s return, Them which is primarily experienced by sheep farmers. Travel makes hungry and wolves will be tempted by an unprotected snack en route. Some 170 sheep were killed by wolves on the move last year. Some 1,600 sheep, almost ten times as many, were killed by stray dogs. 20 We understand how farmers feel when they see their Them sheep have been killed. They love their animals and want to look after them. For many farmers they are (part of) their livelihood. 21 But we mustn’t let emotions guide us. Them 22 If they don’t the wolves in the Netherlands will be Them doomed – again.
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APPENDIX 37
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 3: Why international newspapers reported the death of Noa Pothoven as ‘euthanasia’…when it
wasn’t
No Sentences Us/Them 1 When the phone rang on a Tuesday afternoon with a Us blocked number, I knew it was London. 2 Even to the English news editor, who doesn’t speak Us the tricky language of Dutch. 3 So why was there only one article about the death in the Us Dutch press, from a local paper that had published many interviews with Noa Pothoven from Arnhem and her family?. 4 The troubled young woman, and award-winning Us writer, who had been sexually abused and then traumatised by her experiences of psychiatric institutions in the Netherlands, had posted a message on her Instagram account – now deleted. In it, she announced her decision to stop eating and drinking due to her constant mental suffering and saying that she was being ‘let go’. She died last Sunday. 5 Although the report in the Algemeen Dagblad Us mentioned a euthanasia clinic high up in the copy, it was clear in other articles that this clinic had said she was not eligible for its help late last year. 6 So I picked up the telephone to the clinic and reached Us out to MP Liza Westerveld, who had campaigned on Ms Pothoven’s behalf, to ask if she could confirm – or debunk – the unlikely story. The clinic, citing patient privacy, couldn’t say much but a spokeswoman for Westerveld phoned me back saying that as far as they knew, the young woman had stopped eating. Westerveld had said goodbye to her last week and was very upset about her death. 7 The Daily Telegraph of London, to its credit, did not Us publish anything about the sad story, and at DutchNews.nl we wrote a news piece about a promising young writer who had died. Although Ms Pothoven went into detail about her suffering – also in her book Winning or Learning – we wanted to write about her life with respect. 8 Only when a Politico journalist reached a local Us Gelderlander journalist to debunk the story and called
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out the international madness on Twitter, the clinic issued a statement. 9 DutchNews.nl would like to extend our condolences Us to Ms Pothoven’s family and friends. 10 Why international newspapers reported the death of Them Noa Pothoven as ‘euthanasia’…when it wasn’t. 11 Sure enough, The Daily Telegraph had been calling me, Them asking me to check out a story. 12 There was something off about the unbylined, 12- Them paragraph story from the Central European News agency. 13 ‘This depressed 17-year-old girl who was raped as a Them young child and who felt she could no longer go on living has been legally euthanised at an “end-of-life clinic,”’ it began. 14 In the meantime, media outlets from News.com.au Them (from the News Corp Australia stable) to the Mail Online, Independent, Washington Post and The Times were reporting a ‘euthanasia’ as though it were fact – apparently having done no checking at all. 15 The editor of DutchNews.nl and I agreed that it was all Them very odd: if this were genuinely true, the Dutch media would be full of debate about it. Despite the aggressive interest from the rest of the world in the Netherlands’ euthanasia policy, cases around dementia and psychiatric issues are already controversial here – and subject to a high burden of proof for doctors, according to the Regional Euthanasia Review Committees’ annual reports. Every case is re-examined at regional and national level, and doctors who do not comply with strict laws and a set of new guidelines can be, and are being, prosecuted. 16 Westerveld posted a Tweet denying any ‘euthanasia’, Them did international papers issue corrections. Perhaps they were sorry; perhaps they were afraid of a libel suit. 17 But how did the story get so out of control? Clearly, Them there’s a pressure on international news outlets to keep up with the competition for clicks and when one outlet follows wire copy, more may well follow. It takes time to check things, and tight budgets mean various outlets try to cover smaller countries like The Netherlands with non-Dutch-speakers from bases like Brussels. 18 But just because you’ve eaten Dutch cheese once, that Them doesn’t mean you understand the culture – and the reporting seems to have been based around a true misunderstanding of how life and death are treated in the Netherlands.
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19 And hope that our media colleagues around the world Them will be more careful, and more kind, in the future.
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APPENDIX 38
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 4: Wynia’s Week: Refugees
need to work before they get settled in
No Sentences Us/Them 1 Wynia’s Week: Refugees need to work before they get Us settled in. 2 Some 18 months after arriving in the Netherlands, 5% Us of asylum seekers have a job. After 2.5 years 10% are in work, and this goes up to 25% after 3.5 years. Two thirds are still on benefits at this point. 3 Asylum seekers are treated as vulnerable people while Us most of them have shown great determination travelling great distances under very difficult circumstances. 4 Instead of making ‘inurgering’ courses the main Us occupation of asylum seekers who have gained a residency permit, the focus should now be on finding work, Koolmees said. But he is having a fight on his hands with local councils who want more money. Before his ideas become policy, at least two years will have gone by and Koolmees may no longer be in office. 5 Work is more important than courses, that much should Us become abundantly clear. Integration is best achieved through work. The new norm should be for asylum seekers to stand on their own two feet, instead of relying on the certainty of benefits over the uncertainty of paid work. 6 Housing for asylum seekers should not be spread across Us the country but concentrated in places where there are jobs. Let employers desperate for workers organise training and language courses. 7 Successive cabinets have put their own stamp on the Us inurgering process. Former social affairs minister Lodewijk Ascher (PvdA) introduced the so-called ‘participation declaration’ – managing to get this largely symbolic measure through parliament just before he stepped down on October 1 2017. 8 Asylum seekers are confronted with an avalanche of Us paperwork as it is and can do without this time- consuming and bureaucratic rigmarole. 9 So here, to finish are my five rules for helping asylum Us seekers into work. 10 The government’s strategy to get refugees into work Them needs an overhaul, says columnist Syp Wynia.
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11 Some four years ago, a wave of asylum seekers, Them among whom many Syrians, reached Western European shores to the reassuring noises of a few well- known Dutch personalities and various people in authority. Syrians, they said, were highly educated and would be an asset to Dutch society. The highest asylum centre chief predicted ‘an enormous empowerment for the Netherlands’. 12 On the whole, in reality Syrians haven’t done much Them better than other asylum seekers. Only a few of them had sufficient training to enter into higher education, most are unemployed and those who have a job mainly work part time. 13 And Syrians are not doing better than the average Them refugee. What was that about ‘empowerment’? 14 It’s a big problem. From 2014 onward some 200,000 Them asylum seekers, including relatives who joined them later, have come to the Netherlands and tens of thousands more arrive each year. 15 If unemployment among them remains this high and Them thousands of children grow up depending on benefits, then the current integration policy will become the latest grim chapter of this country’s immigration policy over the last 50 years. 16 It is not an easy problem to solve. Even after 15 years, Them only half of all asylum seekers are in work (usually simple part time jobs). If, in a time of labour shortages, asylum seekers hardly get a look-in, what will happen if the economy slows down, as it is already showing signs of doing? 17 It looks as if the current government policy is too Them circumspect, too fearful of seeming to be discriminatory. 18 Every single report and policy paper about integration Them problems is full of ‘coaching’ and ‘support’ and other pampering terms. It’s as if asylum seekers are small children without any responsibility of their own, whose inaction – there is no sanction on not working – is always someone else’s fault, usually the government’s. 19 The government’s asylum policy is not helping. Them Instead of promoting integration, it stands in its way. Fraud is wide-spread. Social affairs minister Wouter Koolmees (D66) has realised that things can’t go on this way. 20 But first and foremost: get rid of the government Them bureaucracy which stops asylum seekers from helping themselves.
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APPENDIX 39
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 5: Wynia’s Week: The Dutch
EU election results are not European
No Sentences Us/Them 1 Things were quite different in the rest of Europe. In Us some of the biggest countries of the European Union traditionally Europhile politicians got the boot. Italy and France rewarded Geert Wilders’ friends (Matteo Salvini and Marine le Pen) who won decisively. In the UK Nigel Farage’s Brexit party won most UK seats and in Poland and Hungary the nationalist government parties also won. 2 In Flanders the Vlaams Blok made a strong come-back Us (while the more moderate Flemish nationalists N-VA became the overall Belgian winner). In Denmark the populists lost to the Danish People’s Party but in Sweden the right-wing Sweden Democrats became the third biggest party. Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) seemed to have lost some of its impetus but in some East German states the allies of Salvini, Le Pen and Wilders got most of the votes. 3 Wynia’s Week: The Dutch EU election results are not Them European. 4 Populist parties were wiped out and the PvdA topped Them the polls, but it would be easy to be wrong-footed by the Dutch results of the EU elections, writes columnist Syp Wynia. 5 In last week’s European elections, the PvdA bagged the Them biggest win while the CDA and VVD managed a decent score. The populist parties on the left and right (SP and PVV) were wiped out and Forum voor Democratie got fewer votes than expected. GroenLinks won and D66 lost. It may look like the old order has been restored but that is far from certain. 6 So the Social Democratic victories in Spain, Them Scandinavia and the Netherlands and the Green surge in Germany do not tell the whole story. The biggest European countries not only provide the most MEPs but will also set the tone in the council of ministers and the European council, the top executive comprised of prime ministers and presidents. It was precisely where the powers that be became the powers that were. 7 In Germany both government parties (christian Them democrats and social democrats) faced substantial losses and that may cause Angela Merkel’s coalition to
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totter, especially if the SPD has anything to do with it. French president Emmanuel Macron is shown up by Le Pen who has now surpassed him in popular support. 8 Apart from the results for the EU parliament itself and Them the game of musical chairs that is the division of the top jobs a number of issues are far from resolved. 9 The EU elections are having an effect on the Them Netherlands as well. The PvdA is celebrating but not too much. The whole establishment is having a party because apart from D66, no one lost and some even won. 10 And more importantly, outsiders PVV and SP are out Them completely, promising some inner party turmoil. Thierry Baudet, well, he didn’t do that well either. And that is something the ‘party cartel’ is definitely not going to complain about.
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APPENDIX 40
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 6: Free Morgan Foundation in
court again in fight for wild orca
No Sentences Us/Them 1 Free Morgan Foundation in court again in fight for Us wild orca. 2 On Wednesday, the highest Dutch administrative Us court will hear legal arguments in the case of the wild-born orca know as Morgan, who was captured in the Wadden Sea and now languishes in Spanish tourist attraction. The Dutch government is to blame for her plight, say Matthew Spiegl and Dr Ingrid N Visser. 3 Infringement of EU law – including wildlife law – Us undermines the very foundation of the union. When acts of infringement are alleged, they must be acknowledged, addressed and resolved without excuse or delay. 4 The plight of captive cetaceans (whales, dolphins and Us porpoises) is subject to increasing scrutiny by enlightened nations as well as international academic and legal circles. 5 In June 2010 when a young orca was captured in the Us Wadden Sea, no competent person au fait with the relevant provisions of wildlife law would have imagined the tragic tale and trampling of Morgan’s rights that has ensued. 6 On 31 January 2014, the Free Morgan Foundation Us asked Bleker’s successor Sharon Dijksma about the involvement of the USA theme park group SeaWorld with Dutch and Spanish theme parks with regard to the sale and ‘ownership’ of Morgan, who as a wild-born individual was afforded special protection. 7 The sale, commercial exploitation and even Us breeding of protected animals is not a private’ matter. Rather, Article 8(1) of Council Regulation (EC) 338/97 clearly states: ‘The purchase, offer to purchase, acquisition for commercial purposes, display to the public for commercial purposes, use for commercial gain and sale, keeping for sale, offering for sale or transporting for sale of specimens of the species listed in Annex A shall be prohibited.’ 8 On 9 November 2015, the FMF wrote to Dijksma’s Us successor Martijn van Dam about SeaWorld’s
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involvement in the unauthorised sale, exploitation and potential breeding of Morgan. 9 On 26 November 2015, MP Marianne Thieme Us followed up with a written parliamentary question: Did you receive the letter of Free Morgan Foundation, which shows that the Loro Parque animal park intends to breed with the wild born orca Morgan, while this is contrary to the law? 10 The Dutch government’s institutional ignorance of Them union law and international conventions governing the trade in wildlife will be on ‘public display’ in the legal proceedings brought by the Free Morgan Foundation against the ministry of agriculture, nature and food quality on May 29. 11 The Dutch government’s flagrant infringement of Them wildlife law in the case of Morgan is chronicled in depth in a new article which highlights the mishandling of Morgan by officials and the courts. 12 In the years that followed Morgan’s capture, the Dutch Them government (through the actions of four successive ministers – Henk Bleker, Sharon Dijksma, Martijn van Dam and now Carola Schouten) has been duplicitous in ignoring EU law. It has allowed the sale and commercial exploitation of Morgan, resulting in her unauthorised breeding and the subsequent birth of her wild-captive hybrid calf in September 2018. 13 How did the Dutch government let this happen? Them 14 On 23 December 2011, MPs submitted written Them questions to Henk Bleker, the responsible minister at the time, asking: ‘What steps are you going to take to prevent Morgan from being used in a breeding programme, as according to your statements… this was not the basis for the permit you granted that made the move to Loro Parque possible?’ 15 Bleker evaded answering; dismissively ignoring the Them fact that breeding wild-born orcas must be pre- authorised. In his response dated 17 February 2012, Bleker stated with feigned naivety ‘the news that the orca has found a connection with others of her own species is good news’. But that is not the legal standard. 16 On 12 February 2014, Dijksma wrote to the FMF Them stating: ‘To determine who is the real owner of orca Morgan also depends on the intentions of and agreements made by the private parties involved in this case – Dolfinarium Harderwijk, Loro Parque and SeaWorld.’
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17 Dijksma’s rationalisation is the antithesis of the Them law’s intent that private parties may not secretly buy and sell protected species. 18 On 11 December 2015, Van Dam preliminarily Them answered Thieme, stating ‘I’ve received the letter and I will answer soon’. But Van Dam never answered Thieme’s questions as promised. 19 However, on 2 February 2016, a spokesperson for Van Them Dam stated: ‘When Morgan the orca was transported to Loro Parque, the Dutch authorities lost their jurisdiction over Morgan, and this includes any possible intention on the part of Loro Parque to breed Morgan.’ 20 On 26 April 2018, the district court in Utrecht ruled Them the Dutch government (namely the agriculture ministry which now has responsibility for captive animals) does retain jurisdiction over Morgan despite her movement to Loro Parque – Morgan was not ‘transferred to Spain’. She was moved within the European Union under the direction of the Dutch government. 21 Now agriculture minister Carola Schouten has an Them opportunity to right the terrible wrong that has befallen Morgan. Morgan’s case will soon be before the highest Dutch administrative court, where the flagrant misinterpretation of EU law on the ‘breeding’ of Morgan will face scrutiny. 22 Schouten can direct the ministry to make amends Them for the injustice that has befallen Morgan and work to facilitate the transfer of Morgan and her calf to a sea sanctuary. 23 But will she? Them
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APPENDIX 41
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 7: Wynia’s Week: taxation and
inflation – citizens are out of pocket
No Sentences Us/Them 1 Wynia’s Week: taxation and inflation – citizens are Us out of pocket. 2 When the economy revived between 2014 and 2019 Us citizens were going to reap the benefits, or so they were promised. 3 Even the usually sanguine Council of State has had Us enough and wants part of the budget surplus to go towards tax relief. 4 Meanwhile next year’s budget was done and dusted on Us April 26th. What it will look like no one knows until Prinsjesdag, five months from now. 5 Without them Dutch inflation would be at the Them European average of 1.5%. 6 The Dutch government knows how to look after itself Them but is leaving its citizens out of pocket, writes commentator Syp Wynia. 7 The third Mark Rutte-led government is still failing Them to deliver on spending power. Supermarket prices and energy bills are rising faster than wages. Taxes have been mounting to a record high, resulting in budget surpluses and rapidly diminishing government debt. Meanwhile the economy is showing signs of fatigue before people have even started to enjoy the fruits of its growth. 8 It is a little known fact that the Netherlands is the Them inflation champion of the European Union. Only some Eastern European countries are showing similarly high price hikes. In the Netherlands price increases – almost 3% in April on a yearly basis – are almost entirely the result of tax hikes under Rutte III. 9 And while wages are not completely stagnant, a raise of Them almost 3% is not on the cards. Dutch workers are, on average, not gaining but losing ground. 10 Higher value added tax on food (from 6% to 9%) Them resulted in a price hike of 3.6% compared to the year before. And energy prices went up by a whopping 11.6% because of higher taxes to finance climate measures, an increase never seen in the civilised world. Outside Europe (in Canada, Australia, and South Korea, for example) energy costs are down!
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11 The Dutch government is making life more Them expensive for its citizens but is sitting pretty itself. Finance minister Wopke Hoekstra (CDA) was looking at a surplus of €11.4bn last year, despite a pay rise for civil servants, increased healthcare costs and a considerable hike in European Union contribution. 12 The budget deficits of the first cabinets led by Rutte Them have rapidly turned into a budget surplus of 1.5 % of GDP. Hoekstra is raking it in thanks to tax hikes, and an as yet flourishing economy, prompting an IMF prediction of a reduction of Dutch government debt to 40% of GDP by 2023. 13 If this were to happen government debt would sink to Them the lowest level in the history of the Dutch kingdom, in itself no mean feat. But compare that to the disposable income of the Dutch workers which has hardly gone up since the turn of the century, not at all in line with the jubilant predictions of several cabinets, including Rutte III. That cabinet came about after an election campaign built around the economic situation of the citizens. 14 In practice, the collective tax burden – taxes and Them premiums – grew as it always did under Rutte, first to get rid of the budget deficit and please Brussels and secondly to finance the monumentally pretentious climate ambitions of this cabinet. And, last but not least, it grew to keep up with spiralling healthcare costs. 15 The collective tax burden in the Netherlands is much Them higher than in the rest of the developed world, according to OECD calculations. The European average is 34.2% of GDP. When Rutte first became prime minister in 2011 the Dutch came in at 35.9%. In 2019 it is 39.6%, the highest it has been for the last 25 years. 16 Income tax may have eased a bit this year but that does Them not compensate for higher taxes on tobacco, wind turbines and solar farms, higher taxes on cars, higher healthcare premiums and higher employee contributions. The current cabinet policy means those taxes will go up again in 2020. Those higher taxes are a result of a deliberate policy and there is no minister or coalition politician who can deny it. 17 In today’s money the rise of collective taxes under the Them Rutte cabinets amounts to a total of €30bn in extra taxes a year. Eight million households are now paying €3,750 more a year compared to 2011, the first year of the Rutte era. 18 Companies too have shouldered part of the higher tax Them burden, some 45% of the total the Council of State
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claims. But even so, the collective tax burden for the average household has still increased by over €2,000 under Rutte. 19 Despite a more lenient income tax under Rutte III this Them cabinet is still both the tax and inflation champions. Instead of a €1000 decrease as promised, the Dutch are paying a €1000 more. And that is without taking into account the future costs of electric cars and gas free homes. Who will pay for those is anyone’s guess. 20 The continuing tax hikes under Rutte are doubly sad Them because the signs are that the years of prosperity are coming to an end. From 2.17% growth in 2017 and 2.5% growth last year, the prognosis for this year and the next has tumbled to 1.5%. And for the years after that the cabinet predicts a growth of just over 1%. 21 When government finance was in a bad way – in 2012- Them 2013 in particular – taxes went up and so did prices. The result was that a failing economy became worse, bringing more unemployment and stagnating wages in its wake. 22 It never happened, as rising collective taxes creamed Them off any rise in spending power. 23 And now that a disposable income rise could – and it is Them very much ‘could’ – still happen, the economy is starting to tank and earlier promises count for nothing yet again. 24 But Rutte did say that ‘we must prepare for Them economically more difficult times’. 25 And yes, those times are not only coming they are Them here already. The economy is showing signs of slowing down before the purchasing power of the citizens of this country had a chance to profit from the good years.
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APPENDIX 42
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 8: Moroccans are doing very
well despite useless integration policy: D66
No Sentences Us/Them 1 Moroccans are doing very well despite useless Us integration policy: D66 2 Despite a worse than useless integration policy, young Us Dutch Moroccans are doing very well in the Netherlands, write D66 parliamentary party chairman Rob Jetten and integration spokesman Jan Paternotte. 3 It is 50 years ago this week that the Netherlands and Us Morocco signed to a special deal regulating the migration of Moroccan workers to the Netherlands. Despite a completely inadequate integration policy, integration has been a resounding success as the new and successful generation of Moroccans shows. 4 Although three quarters of the Moroccan Us ‘gastarbeiders’ who came to this country in the 1060s have returned to Morocco, many decided to stay. They, and their children and grandchildren in particular, have found their place in Dutch society and are putting their stamp on this country’s history. 5 Ajax’ Champions League success couldn’t have Us happened without Hakim Ziyech, parliament wouldn’t meet without Khadija Arib and the Voice of Holland wouldn’t be the same without Ali B and his positive energy. 6 These people are no longer the exception. The number Us of children with Moroccan roots whose schools advise them to go on to pre college or university secondary education exceeded 40% for the first time last year and shows the biggest increase of all population groups in the last 12 years. 7 One in three is now in a Havo or VWO stream. In 2005 Us that figure was only one in five. Girls, in particular, are doing well, tipping boys with a Dutch background to the post when it comes to gaining a diploma. ‘A remarkable advance’, the Telegraaf called it. 8 The number of second generation Moroccans on Us welfare benefits has dropped to 6.7%, or one in fifteen. Moroccan Dutch are increasingly marrying outside their own group. 9 That is not the whole story: Moroccans are still over- Us represented in the crime figures, although these too are
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dropping. Acceptance and emancipation of people who identify as lhbit still leaves much to be desired but, as a whole, the figures for the Moroccan Dutch are reason for optimism. 10 For Dutch Moroccans, in particular, this is an extra Us special achievement because they are most often the victims of prejudicial treatment. 11 ‘As a Moroccan I like to visit people at home’, joked Us stand-up comic Najib Amhali, referring to the image of Moroccans as born criminals. From former Labour MP Rob Oudkerk’s ‘kutmarokkanen’ [effing Moroccans, DN] to Wilders’ ‘fewer Moroccans’ chant Moroccans have been labelled as a group by the left and the right. 12 Fortunately the focus does shift every once in a while. Us Moroccan young professionals Mohcine Ouass and Mohammed Azzouz were recently singled out for praise by SCP director Kim Putters for their Gamechangers Academy which sees successful Moroccans coaching parents to stand up for an appropriate school advice for their children. 13 Once they were reunited with their families it was Us looked upon favourably when newcomers clustered together in an area. It did not matter because they would be going back anyway. Benefits were also given without asking too many questions. 14 And yet. Despite Wilders and despite decades of a Us completely useless integration policy a new generation of Moroccans is making a big success of itself. And that is quite an achievement. 15 We are calling on minister Koolmees to celebrate 50 Us years of Moroccan labour migration by making a radical change to the integration legislation, ensuring that newcomers will never have to battle their way up from such a disadvantaged position again. And let’s bury Rob Oudkerk’s’ K-word once and for all. 16 It’s a label that puts the score at 2-0 the moment a child Them with Moroccan roots is born in this country. Differences in school CITO test scores and advice regarding recommended further education show that Moroccan children are rated lower than their CITO scores would justify. 17 For the last few decades we have learned to encourage Them children, but when it comes to children with Moroccan roots the message is often that this is not their country. 18 And once a Moroccan girl graduates from university, Them perhaps the first in her family to do so, she is turned
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down for a job because her cv does not include a year in the management of a student organisation. 19 In 2017 the Vrije Universiteit found that ethnic origin is Them a determining factor for employers. A Dutch applicant with a police record for violence is three times more likely to receive a positive response than a person with an Arabic name and a blameless past. 20 Just think how quickly integration could take place Them if we ditched prejudice, discrimination and old boys networks. Why focus on incidents involving Moroccan Dutch who leave the straight and narrow when the bigger picture shows things are getting better all the time? 21 These efforts could have been avoided and integration Them could have been more successful still if the Dutch government hadn’t made a fundamental mistake 50 years ago. 22 The people who were recruited for work in the Them Netherlands were not seen as human beings but as working hours. ‘Get undressed, bend over, and be searched, like cattle’ Fahri Isik, one of the workers, described the vetting procedure he and others were subjected to at the time. Integration was not a goal. The men were put up in boarding houses, without language lessons or ‘inurgering’. 23 This was the origin of the communities which became Them Moroccan and Turkish islands in the big cities, with high unemployment and, later, high criminality. The politicians who opted for this laissez faire policy of integration were, in reality, committing a political crime. 24 Decades later lessons have not been learned. When Them tens of thousands of Syrian refugees came to the Netherlands they were treated in much the same way. Language classes were out because these might tempt people to stay. And once a residency permit was granted people were left to organise their own ‘inurgering’.
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APPENDIX 43
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 9: Organic food scandal
highlights farmer and inspection failures
No Sentences Us/Them 1 Organic farming is a challenging enterprise and requires Us farmers to have a wide variety of skills and experience. But given a certain degree of understanding, it allows farmers to operate with relative ease. 2 This week broadcaster RTL found that hundreds of Us Dutch organic food producers were being allowed to sell their products as organic, even though they did not meet all the rules. Organic expert Hugo Skoppek says the findings are a national scandal. 3 And what about the role of the government? Last year, Us farming minister Carola Schouten ordered an evaluation of Skal and said after its findings were made known that the organisation should make better use of its power to impose sanctions. 4 Let us be clear here. This is not just about a few organic Us farmers in violation of the EU regulations. This is about the reputation of the entire Dutch organic industry. Let us hope this scandal does not have repercussions throughout Europe as consumers lose confidence in Dutch organic products. 5 As citizens we rely on the government to do their job Us and provide the necessary oversight to ensure that our institutions function properly. This will become even more imperative as our societies implement the Paris Climate Agreement. In that context – as in the organic one – they must act effectively, reliably and forcefully. 6 I sincerely question SKAL’s lack of enforcement of Them its own policies. What is the point of setting an ultimatum and not enforcing it? If SKAL or its inspectors are perceived as being too lenient, that could be interpreted as allowing or even inviting non- compliance. This, too, should have been discovered during an internal review process and corrected. 7 Organic food scandal highlights farmer and Them inspection failures. 8 I am simply shocked. Nothing in life is 100%, but the Them fact that RTL investigators found hundreds of ‘organic’ products on sale that do not fully comply with the regulations for organic food in the Netherlands is indeed scandalous.
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9 We hear contemptuous statements about the organic Them integrity of producers in developing countries, implying that something like that does not exist in the Netherlands. Well, apparently it does. 10 From the type of violations reported by RTL nieuws, it Them appears that the farmers in question do not only lack a moderate understanding of organic practices and the EU organic regulations but have a blatant disregard for animal welfare which most farmers, organic or conventional, would despise. 11 There is no excuse for the repeated discovery of hungry Them pigs, calves without drinking water, overcrowded barns, and filthy cows. 12 So where does this leave Skal, the national control Them authority and therefore the independent supervisor for reliability of organic products in the Netherlands? 13 The findings of the RTL nieuws investigation clearly Them indicate that SKAL has failed its mandate. Almost 10% of the farmers don’t comply with some of the rules. If that figure had been 3-4%, I would consider it tolerable as an industry insider, although I believe that many consumers would still find this unacceptable. 14 What bothers me most is that one farmer was Them granted several three-month periods to provide his cows with straw. This should have been rectified on the spot with the inspector present. If the farmer did not have any straw available to comply, the structural problem which was later discovered would have been apparent right there and then.
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APPENDIX 44
Us and Them Analysis of News Co1umn No. 10: Universal suffrage is not so
universal in the Netherlands
No Sentences Us/Them 1 Not all taxpayers in the Netherlands are created equal Us and much needs to be done to ensure everyone has the right to vote, say Sally Wyatt and Hans Radder. 2 It is 100 years since the introduction of universal Us suffrage and the lower house of parliament is organising a series of activities aimed at greater public awareness of the value of our parliamentary democracy in which ‘every vote is of equal value’. 3 However, the democratic system is built on the Us principle that all citizens of a country should have a say in the nature and implementation of government policy. They are, after all, directly affected by its consequences. 4 It is high time the kinks in our constitution were Us ironed out. In his recent book, The people vs Democracy: Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it American political scientist Yascha Mounk advocates the concept of ‘inclusive patriotism’. 5 A democratic system lives by the involvement of Us citizens in the fortunes of the country or region in which they live. That involvement needs to include not just some but all of those who live there. The introduction of truly universal suffrage in the Netherlands and Europe would bring such an inclusive patriotism one step closer. 6 Universal suffrage is not so universal in the Them Netherlands. 7 With the provincial elections just behind us and the Them European elections around the corner, analyses and articles abound. But there is one issue that hardly ever makes the news: that of suffrage. The right to vote, and to be voted for, is an essential part of democracy. Universal suffrage is the result of a long historical process in which the right to vote was granted step by step to more and more citizens. 8 But in practice some votes are more equal than Them others. In the present system only Dutch nationals can vote in the national and provincial elections and, indirectly, the election of the senate) while the European elections are open to all EU nationals.
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9 The first kink in the current system is that people Them with a Dutch passport who have been living, say, in Canada for 20 years are eligible to vote in both the national and European elections. They are given a say in policies which will affect them very little, if at all. This is primarily a point of principle, as very few people in this category actually avail themselves of this right. 10 The second kink is of practical importance as well. A Them person who has lived in this country for 20 years and paid tax for every one of them is deprived of the democratic right to vote in the national and provincial elections because she holds a Canadian passport and not a Dutch one. 11 A large number of people who have lived here legally Them and for a long period of time (over five years, say) but who do not have the right passport are unjustifiably excluded from ‘universal’ suffrage. It seems ‘inurgering’ – the process of integrating into Dutch society – is largely a matter of duties rather than rights. 12 The system is also strangely inconsistent. Local Them council elections are open to anyone who has been legally resident in this country for over five years while for the water board elections anyone registered here is eligible. 13 The link with nationality, so eagerly criticised by Them the Dutch where countries such as Morocco and Turkey are concerned, goes against the principle at the heart of a democratic system.
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APPENDIX 45
Categories of Judgment Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues in News
Columns of DutchNews.nl
Positive Negative News Admire Praise Criticise Condemn Columns Occurence Pct (%) Occurence Pct (%) Occurence Pct (%) Occ Pct (%) 1 1 6,3 1 7,1 3 12,5 3 12,6 2 2 12,4 2 14,3 1 4,2 2 8,3 3 2 12,4 2 14,3 2 8,3 2 8,3 4 3 18,8 2 14,3 3 12,5 2 8,3 5 1 6,3 0 0,0 4 16,7 4 16,7 6 2 12,4 3 21,4 2 8,3 2 8,3 7 1 6,3 0 0,0 4 16,7 3 12,6 8 3 18,8 3 21,4 2 8,3 2 8,3 9 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 4,2 2 8,3 10 1 6,3 1 7,1 2 8,3 2 8,3 Total 16 100,0 14 100,0 24 100,0 24 100,0
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APPENDIX 46
Categories of Appreciation Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues in News
Columns of DutchNews.nl
Positive Negative News Reaction Composition Valuation Reaction Composition Valuation Columns Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) 1 2 22,2 1 7,1 1 7,7 1 7,1 0 0,0 1 7,1 2 3 33,4 3 21,5 2 15,3 1 7,1 0 0,0 1 7,1 3 0 0,0 1 7,1 1 7,7 1 7,1 2 16,7 1 7,1 4 1 11,1 2 14,4 2 15,4 2 14,4 1 8,3 2 14,4 5 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 7,7 1 7,1 1 8,3 1 7,1 6 1 11,1 1 7,1 1 7,7 2 14,4 2 16,7 2 14,4 7 0 0,0 1 7,1 1 7,7 4 28,6 3 25,1 3 21,5 8 2 22,2 3 21,5 2 15,4 1 7,1 1 8,3 1 7,1 9 0 0,0 1 7,1 1 7,7 1 7,1 1 8,3 1 7,1 10 0 0,0 1 7,1 1 7,7 0 0,0 1 8,3 1 7,1 Total 9 100,0 14 100,0 13 100,0 14 100,0 12 100,0 14 100,0
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APPENDIX 47
Categories of Affect Analysis of Ten Social Welfare Issues in News Columns
of DutchNews.nl
Positive Negative News Happiness Security Satisfaction Unhappiness Insecurity Dissatisfaction Columns Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) Occ Pct(%) 1 2 33,2 2 25,0 2 66,7 1 11,1 1 9,1 1 11,1 2 1 16,7 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 11,1 1 9,1 1 11,1 3 1 16,7 1 12,5 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 9,1 1 11,1 4 1 16,7 2 25,0 1 33,3 1 11,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 5 0 0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 9,1 1 11,1 6 0 0 1 12,5 0 0,0 1 11,1 2 18,2 1 11,1 7 0 0 1 12,5 0 0,0 1 11,1 1 9,1 1 11,1 8 1 16,7 1 12,5 0 0,0 1 11,1 1 9,1 0 0,0 9 0 0 0 0,0 0 0,0 2 22,2 2 18,2 2 22,2 10 0 0 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 11,1 1 9,1 1 11,1 Total 6 100,0 8 100,0 3 100,0 9 100,0 11 100,0 9 100,0
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APPENDIX 48
News Column No. 1: Dutch royal visit to Ireland included a brave gesture of respect https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/06/dutch-royal-visit-to-ireland-included- a-brave-gesture-of-respect/
By Peter Cluskey
Adrienne, an Irish woman, born in Sligo, raised in Limerick and educated in Cork, died of cervical cancer in Amsterdam last New Year’s Eve at the age of 58 – a victim of medical negligence at one of the Netherlands’ largest university hospitals, UMC Utrecht (Paragraph 6 in News Column No. 1 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Condemn of Judgment Social Sanction).
She also campaigned for an EU-wide ban on gagging clauses in medical settlements, after we repeatedly refused to sign (Paragraph 10 in News Column No. 1 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Condemn of Judgment Social Sanction).
However, on the fringes of a reception in Dublin last Thursday evening – after two weeks of careful preparation by the Dutch ambassador in Dublin, Adriaan Palm – king Willem-Alexander shook me by the hand, looked me in the eye, and said ‘What happened to your wife, Adrienne, was terrible …’ (Paragraph 12 in News Column No. 1 is the Highest Occurence for Affect of Security).
‘What she has done has brought about change,’ he said, ‘but her loss must be very, very, difficult for you’ (Paragraph 16 in News Column No. 1 is the Highest Occurence for Affect of Security)
* Peter Cluskey is a third-generation journalist and broadcaster based in The Hague, where he covers Dutch news, politics, and the work of organizations such as the International Criminal Court. Prior to the Irish Times, he worked with RTE as Industry Editor, Business Correspondent, TV newscaster and radio presenter. He was a regular co-presenter of Morning Ireland, the radio programme with Ireland’s biggest daily listenership. He also presented The News at One, This Week and World Report. He has reported extensively from the Middle East, particularly Israel and Lebanon, as well as from Belfast, London, France and Japan. Peter is an editorial consultant to UNESCO.
This article was first published in the Irish Times
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APPENDIX 49
News Column No. 2: The wolf is back, let it not die out a second time https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/06/the-wolf-is-back-let-it-not-die-out-a- second-time/
This column was published earlier in the Volkskrant
These efforts in the area of rules and regulations, execution, enforcement and the creation of ecoducts are now resulting in the return of the wolf (Paragraph 4 in News Column No. 2 is the Highest Occurence for Capacity Admire of Judgment Social Esteem).
We regard the return of the wolf as a crowning achievement after years of shaping environmental policy (Paragraph 7 in News Column No. 2 is the Highest Occurence for Capacity Admire of Judgment Social Esteem).
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APPENDIX 50
News Column No. 3: Why international newspapers reported the death of Noa
Pothoven as ‘euthanasia’…when it wasn’t
https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/06/why-international-newspapers- reported-the-death-of-noa-pothoven-as-euthanasia-when-it-wasnt/
By Senay Boztas
* Senay Boztas is a journalist who writes news and features on northern Europe, with a particular interest in innovative new technologies and businesses
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APPENDIX 51
News Column No. 4: Wynia’s Week: Refugees need to work before they get
settled in https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/06/wynias-week-refugees-need-to-work- before-they-get-settled-in/
By Syp Wynia
So here, to finish are my five rules for helping asylum seekers into work (Paragraph 17 in News Column No. 4 is the Highest Occurence for Affect of Security).
Put work before inurgering (Paragraph 18 in News Column No. 4 is the Highest Occurence for Affect of Security).
* Syp Wynia is a journalist and columnist who writes primarily on politics and economics, as well as Europe, migration and the government’s finances.
This column was first published in Wynia’s Week.
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APPENDIX 52
News Column No. 5: Wynia’s Week: The Dutch EU election results are not
European
https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/05/wynias-week-the-dutch-eu-election- results-are-not-european/
By Syp Wynia
Apart from the results for the EU parliament itself and the game of musical chairs that is the division of the top jobs a number of issues are far from resolved (Paragraph 8 in News Column No. 5 is the Highest Occurence for Capacity Criticise of Judgment Social Esteem).
The relatively high turnout for this election does not point to a greater popularity of the European parliament but illustrates the political sensitivity of European themes – which doesn’t mean that some of the campaigns were not completely national in character (Paragraph 14 in News Column No. 5 is the Highest Occurence for Capacity Criticise of Judgment Social Esteem)
Populist parties were wiped out and the PvdA topped the polls, but it would be easy to be wrong-footed by the Dutch results of the EU elections, writes columnist Syp Wynia (Paragraph 1 in News Column No. 5 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Condemn of Judgment Social Sanction).
And more importantly, outsiders PVV and SP are out completely, promising some inner party turmoil. Thierry Baudet, well, he didn’t do that well either. And that is something the ‘party cartel’ is definitely not going to complain about (Paragraph 15 in News Column No. 5 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Condemn of Judgment Social Sanction).
Wynia’s Week: The Dutch EU election results are not European (Title in News Columns No. 5 for showing that an editor may write against)
Populist parties were wiped out and the PvdA topped the polls, but it would be easy to be wrong-footed by the Dutch results of the EU elections, writes columnist Syp Wynia. In last week’s European elections, the PvdA bagged the biggest win while the CDA and VVD managed a decent score (Paragraph 1 in News Column No. 5 for showing that an editor may write against).
The populist parties on the left and right (SP and PVV) were wiped out and Forum voor Democratie got fewer votes than expected. GroenLinks won and D66 lost. It may look like the old order has been restored but that is far from certain (Paragraph 2 in News Column No. 5 for showing that an editor may write against).
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So the Social Democratic victories in Spain, Scandinavia and the Netherlands and the Green surge in Germany do not tell the whole story. The biggest European countries not only provide the most MEPs but will also set the tone in the council of ministers and the European council, the top executive comprised of prime ministers and presidents. It was precisely where the powers that be became the powers that were (Paragraph 5 in News Column No. 5 for showing that an editor may write against).
In Germany both government parties (christian democrats and social democrats) faced substantial losses and that may cause Angela Merkel’s coalition to totter, especially if the SPD has anything to do with it. French president Emmanuel Macron is shown up by Le Pen who has now surpassed him in popular support (Paragraph 6 in News Column No. 5 for showing that an editor may write against).
The EU elections are having an effect on the Netherlands as well. The PvdA is celebrating but not too much. The whole establishment is having a party because apart from D66, no one lost and some even won (Paragraph 8 in News Column No. 5 for showing that an editor may write against).
Things were quite different in the rest of Europe. In some of the biggest countries of the European Union traditionally Europhile politicians got the boot. Italy and France rewarded Geert Wilders’ friends (Matteo Salvini and Marine le Pen) who won decisively. In the UK Nigel Farage’s Brexit party won most UK seats and in Poland and Hungary the nationalist government parties also won (Paragraph 3 in News Column No. 5 for showing that an editor may write certain ideology).
In Flanders the Vlaams Blok made a strong come-back (while the more moderate Flemish nationalists N-VA became the overall Belgian winner). In Denmark the populists lost to the Danish People’s Party but in Sweden the right- wing Sweden Democrats became the third biggest party. Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) seemed to have lost some of its impetus but in some East German states the allies of Salvini, Le Pen and Wilders got most of the votes (Paragraph 4 in News Column No. 5 for showing that an editor may write certain ideology).
* Syp Wynia is a journalist and columnist who writes primarily on politics and economics, as well as Europe, migration and the government’s finances.
This column was first published in Wynia’s Week.
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APPENDIX 53
News Column No. 6: Free Morgan Foundation in court again in fight for wild
orca
https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/05/free-morgan-foundation-in-court- again-in-fight-for-wild-orca/
On 9 November 2015, the FMF wrote to Dijksma’s successor Martijn van Dam about SeaWorld’s involvement in the unauthorised sale, exploitation and potential breeding of Morgan (Paragraph 15 in News Column No. 6 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Praise of Judgment Social Sanction).
On 26 November 2015, MP Marianne Thieme followed up with a written parliamentary question: Did you receive the letter of Free Morgan Foundation, which shows that the Loro Parque animal park intends to breed with the wild born orca Morgan, while this is contrary to the law? (Paragraph 16 in News Column No. 6 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Praise of Judgment Social Sanction).
Dijksma’s rationalisation is the antithesis of the law’s intent that private parties may not secretly buy and sell protected species (Paragraph 14 in News Column No. 6 is the Highest Occurence for Affect in Insecurity)
But will she? (Paragraph 22 in News Column No. 6 is the Highest Occurence for Affect of Insecurity)
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APPENDIX 54
News Column No. 7: Wynia’s Week: taxation and inflation – citizens are out of pocket
https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/05/wynias-week-taxation-and-inflation- citizens-are-out-of-pocket/
By Syp Wynia
And yes, those times are not only coming they are here already. The economy is showing signs of slowing down before the purchasing power of the citizens of this country had a chance to profit from the good years (Paragraph 20 in News Column No. 7 is the Highest Occurence for Capacity Criticise of Judgment Social Esteem).
The Dutch government is making life more expensive for its citizens but is sitting pretty itself. Finance minister Wopke Hoekstra (CDA) was looking at a surplus of €11.4bn last year, despite a pay rise for civil servants, increased healthcare costs and a considerable hike in European Union contribution (Paragraph 6 in News Column No. 7 is the Highest Occurence for Capacity Criticise of Judgment Social Esteem).
The Dutch Government knows how to look after itself but is leaving its citizens out of pocket, writes commentator Syp Wynia (Paragraph 1 in News Column No. 7 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Condemn of Judgment Social Sanction).
When government finance was in a bad way – in 2012-2013 in particular – taxes went up and so did prices. The result was that a failing economy became worse, bringing more unemployment and stagnating wages in its wake (Paragraph 17 in News Column No. 7 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Condemn of Judgment Social Sanction).
It is a little known fact that the Netherlands is the inflation champion of the European Union. Only some Eastern European countries are showing similarly high price hikes. In the Netherlands price increases – almost 3% in April on a yearly basis – are almost entirely the result of tax hikes under Rutte III (Paragraph 3 in News Column No. 7 is the Highest Occurence for Negative Reaction of Appreciation).
And while wages are not completely stagnant, a raise of almost 3% is not on the cards. Dutch workers are, on average, not gaining but losing ground (Paragraph 4 in News Column No. 7 is the Higest Occurence for Negative Reaction of Appreciation).
The collective tax burden in the Netherlands is much higher than in the rest of the developed world, according to OECD calculations. The European average is
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34.2% of GDP. When Rutte first became prime minister in 2011 the Dutch came in at 35.9%. In 2019 it is 39.6%, the highest it has been for the last 25 years (Paragraph 9 in News Column No. 7 is the Highest Occurence for Negative Reaction of Appreciation). But Rutte did say that ‘we must prepare for economically more difficult times’ (Paragraph 18 in News Column No. 7 is the Highest Occurence for Negative Reaction of Appreciation)
Without them Dutch inflation would be at the European average of 1.5% (Paragraph 4 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values)
When the economy revived between 2014 and 2019 citizens were going to reap the benefits, or so they were promised (Paragraph 17 in News Column No. 7 for Positive Values).
Even the usually sanguine Council of State has had enough and wants part of the budget surplus to go towards tax relief (Paragraph 18 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
Wynia’s Week: taxation and inflation – citizens are out of pocket (Title in News Columns No. 7 for Positive Values).
The Dutch Government knows how to look after itself but is leaving its citizens out of pocket, writes commentator Syp Wynia (Paragraph 1 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
The third Mark Rutte-led government is still failing to deliver on spending power. Supermarket prices and energy bills are rising faster than wages. Taxes have been mounting to a record high, resulting in budget surpluses and rapidly diminishing government debt. Meanwhile the economy is showing signs of fatigue before people have even started to enjoy the fruits of its growth (Paragraph 2 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
And while wages are not completely stagnant, a raise of almost 3% is not on the cards. Dutch workers are, on average, not gaining but losing ground (Paragraph 4 in News Column No. 7 for Positive Values).
If this were to happen government debt would sink to the lowest level in the history of the Dutch kingdom, in itself no mean feat. But compare that to the disposable income of the Dutch workers which has hardly gone up since the turn of the century, not at all in line with the jubilant predictions of several cabinets, including Rutte III. That cabinet came about after an election campaign built around the economic situation of the citizens (Paragraph 8 in News Column No. 7 for Positive Values).
In practice, the collective tax burden – taxes and premiums – grew as it always did under Rutte, first to get rid of the budget deficit and please Brussels and secondly to finance the monumentally pretentious climate ambitions of this cabinet.
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And, last but not least, it grew to keep up with spiralling healthcare costs (Paragraph 9 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
The collective tax burden in the Netherlands is much higher than in the rest of the developed world, according to OECD calculations. The European average is 34.2% of GDP (Paragraph 10 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
Income tax may have eased a bit this year but that does not compensate for higher taxes on tobacco, wind turbines and solar farms, higher taxes on cars, higher healthcare premiums and higher employee contributions. The current cabinet policy means those taxes will go up again in 2020. Those higher taxes are a result of a deliberate policy and there is no minister or coalition politician who can deny it (Paragraph 11 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
In today’s money the rise of collective taxes under the Rutte cabinets amounts to a total of €30bn in extra taxes a year. Eight million households are now paying €3,750 more a year compared to 2011, the first year of the Rutte era (Paragraph 12 in News Column No. 7 for Positive Values).
Companies too have shouldered part of the higher tax burden, some 45% of the total the Council of State claims. But even so, the collective tax burden for the average household has still increased by over €2,000 under Rutte (Paragraph 13 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
Despite a more lenient income tax under Rutte III this cabinet is still both the tax and inflation champions. Instead of a €1000 decrease as promised, the Dutch are paying a €1000 more. And that is without taking into account the future costs of electric cars and gas free homes. Who will pay for those is anyone’s guess (Paragraph 14 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
The continuing tax hikes under Rutte are doubly sad because the signs are that the years of prosperity are coming to an end. From 2.17% growth in 2017 and 2.5% growth last year, the prognosis for this year and the next has tumbled to 1.5%. And for the years after that the cabinet predicts a growth of just over 1% (Paragraph 15 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
When government finance was in a bad way – in 2012-2013 in particular – taxes went up and so did prices. The result was that a failing economy became worse, bringing more unemployment and stagnating wages in its wake (Paragraph 16 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
And now that a disposable income rise could – and it is very much ‘could’ – still happen, the economy is starting to tank and earlier promises count for nothing yet again (Paragraph 18 in News Column No. 7 for Negative Values).
And yes, those times are not only coming they are here already. The economy is showing signs of slowing down before the purchasing power of the
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citizens of this country had a chance to profit from the good years (Paragraph 20 in News Column No. 7 for Positive Values). * Syp Wynia is a journalist and columnist who writes primarily on politics and economics, as well as Europe, migration and the government’s finances.
This column was first published in Wynia’s Week.
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APPENDIX 55
News Column No. 8: Moroccans are doing very well despite useless integration
policy: D66
https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/05/moroccans-are-doing-very-well- despite-useless-integration-policy-d66/
This article was published earlier in the Volkskrant
Ajax’ Champions League success couldn’t have happened without Hakim Ziyech, parliament wouldn’t meet without Khadija Arib and the Voice of Holland wouldn’t be the same without Ali B and his positive energy (Paragraph 4 in News Column No. 8 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Praise of Judgment Social Sanction).
Once they were reunited with their families it was looked upon favourably when newcomers clustered together in an area. It did not matter because they would be going back anyway. Benefits were also given without asking too many questions (Paragraph 19 in News Column No. 8 is the Highest Occurence for Propriety Praise of Judgment Social Sanction).
These people are no longer the exception. The number of children with Moroccan roots whose schools advise them to go on to pre college or university secondary education exceeded 40% for the first time last year and shows the biggest increase of all population groups in the last 12 years (Paragraph 5 in News Column No. 8 is the Highest Occurence for Positive Composition of Appreciation).
The number of second generation Moroccans on welfare benefits has dropped to 6.7%, or one in fifteen. Moroccan Dutch are increasingly marrying outside their own group (Paragraph 7 in News Column No. 8 is the Highest Occurence for Positive Composition of Appreciation).
Fortunately the focus does shift every once in a while. Moroccan young professionals Mohcine Ouass and Mohammed Azzouz were recently singled out for praise by SCP director Kim Putters for their Gamechangers Academy which sees successful Moroccans coaching parents to stand up for an appropriate school advice for their children (Paragraph 16 in News Column No. 8 is the Highest Occurence for Positive Composition of Appreciation)
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APPENDIX 56
News Column No. 9: Organic food scandal highlights farmer and inspection failures
https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/05/organic-food-scandal-highlights- farmer-and-inspection-failures/
Let us be clear here. This is not just about a few organic farmers in violation of the EU regulations. This is about the reputation of the entire Dutch organic industry. Let us hope this scandal does not have repercussions throughout Europe as consumers lose confidence in Dutch organic products (Paragraph 13 in News Column No. 9 is the Highest Occurence for Affect of Insecurity).
We hear contemptuous statements about the organic integrity of producers in developing countries, implying that something like that does not exist in the Netherlands. Well, apparently it does (Paragraph 3 in News Column No. 9 is the Highest Occurence for Affect of Insecurity)
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APPENDIX 57
News Column No. 10: Universal suffrage is not so universal in the Netherlands
https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/04/universal-suffrage-is-not-so- universal-in-the-netherlands/
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