Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators

Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province Including the states of: Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin And parts of: Maine, New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont and NAPPC Table of CONTENTS Why Support Pollinators? 4 Getting Started 5 Laurentian Mixed Forest Province 6 Meet the Pollinators 8 Plant Traits 10 Developing Plantings 1 Farms 13 Public Lands 14 Home Landscapes 15 Bloom Periods 16 Plants That Attract Pollinators 18 Habitat Hints 0 Checklist Resources and Feedback 3 This is one of several guides for different regions in the United States. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making the future guides useful. Please contact us at [email protected] Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Ecological Region of the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province Including the states of: Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin And parts of: Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont a nappc and Pollinator Partnership™ Publication This guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Plant Conservation Alliance, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership™ (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org). Laurentian Mixed Forest Province 3 Why support pollinators? IN THEIR 1996 BOOK, THE FORGOTTEN POLLINATORS, Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction Farming feeds of 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us “ depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems the world, and that helps sustain our quality of life. Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set we must remember and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food sources increase. that pollinators Apples, cucumbers, soybeans, squash, and asparagus are some of the crops raised in the Laurentian Mixed Forest that rely on honey bees and native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately $10 are a critical billion worth of crops in the U.S. each year. Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, link in our food disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss of commercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has highlighted how severe the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused systems. by disease, pesticide use, insufficient nutrition, and transportation practices. ” Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry -- Paul Growald, provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources. Co-Founder, The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us understand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well. Pollinator partnership It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world. Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them. Val Dolcini President & CEO Pollinator Partnership 4 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Getting Started THIS REGIONAL GUIDE IS just one States Forest Service, is a system these months. in a series of plant selection tools created as a management tool This province is characterized designed to provide information and is used to predict responses primarily by deciduous forests on how individuals can influence to land management practices comprised of yellow birch, sugar pollinator populations through throughout large areas. This guide maple, and American beech, but choices they make when they farm addresses pollinator-friendly land also includes several species of a plot of ground, manage large management practices in what is conifers, including white pine and tracts of public land, or plant a known as the Laurentian Mixed eastern hemlock. garden. Each of us can have a Forest Province. Long before there were homes positive impact by providing the Portions of seven states make up and farms in this area, the original, essential habitat requirements for the 147,300 square miles of this natural vegetation provided pollinators including food, water, province with elevations ranging continuous cover and adjacent shelter, and enough space to allow from a high of 2,400 feet to sea level. feeding opportunities for wildlife, pollinators to raise their young. The topography primarily includes including pollinators. In choosing Pollinators travel through the flat areas, but also includes areas plants, aim to create habitat for landscape without regard to of low rolling hills. This region has pollinators that allow adequate food, property ownership or state many glacial features including shelter, and water sources. Most boundaries. We’ve chosen to use lakes, outwash plains, and morainic pollinators have very small home R.G. Bailey’s classification system hills. Average annual temperatures ranges. You can make a difference to identify the geographic focus range from 35° to 50°F. by understanding the vegetation of this guide and to underscore The long, moderately severe winters patterns on the farm, forest, or the connections between climate of this province restrict the growing neighbor’s yard adjacent to yours and vegetation types that affect season for agriculture, leaving only and by making planting choices the diversity of pollinators in the 100-140 frost-free days per year that support the pollinators’ need environment. on average. Summer weather is for food and shelter as they move Bailey’s Ecoregions of the United unstable since this province lies through the landscape. States, developed by the United within the main cyclonic belt during Laurentian Mixed Forest Province 5 Understanding the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province n This region is designated number 212 in the Baileys’ Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to: www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help. n 147,300 square miles within 7 states. n Mostly flat,with some rolling hills and many glacial features such as lakes,morainic hills, drumlins, eskers,and outwash plains. n Elevations ranging from 2,400 feet to sea level. n Average annual temperature range from 35°–50°F. n Average year-round precipitation between 24-45 inches. n USDA Hardiness Zones 3b-6b (1990 version). Characteristics n Dominated by deciduous forests comprised of yellow birch, sugar maple, and American beech,but also includes several species of conifers, including white pine and eastern hemlock. n In areas where lightning storms frequently occur in summer, pines forming a forest canopy often are the first to regenerate after a forest fire. n Greatly varied soil including peat, marl, clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders. 6 Selecting Plants for Pollinators The Laurentian Mixed “Adding native plantings in riparian areas Forest Province includes: Michigan to improve pollinator habitat makes Minnesota sense in advancing our family farm’s Wisconsin conservation and economic objectives, and parts of: Maine enhancing beneficial wildlife and New York improving pollination in our orchard Pennsylvania Vermont and garden.” --Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President, National Association of Conservation Districts Laurentian Mixed Forest Province Meet the Pollinators Who are the Solitary bees include carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.), which nest in wood; pollinators? digger, or polyester bees (Colletes spp.), which nest underground; Bees leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.), Bees are well documented which prefer dead trees or branches pollinators in the natural and for their nest sites; and mason bees agricultural systems of the (Osmia spp.), which utilize cavities Laurentian Mixed Forest Province. that they find in stems and dead A wide range of crops including wood. Cactus bees (Diadasia spp.) soybean, apple, cucumber, squash are also solitary ground nesters. and asparagus are just a few plants that benefit from bee pollinators. Butterflies Most of us are familiar with the Gardeners have been attracting colonies of honey bees that have butterflies to their gardens for been the workhorses of agricultural some time. These insects tend to Photo by Janet Allen Janet by Photo pollination for years in the United be eye-catching, as are the flowers A Coneflower being pollinated by a States. They were imported from that attract them. Position flowering Black Swallowtail. Europe almost 400 years ago. plants where they have full sun and There are nearly 4000 species of are protected from the wind. Also, native ground and twig nesting bees you will need

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