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Light Intensity and Quality from Sole-Source Light-Emitting Diodes

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Light Intensity and Quality from Sole-Source Light-Emitting Diodes CROP PRODUCTION HORTSCIENCE 51(5):497–503. 2016. 2016). Specifically, microgreens of the genus Brassica have become a popular choice due to the ease of germination, relatively short Light Intensity and Quality from production time (7 to 21 d), and wide offering of intense flavors and colors (Xiao et al., 2012). Sole-source Light-emitting Diodes Impact Several commercial growers are currently producing microgreens in greenhouses using Growth, Morphology, and Nutrient soilless media in trays. Microgreens are also produced hydroponically using capillary mats placed in troughs, similar to those used Content of Brassica Microgreens in a nutrient film technique system. Another Joshua R. Gerovac and Joshua K. Craver technique being used is a combination of Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, hydroponics and SS lighting in multilayer vertical growing systems (Resh, 2013). Mul- West Lafayette, IN 47907 tilayer vertical growing systems using SS Jennifer K. Boldt lighting were first developed and implemented commercially in Japan in the early 2000s USDA-ARS, Greenhouse Production Research Group, 2801 W. Bancroft (Goto, 2012). Although fluorescent lamps Street, Mail Stop 604, Toledo, OH 43606 were initially used as the standard light 1 source, growers have begun replacing them Roberto G. Lopez with LED arrays. Several operations world- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, wide have implemented this technology as Room A288, East Lansing, MI 48824 LEDs have become more economically viable due to increased efficiency and decreased cost Additional index words. controlled environment agriculture, LEDs, multilayer production, (Goto, 2012). urban agriculture Multilayer vertical growing operations Abstract. Multilayer vertical production systems using sole-source (SS) lighting can be have substantial energy costs due to the used for the production of microgreens; however, traditional SS lighting methods can amount of electricity required for SS lighting consume large amounts of electrical energy. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) offer many and temperature management (Goto, 2012). advantages over conventional light sources, including high photoelectric conversion Light-emitting diodes offer many advantages efficiencies, narrowband spectral light quality (LQ), low thermal output, and adjustable over conventional light sources, including light intensities (LIs). The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of SS LEDs of high photoelectric conversion efficiencies, different light qualities and intensities on growth, morphology, and nutrient content of narrowband spectral distribution, low ther- Brassica microgreens. Purple kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.), mizuna mal output, and adjustable LIs (Yeh and (Brassica rapa L. var. japonica), and mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. ‘Garnet Chung, 2009). These advantages may be- Giant’] were grown in hydroponic tray systems placed on multilayer shelves in a walk-in come even more prevalent and defined as growth chamber. A daily light integral (DLI) of 6, 12, or 18 mol·mL2·dL1 was achieved technology and research continue to improve. from commercially available SS LED arrays with light ratios (%) of red:green:blue Another potential advantage of using LEDs is the ability to select light qualities 74:18:8 (R74:G18:B8), red:blue 87:13 (R87:B13), or red:far-red:blue 84:7:9 (R84:FR7:B9) with a total photon flux (TPF) from 400 to 800 nm of 105, 210, or 315 mmol·mL2·sL1 for 16 and intensities that have beneficial effects on hours. Regardless of LQ, as the LI increased from 105 to 315 mmol·mL2·sL1, hypocotyl plant growth and photomorphogenesis (Goto, length (HL) decreased and percent dry weight (DW) increased for kohlrabi, mizuna, and 2012). The ability to impact growth of micro- greens has been recently investigated using mustard microgreens. With increasing LI, leaf area (LA) of kohlrabi generally decreased and relative chlorophyll content (RCC) increased. In addition, nutrient content increased SS LEDs at different LIs. Samuoliene et al. under low LIs regardless of LQ. The results from this study can help growers to select LIs (2013) found that increasing the photosyn- and LQs from commercially available SS LEDs to achieve preferred growth character- thetic photon flux (PPF) of SS LED lighting istics of Brassica microgreens. with a red:far-red:blue light ratio (%) of 91:1:8 (R91:FR1:B8) led to significantly re- duced hypocotyl elongation of kohlrabi (B. oleracea var. gongylodes ‘Delicacy Purple’), Microgreens and baby greens are a rela- hypocotyl when the first set of true leaves tatsoi (B. rapa var. rosularis), and mustard tively new specialty crop appearing in many start to emerge, while baby greens are har- (B. juncea L. ‘Red Lion’), and increased percent upscale markets and restaurants. Collec- vested after the first set of true leaves has DW of red pak choi (B. rapa var. chinensis tively, these crops consist of vegetables and developed, generally $21 d after germina- ‘Rubi F1’) and tatsoi microgreens. In regard to herbs consumed at a young growth stage. The tion (Treadwell et al., 2010). Microgreens are LQ, Li and Kubota (2009) reported that white main difference between the two is that mainly used by chefs and consumers to en- light supplemented with far-red light signifi- microgreens are harvested at the base of the hance the flavor, color, and texture of various cantly increased fresh weight (FW), DW, stem foods (Treadwell et al., 2010). In addition, length, leaf length, and leaf width, compared several species of microgreens contain high with white light alone, of baby leaf lettuce Received for publication 13 Nov. 2015. Accepted concentrations of health-promoting phytochem- ‘Red Cross’. An additional study of LQ was for publication 28 Feb. 2016. icals (Xiao et al., 2012). Commercial green- conducted by Kopsell and Sams (2013) on The USDA-NIFA SCRI grant no. 2010-51181-21369 house growers have recently become interested broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica Plenck) for funding and Philips Lighting and Hort Americas in producing microgreens because of their high microgreens 13 d after sowing. Seeds were for LED lighting. market value. Wholesale prices currently range placed under either a red:blue light ratio (%) We thank Maria Del Rosario Del Rio, Kristine from US$60 to $100 per kg for microgreens of 88:12 (R88:B12) at a continuous PPF Adamiec, and Sydney Moser for growth chamber –2 –1 packaged in clamshell containers (Resh, 2013; of 350 mmol·m ·s or 0:100 (R0:B100)at and laboratory assistance. m · –2· –1 The use of trade names in this publication does not Treadwell et al., 2010). In comparison, the 41 mol m s . Specifically, they found that imply endorsement by Purdue University, Michigan wholesale price of greenhouse-grown boston microgreens grown under the R0:B100 light State University, or USDA-ARS of products named lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) packaged in plastic ratio produced significantly higher levels of all nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned. containers was about US$12 to $16 per kg essential nutrients compared with those grown 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. (United States Department of Agriculture, under R88:B12 19 d after sowing. HORTSCIENCE VOL. 51(5) MAY 2016 497 Although previous reports have indicated Amsterdam, The Netherlands) were mounted time for each species and data were pooled that LI or LQ from SS LEDs had an effect on to the underside of nine stainless steel shelves across replications. The effects of LI and the growth of microgreens and baby greens, (123 cm long and 61 cm wide). Nonreflective LQ were compared by analysis of variance to our knowledge, little work has been blackout cloth was used to prevent light pollu- using SAS (SAS version 9.3; SAS Institute, published on the interaction between LI and tion between treatments. Average TPF, from Cary, NC) PROC MIXED, with an addi- LQ on the growth and nutrient content of 400 to 800 nm, of 105, 210, or 315 mmol·m–2·s–1 tional program (Arnold M. Saxton, Univer- Brassica microgreens. Therefore, the objec- was achieved by mounting 2, 4, or 6 arrays, sity of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN) that tive of this study was to quantify the effects of spaced 20.3, 12.2, or 8.6 cm apart, respectively, provided pairwise comparisons between SS LEDs providing different LIs and LQs on 38 cm above the crop canopy. A 16-h (0600 treatments using Tukey’s honestly signifi- the growth, morphology, and nutrient content to 2200 HR) photoperiod provided plants with cant difference test at P # 0.05. of Brassica microgreens. a DLI of 6, 12, or 18 mol·m–2·d–1, respectively. Light quality and TPF were measured at the Results and Discussion Materials and Methods beginning and confirmed at the end of each experimental replication by taking nine indi- Hypocotyl length. Hypocotyl length of Plant material and culture. A hydroponic vidual spectral scans per treatment using a spec- kohlrabi, mizuna, and mustard decreased tray system for microgreen culture was cre- troradiometer (PS-100; Apogee Instruments progressively as LI increased (Fig. 2A–C). ated using polyethylene terephthalate fiber Inc., Logan, UT). The spectral LQ for each of For example, HL of kohlrabi grown under the pads (50.8 cm · 24.7 cm · 0.89 cm; Sure the SS LED treatments is reported in Fig. 1. In light ratio of R84:FR7:B9 decreased 32% as LI to Grow, Beachwood, OH) placed in trays addition, average TPF and DLI are reported increased from 105 to 315 mmol·m–2·s–1. The (52 cm · 26 cm · 6 cm) without drainage holes. in Table 1. Kohlrabi was placed under light role of gibberellins (GA) in the regulation of Pads were initially hydrated with 350 mL of treatments on 31 July and 21 Aug. 2014. hypocotyl elongation has been well estab- a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution in deion- Mizuna and mustard were placed under light lished.
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