DOCSLIB.ORG

HYDROMETEOROLOGY: CLIMATE and HYDROLOGY of the GREAT LAKES Jan A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HYDROMETEOROLOGY: CLIMATE and HYDROLOGY of the GREAT LAKES Jan A Section 4 HYDROMETEOROLOGY: CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY OF THE GREAT LAKES Jan A. Derecki 4.1 Introduction (5,473 cu. mi.) stored in the lakes, varying from 484 km3 in Lake Erie to 12,234 km3 in Lake Superior, the Great Lakes have a tremendous 4.1.1 Description and Scope heat storage capacity. Through air-water in­ teraction, the lakes influence the climate over The climate of the Great Lakes Region is them and over adjacent land areas. Because of determined by the general westerly atmos­ the lake effect, air tempt!!ratures are moder­ pheric circulation, the latitude, and the local ated, winds and humidities are increased, and modifying influence of the lakes. Due to the precipitation patterns are modified. Although lake effect, the regional climate alternates be­ these phenomena have been recognized for tween continental and semi-marine. The decades, it is only in recent years that inten­ semi-marine climate is more consistent con­ sive programs have been undertaken to de­ tiguous to the lakes, but with favorable termine the more exact nature and mag­ meterological conditions, it may penetrate nitudes of these processes. deeply inland. The Great Lakes climate and The Great Lakes moderate temperatures of hydrology are closely related. Variations in the overlying air masses and surrounding mean lake levels, and consequently lake out­ land areas by acting as heat sinks or sources. flows, are controlled by the imbalance be­ The process of heat exchange between the tween precipitation and evaporation. lakes and atmosphere is both seasonal and The Great Lakes drainage basin is discussed diurnal. During spring and summer, the lakes in other appendixes and a brief summary of are generally colder than air above and have a the climatic and hydrologic elements of the cooling effect on the atmosphere. During fall drainage basin is given in Section 1 of this and winter, the lakes are generally warmer appendix. The major storm tracks affecting than the atmosphere and serve as a heat the Great Lakes Region are indicated in Fig­ source. However, during the winter months, ure 4-13. Distributions ofmean annual values the ice cover reduces the lake effect. for air temperature, precipitation, runoff, and A daily pattern of heat exchange is water losses over the land areas ofthe Basin, superimposed upon the seasonal pattern. This showinglatitudinal and lake-effect variations, daily pattern is produced by land-water tem­ are indicated in Figures 4-15, 17, 19, and 20, perature differences. Because lakes are more respectively. The average monthly means, efficient than land areas in storing heat, lake highs, and lows of overland air temperature temperatures have a tendency to remain sta­ for the individual lake basins and for the total ble, while land temperatures undergo daily Great Lakes Basin are shown in Figure 4-16. variations that are more in line with the air temperatures. When the land is warmer than water, the relatively warmer airover adjacent 4.1.2 Lake Effect land areas tends to rise and is replaced by colder, heavier air from the lakes. When the With a total water volume of 22,813 km3 land is colder, the process is reversed. This Jan A. Derecki, Lake Survey Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Detroit, Michigan. 71 71 Appendi~ 4 processofheatexchange produces lightwinds, thunderstorms. Duringwinter, the conditions which are known as lake breezes. Theoffshore are reversed, and the cold, inland air passing and onshore lake breezes are illustrated in over relatively warm water becomesles8 sta­ Figure 4-14. The direction of lake breezes is ble and picks up moisture, which encourages governed by the land-water temperature dif­ snow flurries. As the winter air masses move ferences and is independent ofthe general at­ over the lakes, the moisture that accumulates mospheric circulation. However, lake breezes in the air produces heavy snowfalls on the lee occuronly duringrelatively calm weather and sides of the lakes, due to orographic effects of affect a limited air mass along the shoreline, the land mass. The fact is well documented rarely extending more than several kilome­ that heavysnowbelt areas resultfrom thelake ters (2-3 miles) inland. The moderation oftem­ effect. These areas include Houghton on Lake peratures by the lakes affects regional ag­ Superior, Owen Sound on Lake Huron,Buffalo riculture by reducing frost hazards in the on Lake Erie, and Oswego on Lake Ontario. early spring and in the fall, thus lengthening the growing season, especially in coastal areas. Examples of this effect are the cherry 4.1.3 Measurement Networks orchards of the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin and theGrandTraverse Bay area in Michigan, Basic meteorological data in the Great and the vineyards of the western Lake Erie Lakes Basin are available from regularobser­ islands in Ohio. vation networks operated by the Nation­ Because lake breezes have a limited range al Weather Service and the Canadian and require special conditions, the lake effect Meteorological Service. The networks consist on winds is minor. A much more important ofa limited number offirst order stationsthat effect is the considerable increase in geo­ provide hourly observations for air tempera­ strophic wind speed over the lakes. This in­ ture, precipitation (total and snow), wind crease is caused by reduced frictional resis­ speed and direction, humidity, and duration of tance to air movement over the relatively sunshine and cloud cover. More numerous co­ smooth water surface, and by the difference in operative stations provide daily observations atmospheric stability created by air-water for air temperature and/or precipitation. Cer­ temperature differences. Recent studies indi­ tain more specialized stations collect addi­ cate thatthe increase in overwaterwind speed tional data on solar radiation, radiosonde in­ varies from approximately 15 percent in mid­ formation, weather radar, and pan evapora­ summer to as much as 100 percent in late fall tion. Other regularly observed data useful in and early winter. The average annual in­ Great Lakes climatology include water tem­ crease is approximately 60 percent. peratures recorded by municipalities at their The Great Lakes also cause an increase in water intake structures and by Federal agen­ overwater humidity by releasing large quan­ cies at ~elected lake perimeter location& tities of moisture through evaporation. On an In addition to the regular networks, more annual basis the humidity over the lakes av­ sophisticateddataarecollected periodicallyor erages 10 percent to 15 percent higher than seasonally for research on lake climatology. that over the land. Seasonal changes in These include special precipitation networks, humidity over the lake compared to that over established and operated on lake islands and land vary from a decrease ofapproximately 10 adjacent shorelines; synoptic surveys con­ percent due to overwater condensation in the ducted by research vessels that take observa­ late spring, to an increase ofapproximately 10 tions for thewhole rangeofhydrometeorologic percent in the summer, 15 percent in the fall, parameters; lake towers that give meas­ and 30 percent in the winter. urements with vertical profiles for selected The Great Lakes also influence the distribu­ parameters for air-water interaction studies; tion ofcloud cover and precipitation. Modifica­ aerial surveys by conventional aircraft for ice tion ofpreeipitation patternsdue to lake effect reconnaissance and water surface tempera­ is caused by thechanges in atmosphericstabil­ tures, using infrared and airborne radiation ity in combination with prevailing wind direc­ thermometer techniques; and weather satel­ tion and topographic effects. During summer, lites that provide useful information for the the air undergoes overland warming before investigation of doud and ice cover on the passing over the lakes. The warm airover rel­ lakes. atively cold water results in the development Hydrologic data on the Great Lakes Basin of stable atmospheric conditions, which dis­ are compiled and pu~lished by several agen­ courage formation of air-mass showers and cies. Records of tributary streamflow to the HrdrofMteorolon 78 lakes are available from the U.S. Geological from appropriate water level gage ratings Survey and the Canada Centre for Inland Wa­ based on periodic current meter flow meas­ ters, Department of the Environment, urements. Canada. The extent of gaged area increased substantially in the late 1930s, giving cover­ age to approximately 50 percent of the Basin. 4.2 Radiation At present approximately 64 percent of the Basin is gaged; gaged areas for Lakes Supe­ rior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario ba­ 4.2.1 Total Radiation Spectrum sinsrepresent approximately 53, 71, 66, 67, and 63 percent of their respective basins. In addi­ Total radiation received atthe surface ofthe tion to surface water data, these agencies and earth consists of shortwave radiation coming the Geological Survey of Canada publish ob­ directly from the sun or scattered downward, servation well records providing information and longwave radiation, emitted from the at­ on ground-water conditions. However, the mosphere. Portions of the incoming radiation network of observation wells useful in deter­ in both short and long wavelengths are re­ mining ground-water flow to the lakes is ex­ flected and additional longwave radiation is tremely limited. emitted to the atmosphere. The main radia­ The Great Lakes levels and outflows are tion exchange processes taking place within available from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HMT 2019 Meeting Report
    Final Report 27 May 2020 The NOAA Hydrometeorological Testbed (HMT) is a joint OAR-NWS testbed motivated to make communities that are more resilient to the impacts of extreme precipitation on lives, property, water supply and ecosystems. HMT is co-managed by the NWS Weather Prediction Center (WPC) and the OAR Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) in partnership with the NWS Office of Water Prediction (OWP). The mission of HMT is “Improving forecasts of extreme precipitation and forcings for hydrologic prediction.” Hydromet Testbed Executive Oversight Council: David Novak, Director, NWS Weather Prediction Center (WPC) Robert S. Webb, Director, OAR/ESRL Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) Ed Clark, Director, NWS National Water Center (NWC) Report writing team: Andrea J. Ray, PSL HMT Coordinator James Correia, WPC HMT Coordinator James Nelson, Development and Training Branch Chief, WPC Acknowledgements: Barbara DeLuisi, PSL, report cover design, and Lisa Darby for comments on the report. Cover photo credits: Snow plow: USAF Flooded street: USGS Flood in Denham Springs, LA: DOD People pushing car: DLA Page | 1 Executive Summary The Nation has experienced increasing devastation from heavy precipitation events recently. In just the past 3 years, 13 precipitation-related billion-dollar disasters in the Nation have resulted in over 200 deaths. This trend has dramatically increased the demand and expectations from core decision makers for accurate, consistent, and understandable rainfall forecasts. Heavy precipitation and resulting flash flooding occur across the year with seasonal and geographic variations. The predictability of these events varies with event type, region, and season. Several ongoing NOAA efforts might aid in improving forecasts of extreme precipitation, however, precipitation forecasting from minutes to 10 days is not a focus among these efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 the Development of North American Cities
    CHAPTER 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH AMERICAN CITIES THE COLONIAL F;RA: 1600-1800 Beginnings The Character of the Early Cities The Revolutionary War Era GROWTH AND EXPANSION: 1800-1870 Cities as Big Business To The Beginnings of Industrialization Am Urhan-Rural/North-South Tensions ace THE ERA OF THE GREAT METROPOLIS: of! 1870-1950 bui Technological Advance wh, The Great Migration cen Politics and Problems que The Quality of Life in the New Metropolis and Trends Through 1950 onl tee] THE NORTH AMERICAN CIITTODAY: urb 1950 TO THE PRESENT Can Decentralization oft: The Sun belt Expansion dan THE COMING OF THE POSTINDUSTRIAL CIIT sug) Deterioration' and Regeneration the The Future f The Human Cost of Economic Restructuring rath wor /f!I#;f.~'~~~~'A'~~~~ '~·~_~~~~Ji?l~ij:j hist. The Colonial Era Thi: fron Growth and Expansion coa~ The Great Metropolis Emerges to tJ New York Today new SUMMARY Nor CONCLUSION' T Am, cent EUf( izati< citie weal 62 Chapter 3 The Development of North American Cities 63 Come hither, and I will show you an admirable cities across the Atlantic in Europe. The forces Spectacle! 'Tis a Heavenly CITY ... A CITY to of postmedieval culture-commercial trade be inhabited by an Innumerable Company of An· and, shortly thereafter, industrial production­ geL" and by the Spirits ofJust Men .... were the primary shapers of urban settlement Put on thy beautiful garments, 0 America, the Holy City! in the United States and Canada. These cities, like the new nations themselves, began with -Cotton Mather, seventeenth· the greatest of hopes. Cotton Mather was so century preacher enamored of the idea of the city that he saw its American urban history began with the small growth as the fulfillment of the biblical town-five villages hacked out of the wilder· promise of a heavenly setting here on earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Climatic Summary of Snowfall and Snow Depth in the Ohio Snowbelt at Chardon1
    Ohio J. Science ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 101 Climatic Summary of Snowfall and Snow Depth in the Ohio Snowbelt at Chardon1 THOMAS W. SCHMIDLIN, Geography Department and Water Resources Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 ABSTRACT. Snowfall records were examined for the period 1945-85 at Chardon, OH, the only station with a long climatic record in the snowbelt. Average seasonal snowfall was 269 cm (106 in) with a seasonal maxi- mum of 410 cm (161 in). Seasonal snowfall was positively correlated with other sites in the lower Great Lakes snowbelts and along the western slope of the Appalachians from Tennessee to Quebec, but was not correlated with snowfall in the snowbelts of the upper Lakes. The time series of seasonal snowfall was not random but showed weak year-to-year persistence. The average number of days with 2.5 cm (1 in) of snow- fall was 35. The average dates of the first and last 2.5 cm snowfalls of the winter were 10 November and 4 April. The largest two-day snowfall of the winter averaged 33 cm. The average number of days with 2.5 cm of snow cover was 82. Daily probability of snow cover reached the seasonal maximum of 86% in mid-January and early February. These results may be reasonably extrapolated throughout the Ohio snow- belt for applications in vegetation studies, animal ecology, hydrology, soil science, recreation, and transpor- tation studies. OHIO J. SCI. 89 (4): 101-108, 1989 INTRODUCTION Great Lakes (Muller 1966, Eichenlaub 1970). The Lake The Great Lakes exert a significant influence on the Erie snowbelt extends from the eastern suburbs of regional climate (Changnon and Jones 1972, Eichen- Cleveland through extreme northeastern Ohio into laub 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • Synoptic Climatology of Lake-Effect Snow Events Off the Western Great Lakes
    climate Article Synoptic Climatology of Lake-Effect Snow Events off the Western Great Lakes Jake Wiley * and Andrew Mercer Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, 75 B. S. Hood Road, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: As the mesoscale dynamics of lake-effect snow (LES) are becoming better understood, recent and ongoing research is beginning to focus on the large-scale environments conducive to LES. Synoptic-scale composites are constructed for Lake Michigan and Lake Superior LES events by employing an LES case repository for these regions within the U.S. North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data for each LES event were used to construct synoptic maps of dominant LES patterns for each lake. These maps were formulated using a previously implemented composite technique that blends principal component analysis with a k-means cluster analysis. A sample case from each resulting cluster was also selected and simulated using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecast model to obtain an example mesoscale depiction of the LES environment. The study revealed four synoptic setups for Lake Michigan and three for Lake Superior whose primary differences were discrepancies in a surface pressure dipole structure previously linked with Great Lakes LES. These subtle synoptic-scale differences suggested that while overall LES impacts were driven more by the mesoscale conditions for these lakes, synoptic-scale conditions still provided important insight into the character of LES forcing mechanisms, primarily the steering flow and air–lake thermodynamics. Keywords: lake-effect; climatology; numerical weather prediction; synoptic; mesoscale; winter weather; Great Lakes; snow Citation: Wiley, J.; Mercer, A.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Asian Pacific America
    THE STATE OF ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICA THE STATE OFASIANPACIFICAMERICA: ECONOMIC DIVERSITY, ISSUES & POLICIES A Public Policy Report PAULONG Editor LEAP Asian Pacific American Public Policy Institute and UCLA Asian American Studies Center 1994 Leadership Education for Asian Pacifies (LEAP), 327 East Second Street, Suite 226, Los Angeles, CA 90012-4210 UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 3230 Campbell Hall, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1546 Copyright© 1994 by LEAP Asian Pacific American Public Policy Institute and UCLA Asian American Studies Center All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 0-934052-23-9 Cover design: Mary Kao The State of Asian Pacific America: Economic Diversity, Issues & Policies Paul Ong, Editor Table of Contents Preface vii Don T. Nakanishi and J. D. Hokoyama Chapter 1 Asian Pacific Americans and Public Policy 1 Paul Ong Part I. Overviews Chapter 2 Historical Trends 13 Don Mar and Marlene Kim Chapter3 Economic Diversity 31 Paul Ong and Suzanne J. Hee Chapter4 Workforce Policies 57 Linda C. Wing Part II. Case Studies Chapter5 Life and Work in the Inner-City 87 Paul Ong and Karen Umemoto v Chapter6 Welfare and Work Among Southeast Asians 113 Paul Ong and Evelyn Blumenberg Chapter 7 Health Professionals on the Front-line 139 Paul Ong and Tania Azores Chapter 8 Scientists and Engineers 165 Paul Ong and Evelyn Blumenberg Part UI. Policy Essays Chapter9 Urban Revitalization 193 Dennis Arguelles, Chanchanit Hirunpidok, and Erich Nakano Chapter 10 Welfare and Work Policies 215 Joel F. Handler and Paul Ong Chapter 11 Health Care Reform 233 Geraldine V.
    [Show full text]
  • 14912441.Pdf
    Khants' Time Hanna Snellman KIKIMORA PUBLICATIONS Series B: 23 Helsinki 2001 © 2001 Aleksanterl Institute © Hanna Snellman ©All photographs by U.T. Sirelius,The National Board of Antiquities Khants' Time ISBN 951-45-9997-7 ISSN 1455-4828 Aleksanteri Institute Graphic design: Vesa Tuukkanen Gummerus Printing Saarijärvi 2001 Table of Content FOREWORD 5 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1.1. Studying the Khants 7 1.2. Sirelius as a Fieldworker 13 1.3. Fieldwork Methodology 20 1.4. Investigating Time 34 2. METHOD OF RECORDING TIME 39 2.1. The Vernacular Calendar 39 2.2. The Christian Calendar 95 2.3. The Combination of the Vernacular and Russian Calendars 104 3. FOLK HISTORY 133 3.1. In the Old Days 138 3.2. From the Russians 141 3.3. After the Forest Fires 144 4. WHEN THE LEAVES ARE FALLING 149 BIBLIOGRAPHY 163 Foreword I started working on this book in August 1998. Almost two years had passed after my dissertation on the lumberjacks of Finnish Lapland. I was still occupied with forest history, but I knew that in order to develop as a scientist, I had to leave the familiar ri­ vers and fells of Finnish Lapland, and do research on something else. Professor Juhani U.E. Lehtonen at the University of Helsinki gave me a hint: there are copies of fieldwork notes written by U.T. Sirelius in our archive. Give them a look, Lehtonen advised me, no doubt with the hope that his student would not ignore one of the emphases of the ethnology department's activities, issues concerning Finno-Ugric peoples, including therefore both East Europe and Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter-Spring 2020 SCD Newsletter
    Shiawassee Conservation District Your Land, Your Water ~ Your Michigan 1900 S. Morrice Road ● Owosso, MI 48867 ● (989) 723-8263, Ext. 3 Winter/Spring 2020 Shiawassee Conservation District Annual Meeting Thursday, February 20, 2020 Doors open at 5:30 PM, Dinner served at 6:00 PM D’Mar Banquet & Conference Center 1488 N. M-52, Owosso RSVP February 12, 2020 Shiawassee Conservation District (989) 723-8263, ext. 3 James Ziola will be honored as the 2019 Conservation Farmer of the Year Special presentation by Jerry Miller, President Michigan Association of Conservation Districts We are honored to be joined by Gerald “Jerry” Miller, Ph.D., CPSS, and President, MACD. As a leader in conservation, Jerry will discuss today’s conservation issues in Michigan and the nation. Dr. Miller served as a Professor of Agronomy at Iowa State University for 37 years, and later as an associate dean. During his academic career he conducted applied research in soil and water conservation, watershed management, and soil productivity and interpretation. Jerry was raised on a farm in the Shenandoah Valley, VA and currently resides in Cascade Township, Kent County, where he serves as the board chair of the Kent Conservation District Board. If you need accommodations to participate in this event, please contact the Shiawassee Conservation District at (989) 723-8263, ext. 3 by February 12, 2020. USDA is an equal opportunity employer, provider, and lender. High Pollution Levels Found in Maple River Watershed The Shiawassee Conservation human use. This study also finds that water for recreation. The high levels of District recently collected a series of human and bovine waste is found in bacteria found in Maple River water samples in the Maple River all surface water in the watershed.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiawatha National Forest Non-Native Invasive Plant Control Project
    Hiawatha National Forest Non-native Invasive Plant Control Project Environmental Assessment Hiawatha National Forest Alger, Chippewa, Delta, Mackinac, Marquette, and Schoolcraft counties, Michigan April 2007 Spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii ) Responsible Official: Thomas A. Schmidt Forest Supervisor Hiawatha National Forest 2727 North Lincoln Road Escanaba, MI 49829 For Further Information Contact: Kirk Piehler Forest Wildlife Biologist Hiawatha National Forest 2727 North Lincoln Road Escanaba, MI 49829 (906) 789-3374 HNF Non-native Invasive Plant Control Project Environmental Assessment The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Cover Photograph Credits: John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy Inset: USDA APHIS Archives Both are spotted knapweed ( Centaurea biebersteinii ) This document was printed on recycled paper. 2 HNF Non-native Invasive Plant Control Project Environmental Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. 2 Vicinity Map – Hiawatha National Forest (HNF) .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrometeorology
    Hydrometeorology Kevin Sene Hydrometeorology Forecasting and Applications Second Edition Kevin Sene United Kingdom ISBN 978-3-319-23545-5 ISBN 978-3-319-23546-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23546-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949821 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface to the Second Edition In addition to the many practical applications, one of the most interesting aspects of hydrometeorology is how quickly techniques change.
    [Show full text]
  • CARIWIN Hydrometeorology and Water Quality Field Course October 1St – 12Th, 2007
    CARIWIN Hydrometeorology and Water Quality Field Course October 1st – 12th, 2007 Jointly delivered by: Brace Centre for Water Resources Management, McGill University Caribbean Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados Hydrometeorological Service, Min. of Agriculture, Guyana Guyana Water Incorporated CARIWIN Logo Introductions • Field Course Delivery Staff – CIMH – Guyana Ministry of Agriculture – GWI – Brace Centre for Water Resources Management • Attendees – Name – Place of employment – Job title/tasks What do you want to learn from this course? Brace Centre for Water Resources Management Background/Past and Present Projects Outline • History: McGill University • Background: Brace Centre for Water Resources Management • Past and Present Projects McGill University • Oldest university in Montréal (found in 1821) • Two campuses • 11 faculties • Some 300 programs of study • More than 32000 students Macdonald Campus • Located on the western tip of Montréal Island • 650 hectares of facilities and fields • Location for Brace Centre for Water Resources Management Brace Centre for Water Resources Management Mission Statement “The Centre is devoted to the development and promotion of sound economical water management and conservation practices which protect the environment, and land and water resource base, in order to sustain food and fibre production, and enhance quality of life.” Where does the name come from? • Major James Henry Brace (1870-1956): civil engineer who devoted much of his career to water and construction projects in the
    [Show full text]
  • Meteorological Systems for Hydrological Purposes
    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OPERATIONAL HYDROLOGY REPORT No. 42 METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR HYDROLOGICAL PURPOSES WMO-No. 813 Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), of which 187* States and Territories are Members, is a specialized agency of the United Nations. The purposes of the Organization are: (a) To facilitate worldwide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for the making of meteorological observations as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and to promote the establishment and maintenance of centres charged with the provision of meteorological and related services; (b) To promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological and related infor- mation; (c) To promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and to ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics; (d) To further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activi- ties; (e) To promote activities in operational hydrology and to further close cooperation between Meteorological and Hydrological Services; and (f) To encourage research and training in meteorology and, as appropriate, in related fields and to assist in coordinating the international aspects of such research and training. (Convention of the World Meteorological Organization, Article 2) The Organization
    [Show full text]
  • Numerical Weather Prediction Basics: Models, Numerical Methods, and Data Assimilation
    Cite this entry as: Pu Z., Kalnay E. (2018) Numerical Weather Prediction Basics: Models, Numerical Methods, and Data Assimilation. In: Duan Q., Pappenberger F., Thielen J., Wood A., Cloke H., Schaake J. (eds) Handbook of Hydrometeorological Ensemble Forecasting. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Numerical Weather Prediction Basics: Models, Numerical Methods, and Data Assimilation Zhaoxia Pu and Eugenia Kalnay Contents 1 Introduction: Basic Concept and Historical Overview .. .................................... 2 2 NWP Models and Numerical Methods ...................................................... 4 2.1 Basic Equations ......................................................................... 4 2.2 Numerical Frameworks of NWP Model ............................................... 7 2.3 Global and Regional Models ........................................................... 12 2.4 Physical Parameterizations ............................................................. 13 2.5 Land-Surface and Ocean Models and Coupled Numerical Models in NWP . 18 3 Data Assimilation ............................................................................. 22 3.1 Least Squares Theory ................................................................... 22 3.2 Assimilation Methods .................................................................. 24 4 Recent Developments and Challenges ....................................................... 28 References ........................................................................................ 29 Abstract Numerical
    [Show full text]