The Temporal Bone
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Middle Cranial Fossa Sphenoidal Region Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Anatomic and Treatment Considerations
ORIGINAL RESEARCH INTERVENTIONAL Middle Cranial Fossa Sphenoidal Region Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Anatomic and Treatment Considerations Z.-S. Shi, J. Ziegler, L. Feng, N.R. Gonzalez, S. Tateshima, R. Jahan, N.A. Martin, F. Vin˜uela, and G.R. Duckwiler ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DAVFs rarely involve the sphenoid wings and middle cranial fossa. We characterize the angiographic findings, treatment, and outcome of DAVFs within the sphenoid wings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical and radiologic data of 11 patients with DAVFs within the sphenoid wing that were treated with an endovascular or with a combined endovascular and surgical approach. RESULTS: Nine patients presented with ocular symptoms and 1 patient had a temporal parenchymal hematoma. Angiograms showed that 5 DAVFs were located on the lesser wing of sphenoid bone, whereas the other 6 were on the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Multiple branches of the ICA and ECA supplied the lesions in 7 patients. Four patients had cortical venous reflux and 7 patients had varices. Eight patients were treated with transarterial embolization using liquid embolic agents, while 3 patients were treated with transvenous embo- lization with coils or in combination with Onyx. Surgical disconnection of the cortical veins was performed in 2 patients with incompletely occluded DAVFs. Anatomic cure was achieved in all patients. Eight patients had angiographic and clinical follow-up and none had recurrence of their lesions. CONCLUSIONS: DAVFs may occur within the dura of the sphenoid wings and may often have a presentation similar to cavernous sinus DAVFs, but because of potential associations with the cerebral venous system, may pose a risk for intracranial hemorrhage. -
MR Imaging of the Orbital Apex
J Korean Radiol Soc 2000;4 :26 9-0 6 1 6 MR Imaging of the Orbital Apex: An a to m y and Pat h o l o g y 1 Ho Kyu Lee, M.D., Chang Jin Kim, M.D.2, Hyosook Ahn, M.D.3, Ji Hoon Shin, M.D., Choong Gon Choi, M.D., Dae Chul Suh, M.D. The apex of the orbit is basically formed by the optic canal, the superior orbital fis- su r e , and their contents. Space-occupying lesions in this area can result in clinical d- eficits caused by compression of the optic nerve or extraocular muscles. Even vas c u l a r changes in the cavernous sinus can produce a direct mass effect and affect the orbit ap e x. When pathologic changes in this region is suspected, contrast-enhanced MR imaging with fat saturation is very useful. According to the anatomic regions from which the lesions arise, they can be classi- fied as belonging to one of five groups; lesions of the optic nerve-sheath complex, of the conal and intraconal spaces, of the extraconal space and bony orbit, of the cav- ernous sinus or diffuse. The characteristic MR findings of various orbital lesions will be described in this paper. Index words : Orbit, diseases Orbit, MR The apex of the orbit is a complex region which con- tains many nerves, vessels, soft tissues, and bony struc- Anatomy of the orbital apex tures such as the superior orbital fissure and the optic canal (1-3), and is likely to be involved in various dis- The orbital apex region consists of the optic nerve- eases (3). -
The Morphometric Study of Occurrence and Variations of Foramen Ovale S
Research Article The morphometric study of occurrence and variations of foramen ovale S. Ajrish George*, M. S. Thenmozhi ABSTRACT Background: Foramen vale is one of the important foramina present in the sphenoid bone. Anatomically it is located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The foramen ovale is situated posterolateral to the foramen rotundum and anteromedial to the foramen spinosum. The foramen spinosum is present posterior to the foramen ovale. The carotid canal is present posterior and medial to the foramen spinosum and the foramen rotundum is present anterior to the foramen ovale. The structures which pass through the foramen ovale are the mandibular nerve, emissary vein, accessory middle meningeal artery, and lesser petrosal nerve. The sphenoid bone has a body, a pair of greater wing, pair of lesser wing, pair of lateral pterygoid plate, and a pair of medial pterygoid plate. Aim: The study involves the assessment of any additional features in foramen ovale in dry South Indian skulls. Materials and Methods: This study involves examination of dry adult skulls. First, the foramen ovale is located, and then it is carefully examined for presence of alterations and additional features, and is recorded following computing the data and analyzing it. Results: The maximum length of foramen ovale on the right and left was 10.1 mm, 4.3 mm, respectively. The minimum length of the foramen in right and left was 9.1 mm, 3.2 mm, respectively. The maximum width of foramen ovale on the right and left was 4.8 mm and 2.3 mm, respectively. The minimum width of the foramen in the right and the left side was 5.7 mm and 2.9 mm, respectively. -
Direct Sagittal CT in the Evaluation of Temporal Bone Disease
371 Direct Sagittal CT in the Evaluation of Temporal Bone Disease 1 Mahmood F. Mafee The human temporal bone is an extremely complex structure. Direct axial and coronal Arvind Kumar2 CT sections are quite satisfactory for imaging the anatomy of the temporal bone; Christina N. Tahmoressi1 however, many relationships of the normal and pathologic anatomic detail of the Barry C. Levin2 temporal bone are better seen with direct sagittal CT sections. The sagittal projection Charles F. James1 is of interest to surgeons, as it has the advantage of following the plane of surgical approach. This article describes the advantages of using direct sagittal sections for Robert Kriz 1 1 studying various diseases of the temporal bone. The CT sections were obtained with Vlastimil Capek the aid of a new headholder added to our GE CT 9800 scanner. The direct sagittal projection was found to be extremely useful for evaluating diseases involving the vertical segment of the facial nerve canal, vestibular aqueduct, tegmen tympani, sigmoid sinus plate, sinodural angle, carotid canal, jugular fossa, external auditory canal, middle ear cavity, infra- and supra labyrinthine air cells, and temporo mandibular joint. CT has contributed greatly to an understanding of the complex anatomy and spatial relationship of the minute structures of the hearing and balance organs, which are packed into a small pyramid-shaped petrous temporal bone [1 , 2]. In the past 6 years, high-resolution CT scanning has been rapidly replacing standard tomography and has proved to be the diagnostic imaging method of choice for studying the normal and pathologic details of the temporal bone [3-14]. -
Implications to Occipital Headache
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 6, 2019 • 39(10):1867–1880 • 1867 Neurobiology of Disease Non-Trigeminal Nociceptive Innervation of the Posterior Dura: Implications to Occipital Headache X Rodrigo Noseda, Agustin Melo-Carrillo, Rony-Reuven Nir, Andrew M. Strassman, and XRami Burstein Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Current understanding of the origin of occipital headache falls short of distinguishing between cause and effect. Most preclinical studies involving trigeminovascular neurons sample neurons that are responsive to stimulation of dural areas in the anterior 2/3 of the cranium and the periorbital skin. Hypothesizing that occipital headache may involve activation of meningeal nociceptors that innervate the posterior 1⁄3 of the dura, we sought to map the origin and course of meningeal nociceptors that innervate the posterior dura overlying the cerebellum. Using AAV-GFP tracing and single-unit recording techniques in male rats, we found that neurons in C2–C3 DRGs innervate the dura of the posterior fossa; that nearly half originate in DRG neurons containing CGRP and TRPV1; that nerve bundles traverse suboccipital muscles before entering the cranium through bony canals and large foramens; that central neurons receiving nociceptive information from the posterior dura are located in C2–C4 spinal cord and that their cutaneous and muscle receptive fields are found around the ears, occipital skin and neck muscles; and that administration of inflammatory mediators to their dural receptive field, sensitize their responses to stimulation of the posterior dura, peri-occipital skin and neck muscles. These findings lend rationale for the common practice of attempting to alleviate migraine headaches by targeting the greater and lesser occipital nerves with anesthetics. -
Morfofunctional Structure of the Skull
N.L. Svintsytska V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine Public Institution «Central Methodological Office for Higher Medical Education of MPH of Ukraine» Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukranian Medical Stomatological Academy» N.L. Svintsytska, V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 2 LBC 28.706 UDC 611.714/716 S 24 «Recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine as textbook for English- speaking students of higher educational institutions of the MPH of Ukraine» (minutes of the meeting of the Commission for the organization of training and methodical literature for the persons enrolled in higher medical (pharmaceutical) educational establishments of postgraduate education MPH of Ukraine, from 02.06.2016 №2). Letter of the MPH of Ukraine of 11.07.2016 № 08.01-30/17321 Composed by: N.L. Svintsytska, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor V.H. Hryn, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor This textbook is intended for undergraduate, postgraduate students and continuing education of health care professionals in a variety of clinical disciplines (medicine, pediatrics, dentistry) as it includes the basic concepts of human anatomy of the skull in adults and newborns. Rewiewed by: O.M. Slobodian, Head of the Department of Anatomy, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Bukovinian State Medical University», Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.V. -
Partial Closure of Right Superior Orbital Fissure with Narrow Optic Foramen
eISSN 1308-4038 International Journal of Anatomical Variations (2010) 3: 188–190 Case Report Partial closure of right superior orbital fissure with narrow optic foramen Published online November 26th, 2010 © http://www.ijav.org Shankreppa Doddappa DESAI ABSTRACT Sunkeswari SREEPADMA Superior orbital fissure is situated between the greater and lesser wings of sphenoid, with the optic strut at its superomedial margin. It lies between the roof and lateral wall of the orbit. The superior orbital fissure is divided by the common tendinous origin of the recti muscles. Compression of the neurovascular structures due to variations in the superior orbital fissure may result in signs and symptoms due to involvement of cranial nerves III, IV, V1, and VI. We report here a variation of the superior orbital fissure. Superior orbital fissure was partly closed by a thin plate of bone on the right side, and on the same side there was a narrow optic foramen. It is essential to know such variations to understand the underlying cause for the clinical conditions and operate in those areas. © IJAV. 2010; 3: 188–190. Department of Anatomy, Blde University, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Bijapur, Karnataka State, INDIA. Dr. S. D. Desai Professor & Head Department of Anatomy Blde University Shri B. M. Patil Medical College Bijapur-586103, Karnataka, INDIA. +91 8352 262770 ext.:2211 [email protected] Received April 7th, 2010; accepted October 31st, 2010 Key words [superior orbital fissure] [neurological deficits] [superior orbital fissure syndrome] [optic canal] [optic foramen] Introduction in shape and measured 0.9 cm vertically and 1.4 cm Superior orbital fissure is an oblique cleft and connects transversely (Figure 4). -
Biomechanics of Temporo-Parietal Skull Fracture Narayan Yoganandan *, Frank A
Clinical Biomechanics 19 (2004) 225–239 www.elsevier.com/locate/clinbiomech Review Biomechanics of temporo-parietal skull fracture Narayan Yoganandan *, Frank A. Pintar Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Received 16 December 2003; accepted 16 December 2003 Abstract This paper presents an analysis of research on the biomechanics of head injury with an emphasis on the tolerance of the skull to lateral impacts. The anatomy of this region of the skull is briefly described from a biomechanical perspective. Human cadaver investigations using unembalmed and embalmed and intact and isolated specimens subjected to static and various types of dynamic loading (e.g., drop, impactor) are described. Fracture tolerances in the form of biomechanical variables such as peak force, peak acceleration, and head injury criteria are used in the presentation. Lateral impact data are compared, where possible, with other regions of the cranial vault (e.g., frontal and occipital bones) to provide a perspective on relative variations between different anatomic regions of the human skull. The importance of using appropriate instrumentation to derive injury metrics is underscored to guide future experiments. Relevance A unique advantage of human cadaver tests is the ability to obtain fundamental data for delineating the biomechanics of the structure and establishing tolerance limits. Force–deflection curves and acceleration time histories are used to derive secondary variables such as head injury criteria. These parameters have direct application in safety engineering, for example, in designing vehicular interiors for occupant protection. Differences in regional biomechanical tolerances of the human head have implications in clinical and biomechanical applications. -
Morphology of the Foramen Magnum in Young Eastern European Adults
Folia Morphol. Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 205–216 Copyright © 2012 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Morphology of the foramen magnum in young Eastern European adults F. Burdan1, 2, J. Szumiło3, J. Walocha4, L. Klepacz5, B. Madej1, W. Dworzański1, R. Klepacz3, A. Dworzańska1, E. Czekajska-Chehab6, A. Drop6 1Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland 2St. John’s Cancer Centre, Lublin, Poland 3Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland 4Department of Anatomy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland 5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Behavioural Health Centre, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY, USA 6Department of General Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland [Received 21 July 2012; Accepted 7 September 2012] Background: The foramen magnum is an important anatomical opening in the base of the skull through which the posterior cranial fossa communicates with the vertebral canal. It is also related to a number of pathological condi- tions including Chiari malformations, various tumours, and occipital dysplasias. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphology of the foramen magnum in adult individuals in relation to sex. Material and methods: The morphology of the foramen magnum was evalu- ated using 3D computer tomography images in 313 individuals (142 male, 171 female) aged 20–30 years. Results: The mean values of the foramen length (37.06 ± 3.07 vs. 35.47 ± ± 2.60 mm), breadth (32.98 ± 2.78 vs. 30.95 ± 2.71 mm) and area (877.40 ± ± 131.64 vs. -
Lab Manual Axial Skeleton Atla
1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage, as well as the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone. In addition to learning about all the bones of the axial skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal: Condyle: Facet: Fissure: Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull) Fossa: Margin: Process: Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the axial skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled. -
Spontaneous Encephaloceles of the Temporal Lobe
Neurosurg Focus 25 (6):E11, 2008 Spontaneous encephaloceles of the temporal lobe JOSHUA J. WIND , M.D., ANTHONY J. CAPUTY , M.D., AND FABIO ROBE R TI , M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC Encephaloceles are pathological herniations of brain parenchyma through congenital or acquired osseus-dural defects of the skull base or cranial vault. Although encephaloceles are known as rare conditions, several surgical re- ports and clinical series focusing on spontaneous encephaloceles of the temporal lobe may be found in the otological, maxillofacial, radiological, and neurosurgical literature. A variety of symptoms such as occult or symptomatic CSF fistulas, recurrent meningitis, middle ear effusions or infections, conductive hearing loss, and medically intractable epilepsy have been described in patients harboring spontaneous encephaloceles of middle cranial fossa origin. Both open procedures and endoscopic techniques have been advocated for the treatment of such conditions. The authors discuss the pathogenesis, diagnostic assessment, and therapeutic management of spontaneous temporal lobe encepha- loceles. Although diagnosis and treatment may differ on a case-by-case basis, review of the available literature sug- gests that spontaneous encephaloceles of middle cranial fossa origin are a more common pathology than previously believed. In particular, spontaneous cases of posteroinferior encephaloceles involving the tegmen tympani and the middle ear have been very well described in the medical literature. -
CT of Perineural Tumor Extension: Pterygopalatine Fossa
731 CT of Perineural Tumor Extension: Pterygopalatine Fossa Hugh D. Curtin1.2 Tumors of the oral cavity and paranasal sinuses can spread along nerves to areas Richard Williams 1 apparently removed from the primary tumor. In tumors of the palate, sinuses, and face, Jonas Johnson3 this "perineural" spread usually involves the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. The pterygopalatine fossa is a pathway of the maxillary nerve and becomes a key landmark in the detection of neural metastasis by computed tomogaphy (CT). Oblitera tion of the fat in the fossa suggests pathology. Case material illustrating neural extension is presented and the CT findings are described. Perineural extension is possibly the most insidious form of tumor spread of head and neck malignancy. After invading a nerve, tumor follows the sheath to reach the deeper connections of the nerve, escaping the area of a planned resection. Thus, detection of this form of extension is important in treatment planning and estimation of prognosis. The pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) is a key crossroad in extension along cranial nerve V. The second branch of the trigeminal nerve passes from the gasserian ganglion through the foramen rotundum into the PPF. Here the nerve branches send communications to the palate, sinus, nasal cavity, and face. Tumor can follow any of these routes proximally into the PPF and eventually to the gasserian ganglion in the middle cranial fossa. The PPF contains enough fat to be an ideal subject for computed tomographic (CT) evaluation. Obliteration of this fat is an important indicator of pathology, including perineural tumor spread. Other signs of perineural extension include enlargement of foramina, increased enhancement in the region of Meckel cave (gasserian ganglion), and atrophy of the muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve.