KAROLINA WICHOWSKA KAROLINA WICHOWSKA In this story the dark history of the Stalinist period intertwines with the knowledge of the state-of-the-art technology of genetic identi cation. The scientists’ profes- sionalism contrasts with the emotions of the victims’ families – hope, tension, and painful memories. We go from the excavated section of the Powązki cemetery to ‘ THE SOLDIERS’FIELD ‘THE SOLDIERS’ the high-tech genetic laboratories in Szczecin and Cracow. We access the memory of the communist prisons, brutal investigations, and fatherless childhood only to look into the future where the research methods developed by the Polish scientists shall become an internationally followed model. All this has one objective: to repay the debt to those who fought for a free and sovereign Poland. FIELD’ ’ ISBN 978-83-8098-022-8 Visit our website www.ipn.gov.pl and our on-line bookshop 9 788380 980228 www.ipn.poczytaj.pl IPN Laczka_okladka_wer angielska.indd 1,3 2016-07-05 09:43:49 Laczka_okladka_wer angielska.indd 4,6 2016-07-04 14:06:36 ‘THE SOLDIERS’ FIELD’ ‘THE SOLDIERS’ FIELD’ THE INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL REMEMBRANCE THE COMMISSION FOR THE PROSECUTION OF CRIMES AGAINST THE POLISH NATION Karolina Wichowska ‘THE SOLDIERS’ FIELD’ THE EXCAVATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNIST TERROR VICTIMS BURIED IN THE POWĄZKI CEMETERY IN WARSAW Translated by Anna Brzostowska and Jerzy Giebułtowski WARSAW 2016 Reviewer Arkadiusz Gołębiewski Graphic design Sylwia Szafrańska Cover Sylwia Szafrańska Technical editor Marcin Koc Index of names Magdalena Zarzycka Typesetting Wojciech Czaplicki Cover photo Piotr Życieński Print and binding Instytut Technologii Eksploatacji – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy ul. Pułaskiego 6/10 26-600 Radom © Copyright by the Institute of National Remembrance – The Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, Warsaw 2016 ISBN 978–83–8098–041–9 Visit our website www.ipn.gov.pl and our on-line bookshop www.ipn.poczytaj.pl. TABLE OF CONTENTS By way of introduction .................................... 7 From the author or what this book is about and what it is for ...... 12 Three institutions, one objective or the path to the ‘soldiers’ field’ .. 14 The search from the inside or from archives to excavations ....... 22 From sample to profile or at the laboratory of the Polish Genetic Database of Victims of Totalitarian Regimes ................ 36 Publications for scientists or Polish history as an export product ... 47 Comb calendar or dealing with emotions ...................... 52 An unreliable scrap of paper or hope dies last .................. 57 Identity confirmation or surnames reclaimed. 72 Struggling with everyday life or the lives of the executed heroes’ families ................. 85 Return to the ‘soldiers’ field’ or the excavations under the asphalt .. 94 The restoration of surnames continues ........................ 109 The pantheon or a decent resting place. 159 Appendix: Heroes found in the ‘soldiers’ field’ and those responsible for their deaths ...................... 167 Index of names .......................................... 171 5 BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION Speech given by the Chairman of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Łukasz Kamiński, at the Presidential Palace on 1 March 2015 Mr. President, the families of the victims of communism, ministers, Mr. Vice-Chancellor, ladies and gentlemen, this year is the fifth time that we celebrate the National Day of Remembrance for the Accursed Soldiers. The bill regarding its introduction was brought before Parliament in February 2010 by the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński. Passed with an over- whelming majority of votes after its endorsement by the President of Po- land Bronisław Komorowski, it was then signed into law. The road to the establishment of this national holiday has been long. It was necessary to break the propaganda lie, which had been construct- ed for decades, and the organised oblivion. The first research on the history of the post-war pro-independence underground was undertaken by Polish immigrants. Publications devoted to that phenomenon were also published in the second circulation in the 1980s. Launching broader research became possible only after the fall of the communist regime, with two milieus of historians playing a special role: those centred around Professor Tomasz Strzembosz and those associated with the Zeszyty Historyczne WiN editing staff, directed since 1994 by Professor Janusz Kurtyka, later IPN chair- man and a great advocate of the establishment of this national holiday. At the same time the efforts began to reinstate the memory of soldiers of the pro-independence underground among Poles. The first to organise an exhibition devoted to the Accursed Soldiers, the Republican League did the most in that regard. It was in the title of that exhibition that the expression ‘Accursed Soldiers’ was first used, later pop- ularised by Jerzy Śląski in the title of his book. The 1989 changes enabled the veteran milieus to associate freely. They too played a major role in the restoration of the memory of the post-war underground, with the World 7 Union of Home Army Veterans, the ‘Freedom and Independence’ Union Social and Veteran Association, the Union of National Armed Forces Sol- diers, and the Union of Underage Political Prisoners ‘Jaworzniacy’ among the most active organisations. The founding of the Institute of National Remembrance was a break- through moment in the process of commemorating the Accursed Soldiers. Most of the scholars of that subject matter found employment in the Insti- tute. Many new researchers appeared too. The Institute’s archive received documents on the history of the post-war underground, most of which had been unavailable to historians. Many investigations regarding repressions against heroes of the Polish underground also yielded important findings. It also became possible to launch broad educational activity, which has man- aged to change the awareness of the public. I shall mention only two of the Institute’s numerous activities. For many years it ran a research project, which concluded in early 2007 with the publication of the monumental Atlas polskiego podziemia niepodległościowego 1944–1956 – the first compre- hensive study of the post-war underground. The team of a few dozen people was directed by Professor Rafał Wnuk and Doctor Sławomir Poleszak. The purpose of the other project, On the Track of Crime, was documentation and education. Directed by Doctor Tomasz Łabuszewski, it led to establishing the location of hundreds of forgotten places of detention, torture, and murder of soldiers of the Polish pro-independence underground. Published in the form of an album (Śladami zbrodni. Przewodnik po miejscach represji ko- munistycznych lat 1944–1956), the project’s findings are used during search efforts. As far as the crime scenes are concerned, one cannot forget about the physical forms of commemoration such as monuments and plaques. Most credit for that should go to the ‘We Remember’ Foundation, but the Council for Protection of Memory of Combat and Martyrdom (ROPWiM) also made its contribution, both when its director was Minister Andrzej Przewoźnik and under the leadership of Minister Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert. Ladies and gentlemen, the substantiation of the bill regarding the intro- duction of today’s holiday reads: “The National Day of Remembrance for the Accursed Soldiers is to be an expression of tribute to the soldiers of the second underground for their valour, unwavering patriotic stance, devotion to pro-independence traditions, and the blood they shed in defence of their Homeland.” 8 Today these words have become a reality. This national holiday is an ex- pression of the actual homage we pay to the heroes of this holiday. This year alone the number of undertakings initiated or co-organised by the IPN has exceeded three hundred. And there are many others in which we do not par- ticipate. They are prepared in cooperation with local communities, associa- tions, schools, and both local and state authorities. Fine artists, writers, and musicians also present the Accursed Soldiers’ history using their own forms of expression. More importantly, their history reaches the young, born in free Poland. And it does not only reach them, but it also moves and inspires them. Such a swift change in social awareness was enabled largely by the excavations and exhumations of the communist terror victims launched in 2011. The sight of the mass graves of Polish heroes and their carefully lifted shattered remains reached millions of Poles and moved many of them due to the engagement of the mass media. The project to locate the graves of the victims of communism was in- itiated by the IPN and the ROPWiM, which were quickly joined by the Ministry of Justice following Minister Krzysztof Kwiatkowski’s decision. We have also signed a cooperation agreement with the Wrocław Medical University (PUM). Most works are directed by Professor Krzysztof Szwagrzyk, the IPN Chairman’s attorney and the head of an Independent Search Department, with some of them performed within the framework of the investigations run by IPN prosecutors. Furthermore, the genetic identification of the remains found has been in progress since 2012. It was enabled by the agreement between the IPN and the PUM in Szczecin regarding the establishment of a Polish Genetic Database of Victims of Totalitarian Regimes (PBGOT). Highly unusual for a medical uni- versity, the PUM’s engagement in this project became possible with a decision of its Vice-Chancellor, Professor Andrzej Ciechanowicz. So far we have man- aged to explore a few dozen sites and find more than 700 remains, of which more than 40 have been identified. Our work is still far from finished and many problems (also of a legal nature) are waiting to be solved. We promise to solve them persistently and not rest until we exhaust every possibility of find- ing the graves of the communist terror victims and identifying their remains. Ladies and gentlemen, as we know, the date of the National Day of Re- membrance for the Accursed Soldiers is not accidental.