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An Investigation on Different Mechanisms of Endocrine

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An Investigation on Different Mechanisms of Endocrine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals AN INVESTIGATION ON DIFFERENT MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IN FISH AND MOLLUSCS Ph.D. Thesis Angeliki Lyssimachou December 2008 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Consell Superior de Investigacions Científiques Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas y Ambientals Ambientales Departamento de Química Ambiental Thesis submitted by Angeliki Lyssimachou in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Director: Tutor: Dra. Cinta Porte Visa Dr. Ricardo Marcos Dauder Professor of Investigation Professor Ecotoxicology Group Mutagenesis Group Department of Environmental Departament of Genetics and Chemistry Microbiology IIQAB-CSIC Faculty of Biosciences-UAB “We have to realise that the various forms of life do not construct a pyramid on top of which exists the human species. All the forms of life, construct perhaps a circle, each ring of which is connected with every other. We have to comprehend that the environment does not exist “out there” but “in here”. When we poison the air, the water or the soil, we poison our own selves. Like all the other organisms, we too, form part of a big biological circle, from which nothing can detach us .” John Sind, New South Wales, Australia quoted from “Environment and consciousness in ancient Greece” by Aimilios Bourantinos “What doesn’t kill you, doesn’t necessarily make you stronger ” ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all I want to thank my supervisor Dra. Cinta Porte Visa, that without her the realisation of this Ph. D. thesis wouldn’t have been possible. I want to thank her for her support and guidance throughout the thesis, her scientific expertise, her patience and understanding, and for giving me the chance to form part of her laboratory group and expand my knowledge in ecotoxicology. I then want to thank my university tutor Dr. Ricard Marcus who kindly helped me and guided me through the bureaucratic procedures of this thesis. I want to thank all of my long-term laboratory colleagues (Sabine, Denise, Remí, Gemma, Rebeca, Ramon, Carlos) and short-term ones (Consuelo, Silvia, Raimondo, Oscar, Constansa) for working together and sharing the laboratory equipment (I need the hot bath at 45 ºC for three hours), supporting me at difficult times (the peak is not coming out, what am I doing wrong?), for their understanding and for creating a positive laboratory environment to work in. I also want to thank my supervisor during my visit at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Dr. Augustin Arukwe and the people I worked with in his laboratory (Anne and Trønd), for giving me the chance to work on molecular biology in such a scientifically advanced and at the same time pleasant environment. I particularly want to thank Dr. Bjørn Jenssen, for accepting me at the Marie Curie training site “ENDOCLIMA” and for giving me the opportunity to work on such an interesting project. I want to thank the secretaries of ICTA, the people that I collaborated with from ICMR, IRTA, CID and NCMR, the EU for giving me the Marie Curie studentship award and all the people I met from the scientific community during the last five years, who have contributed in the realisation of this thesis. I then want to thank my family, every member of which has supported me and has been there for me, despite the miles that are between us. I want to give special thanks to my sister Marina, my mother and father, that without their support I wouldn’t have been able to finish this process. I also want to thank my all times friends (Aspelina, Samantha, Georgia, Azarias), those that live close by (Laura, Joana, Stelios, Ana, Frank, Josep, Marina, Francesca, Brais, Ainhoa, Ismael) and those that are not (Odei, Antonis, Evi, Karla, Jessica, Sam, Mike, Nerea, Iris, Tzotzo, Christos, Alex, Vassilis, Stela, Dr. Don, Cristian, Nellie) for their motivation and belief in me. ACRONYMS LIST 11-KT 11-ketotestosterone GST glutathione-S-transferase AD androstenedione HDL high density lipoprotein AEAT acyl-CoA:estradiol acyltransferase HPG axis hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal AOX acyl-CoA oxidase axis AR androgen receptor HPI axis hypothalamus–pituitary– ATAT acyl-CoA:testosterone interrenal axis acyltransferase HRE hormone response elements BCF bioconcentration factor HSD hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase CAR constitutive androstane receptor HUFA highly unsaturated fatty acid CAT catalase IMO International Maritime Organisation CNS central nervous system Kd sediment-water partition coefficient CPs chlorinated Paraffins Kow octanol-water partition coefficient DBD DNA binding domain LBD ligand binding domain DDT dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane LDL low density lipoprotein DES diethylstilbestrol LXR liver X receptor DHA dihydroandrostenedione MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase DHT dihydrotestosterone MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids DPHA dihydroepiandrosterone NOEC no observed effect concentration E2 17beta-estradiol NR nuclear receptor E3 estriol P450arom Cytochrome P450 aromatase EcR ecdysone receptor PBDEs polybrominated dephenylethers EDCs endocrine disrupting chemicals PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls EE2 ethynylestradiol PCDDs polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ER estrogen receptor PCDFs polychlorinated dibenzofurans FA fatty acid PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated FXR farnesoid X receptor receptor GEM gemfibrozil PPs peroxisome proliferators GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone PR progestin receptor GnRHR gonadotropin releasing hormone PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids receptor PXR pregnane X receptor GR glucocorticoid receptor RA retinoic acid GSH glutathione RAR retinoic acid receptor RXR retinoid X receptor SFA saturated fatty acids StAR protein steroidogenic acute regulatory protein STP sewage treatment plants TBT tributyltin ThR thyroid hormone receptor TPT triphenyltin UDPGTs uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases VLDL very low density lipoprotein VDR vitamin D receptor Vtg vitellogenin CONTENTS PAGES CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 1.1 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION - BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND DEFINITION ....................................3 1.1.1 Background information.........................................................................................................3 1.1.2 Definition................................................................................................................................7 1.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDC S)...........................7 1.2.1 Endocrine disruptors and effects............................................................................................7 1.2.2 Common characteristics.........................................................................................................8 1.3 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS AND IDENTIFYING DOSE -RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS IN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION RESEARCH ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 ENDOCRINOLOGY OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................13 1.4.1 Hormonal action .................................................................................................................. 13 1.4.2 Nuclear Receptors ................................................................................................................ 15 1.4.3 Non-genomic action of steroid hormones............................................................................. 18 1.4.4 Aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate endocrinology............................................................. 19 1.5 STEROIDOGENESIS ..................................................................................................................... 20 1.5.1 The enzymes that participate in steroidogenesis .................................................................. 21 1.5.2 Description of the steroidogenic pathway............................................................................ 23 1.6 BIOTRANSFORMATION ENZYMES : PHASE I AND II METABOLISM ................................................ 27 1.6.1 Phase I enzymes ................................................................................................................... 30 1.6.2 Phase II enzymes .................................................................................................................. 32 1.7 CASE STUDIES : PHARMACEUTICALS AND ORGANOTINS ............................................................ 36 1.7.1 Pharmaceuticals, a threat for fish populations .................................................................... 36 1.7.2 Organotin compounds .......................................................................................................... 43 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 2. OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................ 75 CHAPTER 3. ETHYNYLESTRADIOL AND TRIBUTYLTIN MODULATE BRAIN AROMATASE GENE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY IN JUVENILE SALMON ( SALMO SALAR ) FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM IN-VIVO EXPOSURE ....................................................... 79 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................
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