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Achaemenid Culture and Local Traditions in Anatolia, Southern Caucasus and Iran New Discoveries Edited by Askold Ivantchik and Vakhtang Licheli LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 ACSS 13,1-2_prelims.indd i 10/31/07 7:40:38 PM Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978 90 04 16328 7 Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishers, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands ACSS 13,1-2_prelims.indd ii 10/31/07 7:40:38 PM CONTENTS* Askold Ivantchik, Vakhtang Licheli, Introduction ........................ 1 Lâtife Summerer, Picturing Persian Victory: Th e Painted Battle Scene on the Munich Wood .................................................. 3 Ilyas Babaev, Iulon Gagoshidze, Florian S. Knauß, An Achaemenid « Palace » at Qarajamirli (Azerbaijan). Preliminary Report on the Excavations in 2006 ............................... 31 Jens Nieling, Dongus Tapa – An Iron Age Settlement in the Udabno-Steppe, Eastern Kakheti ..................................................... 47 Vakhtang Licheli, Oriental Innovations in Samtskhe (Southern Georgia) in the 1st Millenium BC ................................... 55 Mikhail Treister, Th e Toreutics of Colchis in the 5th-4th Centuries BC. Local Traditions, Outside Influences, Innovations ..................................................................................... 67 Amiran Kakhidze, Iranian Glass Perfume Vessel from the Pichvnari Greek cemetery of the Fifth Century BC ......................... 109 Ketevan Dzhavakhishvili, Achaemenian Seals found in Georgia ...... 117 S. Mansur Seyyed Sajjadi, Wall painting from Dahaneh-ye Gholaman (Sistan) ........................................................................... 129 In future issues .................................................................................... 155 * Th e color illustrations can be found at the back of this issue. ACSS 13,1-2_prelims.indd iii 10/31/07 7:40:38 PM ACSS 13,1-2_prelims.indd iv 10/31/07 7:40:38 PM Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 13 (2007) 1-2 www.brill.nl/acss Introduction Askold Ivantchik, Vakhtang Licheli Th is special issue of the journal ACSS contains materials from a conference held in Borjomi, Georgia in 2006 (October 7th-14th). Th is was the third in a series of conferences entitled “Caucasian Iberia and its Neighbours in the Ach- aemenid and Post-Achaemenid Period”. Th e first was held in 1998 in Tbilisi in conjunction with Halle University on the initiative of the outstanding Georgian scholar, Academician Otar Lordkipanidze, the founder of the Cen- tre for Archaeological Research of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, of which he was the director for many years. Th e second conference was held in 2000. Sadly the sudden death of Otar Lordkipanidze on May 19, 2002 meant that many important research projects in Georgia were interrupted, at least for a time. Yet Otar Lordkipanidze’s pupils and colleagues are doing everything they can to ensure that endeavours he had set in motion should be continued after his death and that the traditions he had established should live on. Th e excavations conducted by him at Vani and also the international conferences on the ancient history and archaeology of the Black Sea region – the renowned Vani Conferences – continue as before. Th e fact that the third conference on Caucasian Iberia in the Achaemenid period went ahead as planned provides further demonstration of how Lordkipanidze’s work is being carried forward. It shows that the study of the Southern Caucasus as a part of the Achaemenid cultural world – a focus of research of great interest to Otar Lordkipanidze, to which he devoted considerable effort and energy – is being imaginatively and actively developed further in Georgia. It was possible to hold this conference thanks to the combined efforts of the National Museum of Georgia, the Lord- kipanidze Institute of Archaeology and the district authorities in Borjomi, to whom we should like to express our sincere gratitude. Th e conference was dedicated to the memory of Otar Lordkipanidze. Th e papers delivered at that conference, which form the basis of the articles published here, represent the results of the latest research into the relationship between the ‘imperial’ culture of the Achaemenids and local traditions. Numer- ous articles are devoted to questions concerning the Southern Caucasus. Readers © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007 DOI: 110.1163/157005707X212616 ACSS 13,1-2_f2_1-2.indd 1 10/4/07 2:35:20 PM 2 A. Ivantchik, V. Licheli / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 13 (2007) 1-2 can acquaint themselves with the preliminary results of the latest archaeological research (J. Nieling, V. Licheli, I. Babaev, I Gagoshidze, F. Knauß) and also with investigations into specific categories of archaeological finds making it possible to place materials from the Southern Caucasus in the wider context of antiquities from the Achaemenid era within a much larger area (M. Treister, A. Kakhidze, K. Dzhavakhishvili). Other articles are devoted to similar questions which arise when such research is carried further into adjacent territo- ries. Th e article by L. Summerer is devoted to the publication of a unique work of art: the painting on one of the walls of a wooden tomb in Tatarlı in Western Anatolia, depicting a battle between Persians and warriors of nomadic (Scythian-Saka) appearance. Th is rare work makes it possible to draw important conclusions about the relative significance of local elements on the one hand and ‘imperial’ culture on the other, in the western margins of the Achae- menid Empire. Finally, the article by S. Sajjadi presents readers with the results of interesting research, which has been going on at the opposite, eastern edge of that empire, in Sistan. All in all, we hope that the articles published here will shed new light on the question of relations between the centre and the outlying areas in the culture of the empire of the Achaemenids and the regions adjoining it. ACSS 13,1-2_f2_1-2.indd 2 10/4/07 2:35:22 PM Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 13 (2007) 3-30 www.brill.nl/acss Picturing Persian Victory: Th e Painted Battle Scene on the Munich Wood Lâtife Summerer Abstract Th e present article analyses the battle scene on the painted beam in Munich, which originally belonged to the ensemble of an extensively painted tomb chamber near Tatarlı, and reviews its interpretation as an historical depiction that was proposed by the first editor Peter Calmeyer. Th e author concludes that this battle scene bears no clear indications to connect it with a specific historical event; rather, it seems to depict an exemplary Persian victory over enemies, who are conveyed as a unified ethnic group by their uniform costumes and pointed caps. Th e article analyses the evidence of the iconography in detail with particular regard to the forms of narration and the context, and in the light of this review attempts to show alternative ways how this painted Persian victory may be viewed and interpreted. Keywords Phrygia / Kelainai / Persians / Scythians / Battle / Wood painting / Iconography Introduction1 In 1989 four pieces of wooden beams of unknown origin were handed over to the “Archäologische Staatssammlung”2 as a gift and permanent loan. In 1993, Peter Calmeyer published a first acquisition report in the „Münchner Jahr- bücher”, unfortunately with inadequate and sometimes upside down illustrations.3 Even though shortly thereafter two colour photographs of details of the beams were published in the exhibition catalogue “Orient und Okzident”, these pictures were reproduced the wrong way round,4 so that they were not recognisable as a coherent scenic ensemble. Probably because of this inadequate photographic publication, scholars have hardly taken notice of these important monuments of Achaemenid-era wood painting. Fourteen years 1 I owe thanks to Christopher H. Roosevelt for a critical reading of an early draft of this paper. 2 Formerly the “Prähistorische Staatssammlung”. 3 Calmeyer 1993, 7-18. 4 Zahlhaas 1995, pl. D. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007 DOI: 10.1163/157005707X212643 ACSS 13,1-2_f3_3-30.indd 3 11/2/07 11:50:24 AM 4 L. Summerer / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 13 (2007) 3-30 after first being published, the Munich beams are still widely unknown. In literature one finds only a few casual references to them.5 Th e author of this paper was able to prove elsewhere that their original context was an extensively painted wooden tomb chamber in a tumulus near the village Tatarlı, en route from the royal residence of Kelainai to Gordion.6 Th e Tumulus in Tatarlı was raided by the villagers in 19697 and excavated by the Museum of Afyon in 1970. Some beams of the walls were cut off and taken away during the raid- ing, while the museum staff dismantled the remaining beams and brought them to the Afyon Museum.8 Detailed technical studies on the planks in the Afyon Museum showed that the beam with the battle scene was sawed off from the east wall by the looters in 1969.9 Th e dimensions of the timber-lined tomb chamber are reported to be 2.50 m × 2 m in length and width and 1.85 m in height. Th e northern – i.e. back wall – was made up of 8 beams, while the sidewalls – that is the eastern and western walls – consisted of 4 beams and the gabled roof of 7 beams.

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