Appendix C Updated Arthropod Inventory And

APPENDIX C

UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT

APPENDIX C: UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT AT THE HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I Advanced Technology Solar Telescope Primary and Alternative Sites

December 2005

Prepared for

KC Environmental, Inc. Makawao, Hawai`i

Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. Natural Resource Consultants P.O. Box 219 Albany, Oregon 97321 www.statpros.com

APPENDIX C: UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT

Prepared by:

Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. Post Office Box 219 Albany, Oregon 97321 Tel. (541) 926-0117 [email protected] www.statpros.com

Gregory Brenner Senior Associate / Project Manager

The pictures contained in this report are for the exclusive use by Pacific Analytics, L.L.C and its clients. All photographs are copyrighted by Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. and may not be reproduced or used without the express written permission of Pacific Analytics, L.L.C.

APPENDIX C: UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT AT THE HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I

Advanced Technology Solar Telescope Primary and Alternative Sites

December 2005

I. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page I. TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 1

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2

III. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

IV. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 7

V. METHODS ...... 8

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 18

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 29

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 APPENDIX C: Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Haleakalā volcano on the island of solar telescope in the world. It would be Maui is one of the highest mountains in an indispensable tool for exploring and Hawaiì, reaching an elevation of 3,055- understanding physical processes on the m (10,023-ft) at its summit on Puù Sun that ultimately affect Earth. Ùlaùla. Near the summit is a volcanic cone known as Kolekole with some of An inventory and assessment of the the best astronomy viewing in the arthropod fauna at the HO site was world. In 1961, an Executive Order of conducted in 2003 as part of the Long Hawaiì Governor Quinn established Range Development Plan (LRDP) the Haleakalā High Altitude (http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/haleakala Observatories (HO) Site, sometimes /LRDP/) for the Haleakalā High referred to as “Science City”. The site is Altitude Observatories. KC managed by the University of Hawaiì. Environmental, Inc. managed the environmental and cultural surveys and The summit of Haleakalā is also the prepared survey-based recom- home to unique cultural and natural mendations for the IfA committee resources. Important cultural places and responsible for long range development sites are found here that are spoken of in planning. numerous Hawaiian mele (songs), oli (chants) and legends (NPS 2005). Pacific Analytics, LLC was contracted to Arthropods occur near the summit of update the 2003 inventory and assess- Haleakalā in an aeolian ecosystem that ment of the arthropod fauna at the was once considered lifeless. ATST proposed primary and alternative sites within the Haleakalā High Altitude The National Science Foundation has Observatories Site. proposed the development of the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope The goal was to describe the arthropod (ATST) within the 18-acre University of fauna at the two proposed ATST sites, Hawaiì Institute for Astronomy HO and identify Hawaiian native arthropod site. The ATST represents a collabora- species or habitats, if any, that could be tion of 22 institutions, reflecting a broad impacted by construction or operation segment of the solar physics of the ATST. The information provided community. The proposed ATST project in this report will be used to make would be the largest and most capable sound, considered decisions regarding

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 APPENDIX C: Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ the placement and development of the Observatory facility, and the alternative proposed ATST project, based on the site, at Reber Circle, both within the HO best scientific information available. site. This report contains sampling methodology, site description, This report is the result of arthropod discussion of findings, and an extensive sampling at the proposed ATST primary Bibliography. site, east of the existing Mees Solar

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 APPENDIX C: Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

III. INTRODUCTION

The Haleakalā volcano on the island of elevations (Howarth 1987, Medeiros Maui is one of the highest mountains in and Loope 1994). Hawaiì, reaching an elevation of 3,055- m (10,023-ft) at its summit on Puù On Haleakalā, aeolian and sub-aeolian Ùlaùla. Near the summit is a volcanic ecosystems begin at about 2,300-m cone known as Kolekole with some of (7,546-ft) elevation in the cinder- the best astronomy viewing in the dominated habitat inside the crater, world. In 1961, an Executive Order of and at around 2,600-m (8,530-ft) on the Hawaiì Governor Quinn established older western slope of the volcano, and the Haleakalā High Altitude extend up to the summit at 3,055-m Observatories (HO) Site, sometimes (10,023-ft). Climate conditions are referred to as “Science City”. The site is extreme, with widely varying diurnal managed by the University of Hawaiì. temperatures and little precipitation. Solar radiation can be intense, and the The highest elevations of Haleakalā conditions often affect visitors not were once considered largely lifeless accustomed to high elevations. with only sparse vegetation, but biologists have discovered a diverse The Haleakalā aeolian ecosystem is fauna of resident insects and spiders extremely xeric, caused by relatively there that are found nowhere else in the low precipitation, porous lava world (Medeiros and Loope 1994). substrates that retain negligible These arthropods inhabit unique natural amounts of moisture, little plant cover, habitats on the bare lava flows and and high solar radiation. The dark, cinder cones. Feeding primarily on heat-absorbing cinder provides only windblown organic material, they form slight protection from the extreme an aeolian ecosystem. temperatures. Thermal regulation and moisture conservation are critical The term aeolian has generally been adaptations of arthropods that occur in used to describe ecosystems on snow, this unusual habitat. ice, meltwater, and barren rock, but in Hawaiì it has been used to characterize Vegetation covers less than 5% of the non-weathered lava substrates, mostly open ground, and food is apparently but not exclusively found at high scarce. Wind-assisted diurnal movement and seasonal migrations of

INTRODUCTION 4 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAIÌ ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ insects from the surrounding lowlands based recommendations for the IfA are the primary source of food for the committee responsible for long range resident scavenger and predator development planning. arthropods in this remarkable ecosystem. Aeolian ecosystems are not Pacific Analytics, LLC was contracted unique to Haleakalā in Hawaiì. Similar to update the inventory and assessment ecosystems also occur on Mauna Kea of the arthropod fauna at the ATST and Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaiì proposed primary and alternative sites (Howarth and Montgomery 1980). Each within the HO site. Pacific Analytics volcano has its own unique aeolian personnel have extensive experience fauna that exploit the windblown with ecological research, wildlife organic material. inventory, monitoring, and consulting. Pacific Analytics personnel have many The National Science Foundation has years of professional experience in proposed the development of the tropical and temperate ecosystems, Advanced Technology Solar Telescope including natural resource inventory (ATST) within the 18-acre University of and monitoring, forest and riparian Hawaiì Institute for Astronomy HO entomology, endangered species site. The ATST represents a research, mitigation, and habitat collaboration of 22 institutions, management, forensic entomology, reflecting a broad segment of the solar integrated pest management, and land physics community. The proposed management. ATST project would be the largest and most capable solar telescope in the Sampling of arthropod habitats was world. It would be an indispensable tool approved in a permit obtained from the for exploring and understanding Department of Land and Natural physical processes on the Sun that Resources (DLNR) issued in ultimately affect Earth. September, 2005. Sampling began on September 30, 2005 and was completed An inventory and assessment of the on October 30, 2005. arthropod fauna at the HO site was conducted in 2003 as part of the Long The intended purpose of this study is to Range Development Plan (LRDP) for update the baseline survey of resident the Haleakalā High Altitude invertebrates conducted in 2003, and to Observatories. KC Environmental, Inc. gather reliable scientific information managed the environmental and about the current status of arthropods cultural surveys and prepared survey- and other invertebrates at the proposed

INTRODUCTION 5 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

ATST primary and alternative sites supports astronomy programs at the within the HO site. Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories Site by promoting the good This study provides a means of stewardship of the natural resources gathering information that can be used located there. to protect the native Arthropod species during development and operation of observatory facilities. This study

INTRODUCTION 6 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

IV. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Project consists of six tasks. The tasks were:

Task I) Survey the site to determine habitats of interest and the special collecting methods that may be deployed.

Task II) Install five pitfall traps on each of the proposed ATST primary and alternative sites.

Task III) Collect under rocks, on vegetation, in leaf litter, and in special habitats (e.g., for ground dwelling arthropods).

Task IV) Retrieve material from pitfall traps after operating for one month.

Task V) Identify and curate of collected specimens.

Task VI) Prepare a Final Report of Findings.

Review the previous inventories and assessments, Discuss the current status of resident Arthropods on the proposed ATST primary and alternative sites , Compare the current status to the findings of the 2003 inventory, List any species of concern or special interest,

PROJECT DESCRIPTION 7 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

V. METHODS

Site Description 18.5˚C (62.5˚F), and the average low is 7.3˚C (44.8˚F). Daily temperatures can The Haleakalā High Altitude range from below freezing at night to Observatories (HO) site is located on near 80˚F (27˚C) during the day. In June, Kolekole Hill. The site is at 3,052-m the average high temperature is 18˚C (10,012-ft) above sea level, adjacent to (65˚F), and the average low temperature Puù Ùlaùla, also known as Red Hill, is 8˚C (47˚F) (Weather.com website). the highest elevation on Maui, 3,055-m (10,023-ft). The prevailing Northeast trade winds occur a majority of the time between The 7.3-ha (18.1-ac) site was established May and November and over 60% of in 1961, and the first telescope, the Mees the time the rest of the year (ATST Solar observatory was dedicated in website). 1964. The site now consists of five telescope facilities. Sampling

The proposed ATST primary site is Prior to sampling, reports and approximately 0.24-ha (0.60-ac) of publications of previous arthropod undeveloped land located east of the surveys and studies were examined to existing Mees Solar Observatory determine the best approach to sample facility. The proposed alternative site is the site. Two reports (Beardsley 1980 at Reber Circle, a previously developed and Medeiros and Loope 1994) were site located north of the existing extremely useful because they are MAGNUM telescope facility. specific to the site and nearby crater. Particular attention was given to the Annual precipitation at these sites Arthropod Inventory and Assessment averages 1,349.2-mm (53.14-in), falling conducted in 2003 (Pacific Analytics primarily as rain and mist during the 2003). winter months from November through April. Snow rarely falls at the site. After reviewing historical reports it was decided that ethylene glycol pitfall Monthly mean temperatures range from traps, foliage beating, and visual 10˚C (50˚F) in February to 14˚C (57˚F) in searching would be the most efficient July and August. The average high is

METHODS 8 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ methods to inventory arthropods at this ground and the small amount of site. information known about their distribution at the site. Most of the open Light-trapping at night was considered ground is scoria, cinder, lapilli, and ash. for sampling nocturnal arthropod A large percentage of this substrate is species, but was rejected because of the composed of ash and sand-sized potential for disturbance to nearby particles. When a hole is dug in this active petrel nests. Searches for noctural kind of substrate, the sides quickly arthropods using red-light headlamps collapse and fill in the hole. Pitfall traps was also considered. It was decided that were used to sample this habitat type. It while there is a potential to observe is unlikely that abundant and active some noctural species using this ground-dwelling arthropods would not method, most would be captured by be collected in these traps. Even when pitfall traps that would be open arthropods live in the ground, they continuously for one month. generally must come to the surface to feed. When they do, they should be Pitfall Traps captured by the pitfall traps. The selection of a trapping technique Because sampling was to occur for only used in a study needs to be carefully one month, ethylene glycol traps were considered. If the target species of the used to sample the arthropod ground trapping system are rare or important fauna. Ethylene glycol pitfall traps are for another reason (i.e., endangered, cups placed into the ground so that the keystone species, etc.) live-trapping lip of the cup is level with the substrate. should be considered. Entomologists A small amount of ethylene glycol is have long believed that they can sample placed into the trap to kill and preserve without an impact on the population specimens that fall into the traps. being sampled. It has been assumed Ethylene glycol is used because it has a that collecting makes only a small low evaporation rate and because it impact on the populations of interest. prevents specimen decomposition While that assumption remains to be during the sampling period. tested, responsible entomologists Additionally, it is easily cleaned from consider appropriate trapping the specimens. techniques to ensure survival of local populations of interest. Catches in pitfall traps record the activity of ground-active arthropods. There have been some concerns The more active the organism, the more expressed about insects living in the

METHODS 9 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ likely it is to fall into a trap (Greenslade these sites was avoided. Petrel nesting 1964, Luff 1975, Adis 1979, Baars 1979, sites were also identified during a site Spence and Niemelä 1994). Pitfall review, and no traps were set within the trapping gives a reliable estimate of the nesting area. relative densities of active adult species (Baars 1979, Rieske and Raffa 1993), Sampling stations were selected in although the method may not be useful suitable habitat (Step 1). Traps were for estimating absolute densities of installed at each sampling station by species (Briggs 1960, Greenslade 1964, carefully digging into the cinder, Adis 1978, Baars 1979, Desender and disturbing only the amount of cinder Maelfait 1983, Waage 1985). Luff et al. necessary to set up the trap (Step 2). A (1989) concluded that analysis of pitfall 355-ml (12-oz) plastic cup was inserted trap data collected under standardized into the hole so that the top of the cup conditions could lead to meaningful was slightly below the existing surface results. (Step 3). The hole around the cup was refilled with the cinder that was The results of sampling depend largely removed from the hole and a 10-cm (4- on the species being sampled and the in) apron of local ash and small-sized density of traps at the site. The target of cinder was created around each trap pitfall trapping in this study was (Step 4). The apron allows arthropods to ground-active arthropod species. The easily walk into the traps. sampling goal was to place five traps in each of the proposed ATST sites. Ten Traps were set by pouring about 15-ml pitfall traps were set at the site on (0.5-oz) of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) September 30, 2005, sampling repre- into the cups (Step 5). Flagging tape to sentative habitat at each site. The mark the locations was wrapped locations of the pitfall traps are reported around cap rocks, ten to fifteen inches in Figure 1. in diameter. The cap rocks were then placed over each trap such that the Protocol for Setting Traps entire trap was shaded from sunlight (Step 6). Habitat was accessed with a minimum of disturbance to the habitat and cinder Traps were installed on September 30, slopes. Care was taken to prevent 2005, and were checked over the next creation of new trails or evidence of foot two days to determine if they were traffic. A map of significant historic and capturing a large amount of arthropods. This was done to ensure that traps cultural sites was provided by KC would not have a serious impact on Environmental, Inc., and sampling near

METHODS 10 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ resident arthropods. Traps were collected on October 29, 2005. The contents of the traps were screened to remove the ethylene glycol, and dead arthropod specimens were collected in vials filled with alcohol. The ethylene glycol was deposited at a local auto parts store for recycling. The ground around the traps was restored to near original condition. Setting a pitfall trap near Reber Circle.

METHODS 11 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

Setting an Ethylene Glycol Pitfall Trap

Step 1 Step 2 Select Sampling Site Dig a hole for the trap cup

Step 3 Step 4 Install 12 oz. plastic cup Refill hole and create apron

Step 5 Step 6 Pour in 15 ml of Ethylene glycol Emplace Cap Rock

METHODS 12 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

Trap Locations on most of the rest of the HO site, being relatively level ash and cinder with an An effort was made to sample abundance of blocky scoria and cinder. representative examples of all habitat There is sparse vegetation cover. Traps types on each of the proposed sites. were placed near vegetation to maximize sampling potential.

Aa flow near Reber Circle forms a rocky cliff face. Habitat at the proposed primary ATST site east of the Mees Observatory facility. The surface of the substrate on much of the HO site consists of broken The Reber Circle site is highly fragmental ankaramite lavas and disturbed, and previously developed. spatter, such as scoria, cinder, and The substrate within the circle is lapilli, with blankets of cinder and ash compacted cinder and ash. The area (Bhattacharji 2003). In some areas, aa surrounding the site has sparse lava flows of picrite basalt form large vegetation cover and little potential rock outcrops. arthropod habitat. Traps were set in areas near potential arthropod habitats The habitat east of the Mees to maximize sampling potential. Observatory is different than that found

METHODS 13 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C.

METHODS 14 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

Trapping Precautions Other Sampling Cultural and Historic Sites Visual Observations and Care was taken to avoid archeological Habitat Collecting Under Rocks sites. These sites have cultural and historical significance and precautions Approximately six hours were spent were made to prevent their disturbance. sampling under rocks, in leaf litter, and Traps were not placed in or near these on foliage to locate and collect sites. arthropods at each site.

Habitat was accessed with a minimum of disturbance to the habitat and cinder slopes. Care was taken to prevent creation of new trails or evidence of foot traffic. A map of significant historic and cultural sites was provided by KC Environmental, Inc.

Some sites were marked with white flagging and others were delineated Sampling foliage adjacent to Reber Circle. with metal fencing to prevent disturbance. Collecting on Foliage

Sensitive Nesting Sites The vegetation type at this site is an Argyroxiphium/Dubatia alpine dry Care was also taken to avoid disturbing shrubland (Starr and Starr, 2005). nesting petrels. These endangered birds Foliage of various common plant dig into the cinder to make burrows for species was sampled by beating sheet. nesting. Nesting is seasonal and was A one-meter square beating sheet was occurring during the arthropod placed under the foliage being sampled sampling. A map of active petrel nests and the branch was hit sharply three was prepared by Haleakalā Park Service times using the handle of a collecting staff, and used to ensure that arthropod net. sampling was not conducted in these sensitive areas.

METHODS 15 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

Na`ena`e, Dubautia menziesii, was sampled

using a beating sheet. Hairgrass, Deschampsia nubigena, and other grasses were sampled with a beating sheet. Plants sampled using a beating sheet included na`ena`e (Dubautia menziesii), Plant species that were relatively less pukiawe (Styphelia tameiamieae), ohelo abundant were sampled with special (Vaccinium reticulatum), and others. techniques so as not to disturb their growth. Sampling was conducted by carefully inspecting the plants for arthropods.

Mosses and lichens were visually inspected for arthropods that may be restricted to these species. These species occurred in rock crevices, small caves, or under overhangs, where they were protected for strong sunlight. Pukiawe, Styphelia tameiameiae, was sampled using a beating sheet. Care was taken to avoid disturbing their habitats.

Grasses, such as pili uka (Trisetum Vegetation was sampled on September glomeratum) and Hairgrass (Deschampsia 29-30, 2005 and again on October 29-30, nubigena), were also sampled using a 2005. Arthropod specimens were beating sheet. The beating sheet was collected and stored in vials of 70% placed next to and under the grass ethyl alcohol. clump and the stems were brushed by hand to remove arthropods. Common plants and grasses were also sampled using a sweep net.

METHODS 16 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

Quantification and Curation Other Invertebrates of Hawaiian Sugar Cane Fields (Williams 1931), Common The contents of the traps were cleaned Insects of Hawai‘i (Fullaway and in 70% ethyl alcohol and placed in Krauss 1945), Hawaiian Insects and separate vials for each trap. After Their Kin (Howarth and Mull 1992), quantifying the trap captures, the and An Introduction to the Study of specimens were sorted into the Insects Sixth Edition (Borror, morphospecies for identification. Hard- Triplehorn, and Johnson 1989). bodied species, such as beetles, true bugs, large flies and wasps were For specific groups specialized keys mounted on pins, either by pinning the were necessary. Most of these had to be specimen or by gluing the specimens to obtained through library searches. Keys paper points. Pinned specimens were used to identify Heteroptera included placed into Schmidt boxes. Soft-bodied those by Usinger (1936, 1942), Ashlock specimens, such as immature stages, (1966), Beardsley (1966, 1977), and spiders, Collembola, Psyllids, Aphids, Gagné (1997). Keys used to identify small flies and wasps, and millipedes Hymenoptera included Cushman and centipedes, were stored in vials (1944), Watanabe (1958), Townes (1958), filled with 70% ethyl alcohol. Beardsley (1961, 1969, 1976), Yoshimoto and Ishii (1965), and Yoshimoto (1965,a, Identification 1965b). References for general identification of the specimens included Fauna Species identification of those Hawaiiensis (Sharp (ed) 1899-1913) and specimens identified to genus or the 17 volumes of Insects of Hawai‘i species level are unconfirmed and (Zimmerman 1948a, 1948b, 1948c, subject to change after comparison to 1948d, 1948e, 1957, 1958a, 1958b, 1978, specimens in museums. Hardy 1960, 1964, 1965, 1981, Tentorio In many cases changes in family and 1969, Hardy and Delfinado 1980, generic status and species synonymies Christiansen and Bellinger 1992, caused species names to change from Liebherr and Zimmerman 2000, and those in the keys. Species names used Daly and Magnacca 2003). Other in this report are those listed in publications that were useful for general Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod identification included The Insects and Checklist Third Edition (Nishida 1997). 1 © Pacific Analytics, LLC 2003 2

METHODS 17 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. © Pacific Analytics, LLC 2003 ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

General Observations

The primary site has had minimal previous disturbed from construction. Vegetation occurred in the areas largely undisturbed. It was in these areas where arthropods were most abundant.

About eighty percent of the Reber Circle site has been previously disturbed by construction. Native vegetation occurs Lycosid spider, Lycosa hawaiiensis, only at the north and east portions of abundant at the two sites. this site. Arthropods were most abundant near this vegetation, but some This spider is the predominant were collected in pitfall traps from the predator of the arthropod fauna at the compacted and disturbed areas. site (Medeiros and Loope 1994). This spider was also commonly observed in A majority of the arthropod specimens visual habitat searches under rocks and were collected in pitfall traps and on on open ground. foliage. Only a small number of specimens were collected from under True bugs and leafhoppers were rocks or through general collecting. A abundant on the vegetation at both total of twenty arthropod species were sites. These endemic species have been collected representing sixteen families in reported from the HO site in previous nine orders. surveys.

Lycosid spiders, Lycosa hawaiiensis Other arthropods occurred in low Simon, occurred in nearly all pitfall abundance including small ground traps. They appeared abundantly as beetles and spiders, Collembola, and adults and juveniles. flies. The arthropod fauna collected during this study will be discussed according to their taxonomic groups.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

published report of a thorough Previous Studies inventory of the upper portion of Haleakalā listing the species collected. The summit of Haleakalā has been Three hundred and eighty-nine species sampled by several entomologists. Some of insects representing ninety families of the first specimens known from there from thirteen orders were collected were collected by the Reverend Thomas from the Crater District in this study. Blackburn over 100 years ago. Near the About 60% of the species were believed beginning of the twentieth century, to be endemic to Hawai‘i, and 83 R.C.L. Perkins sampled the upper species (21%) were determined to be reaches of Haleakalā. During the first endemic to Haleakalā. half of the century other entomologists who sampled Haleakalā included O.H. A previous review of the arthropod Swezey who recorded host plant fauna at the Haleakalā High Altitude information for many insect species, Observatories Site before the current E.C. Zimmerman who collected study occurred in 1994 (Medeiros and information for the Insects of Hawai‘i Loope 1994). The study was limited to series and studied the flightless the proposed Air Force Construction lacewings of Haleakalā, and D.E. Hardy Site. The number of species collected is who worked extensively with the not listed in that report. The report Diptera (flies) found there. concluded “The study site is basically a typical but somewhat depauperate Entomological studies continued in the example of the Haleakalā aeolian 1960’s when John Beardsley (1966) zone.” investigated species of Nysius that were disrupting operation of the Haleakalā The last inventory of arthropods at the Observatory. In that study Beardsley HO site was conducted in 2003 (Pacific collected fifty-one insect species from 36 Analytics). In that study, fifty-eight families in nine orders from malaise arthropod species were identified from traps on Pu`u Kolokole. the facility, twenty-nine that are indigenous to Hawai`i. This current In 1980, John Beardsley completed his survey is a site-specific update to that basic inventory of the insects of the study. Haleakalā National Park crater district for the Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit of the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa. This was the first

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

Current Survey cementing leaves and wind-blown detritus together with silk (Medeiros Of the twenty arthropod species and Loope 1994). During favorable collected during this study, at least half conditions, these spiders emerge from are indigenous Hawaiian species. All their burrows to hunt for prey. but one of the species collected have been previously reported from upper The wolf spider are most commonly elevations on Haleakalā. found under rocks in open cinder habitat. They occur down to 7,875 ft Class Arachnida (2,400 m) on Haleakalā, and are also found on Oahu and Hawai‘i. Order Araneae Spiders Linyphiidae – Sheet-web Spiders Lycosidae – Wolf Spiders Unknown species Lycosa hawaiiensis Simon Spiders of the family Linyphiidae were This large endemic wolf spider, Lycosa also observed on the site. Linyphiid hawaiiensis Simon, was frequently spiders are small, usually less then 2 encountered when searching under mm in length, and are difficult to see rocks and collecting at the site. Adults during visual reconnaissance. Only five and juveniles also occurred in pitfall species of these spiders are reported traps, averaging a combined fourteen from Maui, 3 endemic and two specimens per trap (~ 6.9 adults and 7.5 nonindigenous (Nishida 1997). juveniles). This is more than were captured during the 2003 inventory Ten individuals were collected in pitfall (combined average of ~10 lycosids per traps, and none were observed during trap). The increased abundance may be habitat searches. They were also due to seasonal differences. Sampling in relatively rare during the 1994, and 2003 was conducted during the summer 2003 surveys (Medeiros and Loope, months when the spiders may be less Pacific Analytics 2003), and their status active. is unchanged. This group of spiders is not well studied and little is known Adults of this large predator can reach about their distribution and abundance. up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length. Juveniles that appeared in traps were as small as 1 cm in length. To protect themselves from the climatic extremes, Lycosids construct burrows under rocks by

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 20 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

Class Chilopoda - Centipedes Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Centipedes are elongate, flattened Beetles arthropods with 15 or more pairs of legs, one pair per body segment. They Beetles are the most diverse group of occur in a variety of habitats, where arthropods in Hawai‘i. There are 1,983 they feed on spiders and insects. There species of beetles reported in Hawai‘i are 24 species of centipedes reported in (Nishida 1997), 544 on Maui (B.P. Hawai‘i, only one from Maui, the Bishop Museum 2002). nonindigenous, Mecistocephalus spissus Wood (Nishida 1997). Nine specimens Five species of beetles were found of centipedes were collected in this during this study, one endemic to study. Because of a lack of taxonomic Hawai‘i. In his 1980 study, Beardsley keys, they were not identified. Five reported 45 species from the Crater specimens of the same species were District of Haleakalā, including 29 found in traps during the 2003 endemic species. In previous arthropod inventory. surveys at the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories Site, fewer than 10 Class Diplopoda - Millipedes species were reported, only one of which is endemic (Medeiros and Loope Millipedes are elongate, wormlike 1994, Pacific Analytics 2003). arthropods with 30 or more pairs of legs, two pair per body segment. Carabidae – Ground Beetles Millipedes are scavengers and feed on Bembidion molokaiense (Sharp) decaying plant material. There are 25 This endemic species was identified species known in Hawai‘i, 8 on Maui. during the 2003 inventory, and was also recorded from Haleakalā in 1980 Two specimens of millipedes were near the Kuiki Trail at 6,400 ft (1,950 collected in pitfall traps during this m). Five specimens of this species were study. Because of a lack of taxonomic collected, only one was collected in keys, they were not identified. Thirty 2003. Identification specimens were collected during the 2003 inventory, generally from the The other endemic carabid beetle northern sections of the HO site. identified in 2003, Blackburnia rupicola (Blackburn), did not occur during this inventory. It was uncommon during

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAIÌ ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ the 2003 survey, occurring only twice difficult taxonomic group. Species of from the northern areas of the HO site. this group in Hawaiì are adventive, cosmopolitan, and common. Coccinellidae – Ladybird Beetles Coccinella septempunctata L. Order Collembola - Springtails This non-indigenous beetle was purposely introduced as a biocontrol for Collembola are small, insect-like aphids. Four individuals were collected arthropods. They are abundant and from Naènaè on the Reber Circle site. ubiquitous, exceeding all other insects in numbers of individuals (Christiansen Cryptophagidae – Silken Fungus Beetles and Bellinger 1992). Most species are Cryptophagus sp. detritivors and few are pests. One No species of this family are known to hundred and sixty-nine species of be indigenous to Hawaiì. This genus is Collembola are found in Hawai‘i, sixty cosmopolitan in distribution. These on Maui (Nishida 1997). small beetles feed on fungi, decaying vegetation, and similar materials, and Because of their small size (0.25–6-mm), usually occur in decaying vegetable Collembola are seldom observed or matter. One specimen was collected reported. Only three were trapped in from a pitfall trap, and represents the pitfalls at the primary site, but 40 were first record of this genus in Hawaiì. found in pitfalls at Reber Circle representing at least two species. In Lathridiidae - Minute Brown Scavenger 1980, five species of Collembola were Beetles reported from the Crater District of Aridius notifer (Westwood) Haleakalā. In 2003 Collembola were Only one specimen of this non- abundant in pitfall traps, occurring in indigenous beetle was collected. It the hundreds in some locations, occurs on other main islands in Hawaiì especially on the outer northwest and is not considered a pest. This slopes of Puù Kolekole, but specimen represents a new record for uncommon in the southern part of the the upper elevations of Haleakalā. HO site.

Staphylinidae – Rove Beetles Order Diptera -Flies Unknown species Three individuals of this species In previous studies on Haleakalā , more occurred in pitfall traps. They appear to than 115 species of flies were recorded be in the subfamily Aleocharinae, a (Beardsley 1980, Medeiros and Loope

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

1994, Pacific Analytics 2003). Only a few Sciaridae - Dark-winged Fungus Gnats of those species were recorded near the Bradysia sp. summit of the volcano. There are five species of this genus that occur on Maui, two endemic, and three During this study, five species of flies adventive. All five occur on other main were captured. The most abundant were islands and are not rare. nonindigenous humpbacked flies (Phoridae). These flies develop in dead Tipulidae - Craneflies organic materials, especially decaying Limonia hawaiiensis (Grimshaw) vegetation. It is likely that these flies are This endemic species is common on all blown to the HO site by diurnal winds the main islands of Hawai`i (Hardy from the surrounding lowlands. 1960). Calliphoridae – Blue Bottle Flies Calliphora vomitoria (L.) Order Heteroptera - True Bugs This non-indigenous fly is widespread throughout the World. It occurs on all The order Heteroptera contains 408 the main islands of Hawai`i at higher species in Hawai‘i, 304 of which are elevations. It is one of the largest species endemic. Most species feed on plants, of this family, commonly ovipositing on inserting their straw-like mouth parts meat and other organic matter (Hardy into the plant to extract the juices. Some 1981). species are predaceous.

Phoridae – Humpbacked Flies Forty species of true bugs were Megaselia setaria (Malloch) recorded during the 1980 Crater This fly is an immigrant from Guam, District inventory on Haleakalā, but and has been recorded from Kauai, most occurred well below the summit Oahu, and Maui. area. Eight species of true bugs were recorded during the investigation Sarcophagidae - Flesh Flies conducted on the Haleakalā High Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Wiedemann) Altitude Observatories Site in 1966. Of This non-indigenous species scavengers these six species, only three actually are on dead animal material. Individuals residents of the site (Beardsley 1966). In are abundant around the leach field on the 2003 inventory, eight true bugs the northeast portion of the HO site. were identified, all endemic.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

In the current study, three species of species in Hawai`i than any other true bugs, all endemic to Hawai‘i , were genus of endemic Miridae. found in pitfall traps and on plants. Order Homoptera Lygaeidae – Seed Bugs Psyllids, Aphids, and Hoppers Nysius nemorivagus White This endemic species of true bug was The order Homoptera is another large common at both sites on Dubautia and diverse group of insects. There are menziesii. Three individuals were 695 species of Homoptera found in captured in pitfall traps. This species is Hawai‘i, 386 considered endemic known to accumulate in large (Nishida 1997). All species feed on aggregations at the site and can disrupt plant juices and like the Heteroptera, observatory operations (Beardsley 1966). they use their straw-like mouthparts to It was abundant during the 2003 survey. feed.

In the 1980 insect inventory of the Crater District of Haleakalā, 44 species of Homoptera were found on various plants, but only nine species occurred above 8,000 ft. In his investigation in 1966, Beardsley (1966) found only two species of Homoptera at the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories Site. Nine species of Homoptera were identified Lygaeidae, Nysius nemorivagus White, were common on foliage at the sites. in the 2003 inventory.

Nysius lichencola Kirkaldy Cicadellidae - Leafhoppers This endemic species was described Nesophrosyne sp. from specimens that were collected on Two adult specimens of this endemic Haleakalā above 2,133-m (7,000-ft). Only genus were collected from pitfalls, but one specimen was collected. immatures were abundant on Dubautia menziesii, and in pitfalls. Miridae – Plant Bugs Orthotylus sp. Order Hymenoptera - Bees and Wasps This nearly cosmopolitan genus contains a larger number of described Bees and wasps are common in Hawai‘i. There are 1,270 species that

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ occur in Hawai‘i. Of these species, 652 Order Lepidoptera are endemic to Hawai‘i that consist Moths and Butterflies largely of small parasitic wasps, mud- daubers, and yellow-faced bees. The There are 1,148 species of moths and yellow-faced bees (family Colletidae) butterflies found in Hawai‘i, a majority are important pollinators of native (957) of which are endemic. Many of plants (Howarth and Mull 1992). Many the endemic species are small moths of the nonindigenous species were with a wingspan of less than 1 cm purposely released for biological control (Howarth and Mull 1992). of agricultural pests. Endemic Lepidoptera in Hawai‘i have Another important group of made a remarkable feeding adaptation. Hymenoptera are the ants (family In most of the World, butterfly and Formicidae). There are no endemic ants moth larvae are plant feeders. In in Hawai‘i, but at least forty-four species Hawai‘i several species of butterflies that now occur here. All were and moths have been found to be accidentally transported to Hawai‘i insectivorous. Larvae of some forest where they have become a major threat inch worms (family Geometridae) to native arthropods. No ants were species are ambush predators that found during this study, and none were blend imperceptibly into their reported in previous studies. surroundings. Small hairs and nerves on their backs indicate the presence of Only one species of Hymenoptera were prey. In a fraction of a second the collected during this study, a very small caterpillar can snap backward and grab parasitic wasp. Hymenoptera were its meal with pincer-tipped forelegs. relatively uncommon at the site, a similar finding as that recorded in 1994 In higher elevations, larvae of some (Medeiros and Loope). In an earlier moths may feed on wind-blown investigation (Beardsley 1966), 12 lowland arthropods that become species of Hymenoptera were collected moribund as nighttime temperatures at the site, mostly small parasitic wasps. drop. They may also eat the leaves of Most of the species are not likely the few plants that occur in their residents of the site and probably are habitat. carried by winds from lower elevations. The status of this group is largely unchanged since 1966.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

Noctuidae – Noctuid Moths expected given the fact that about 40% Agrotis sp. of the site is occupied by buildings, Caterpillars of this genus were captured roads, parking areas, and walkways. in pitfall traps, averaging less than one Also, much of the ground surrounding per trap during the study. This is about the buildings is disturbed and the same capture rate measured in the compacted from observatory 2003. survey. operations. However, the undisturbed habitat on the site that was sampled has Not more than 6 species of Lepidoptera an arthropod fauna generally similar to have been reported from Pu`u Kolekole what could be expected from other sites during previous studies (Beardsley on the volcano with similar 1966, 1980, Medeiros and Loope 1994). undisturbed habitat. No specimens of the Haleakalā flightless moth were collected at either site. While development of the site has Adults of this species appeared in pitfall impacted the availability of some traps during the 2003 survey in low habitat locally, it has only affected a abundance at locations near the current small amount of the available habitat study areas. The lack of occurrence in on the volcano overall. The 7.3-ha (18.1- this survey may be due to seasonal ac) facility occupies less than one variation in activity and abundance. percent of similar habitat available on the volcano (MacDonald 1978). The Summary of the Arthropod Fauna undisturbed portions of the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatories Site is The arthropods species that were representative of the surrounding collected during this study were typical habitat on Haleakalā. of what has been found during previous studies. No species were found that are The two proposed ATST sites represent locally unique to the site. Nor were any an even smaller portion of the habitat species found whose habitat is overall on Haleakalā. The Reber Circle threatened by normal observatory site was previously developed and has operations. very sparse vegetation to support arthropods. The ground here is largely The diversity of the arthropod fauna at compacted, and lacks the structure the Haleakalā High Altitude necessary for most ground-dwelling Observatories Site is somewhat less than arthropods. Only the surrounding, what has been reported in adjacent, undisturbed areas contains habitats in undisturbed habitat. This could be which arthropods can survive. The

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ diversity and abundance of arthropods either of the proposed ATST sites, at this site is very low. although development of the primary site will displace some arthropod The primary proposed ATST site east of habitat. the existing Mees Solar Telescope facility is largely undisturbed. Native One of the biggest concerns of past vegetation is more abundant here, and evaluations was the presence of ants. the undisturbed nature of the substrate None were found during this study, provides excellent microhabitats for but ants are reported from nearby arthropods. The diversity and National Park facilities. With some abundance of arthropods here is greater practical precautions, the site should than that of the Reber Circle site, but is remain ant free. low compared to the HO site in general and to the surrounding undisturbed Other alien arthropod species also have habitats found elsewhere on Haleakalā. the potential to impact the native ecosystem. No obviously threatening Most of the arthropods collected during alien species were found during this this study were largely associated with study and with similar precautions as the vegetation at the site. Development those used for ants, none should be of either of the proposed sites for the introduced by the ATST observatory ATST will diminish only slightly the construction or operation. The harsh presence of the native vegetation in the environment of this aeolian ecosystem general area of the HO, and therefore should make it difficult for most alien not threaten the persistence of any species to establish populations. arthropod species found at the sites. The vegetation cover at these sites is only a Comparison of the results of this small portion of the overall habitat update to the 2003 Arthropod available elsewhere on Haleakalā. Fauna survey

Only a few exclusively ground-dwelling Fewer species of arthropods were species were found during this study. identified in this survey than were These include the wolf spider, ground reported in the 2003 survey. This was beetle, and Collembola. These species probably due to restricting the make their home under rocks and in sampling to a smaller area, the two crevices and do not burrow into the proposed ATST sites. These two sites cinder substrate. No obvious threats to contain fewer microhabitats than can be these species survival were evident at found at the HO facility overall.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

The trap capture rates of the species It is unlikely that development of either collected were similar to those from of the proposed ATST sites will have an traps in similar locations during the serious impact to arthropod species 2003 survey, although some seasonal that occur at the sites beyond the limits variation was evident. Evidently the of the HO facility. construction activity in the adjacent areas has not impacted the arthropod The development of the ATST facility fauna, except where habitat was will diminish a small amount of removed. arthropod habitat, including the presence of native plants, and thereby reduce native arthropod species diversity and abundance at the proposed ATST sites, but is not likely to have a direct impact on the persistence of arthropod species on Haleakalā.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 29 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 30 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ pensylvanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83(6): 1087-1095.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 31 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 33 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES SITE MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪

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