APPENDIX C UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT APPENDIX C: UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT AT THE HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I Advanced Technology Solar Telescope Primary and Alternative Sites December 2005 Prepared for KC Environmental, Inc. Makawao, Hawai`i Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. Natural Resource Consultants P.O. Box 219 Albany, Oregon 97321 www.statpros.com APPENDIX C: UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Prepared by: Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. Post Office Box 219 Albany, Oregon 97321 Tel. (541) 926-0117 [email protected] www.statpros.com Gregory Brenner Senior Associate / Project Manager The pictures contained in this report are for the exclusive use by Pacific Analytics, L.L.C and its clients. All photographs are copyrighted by Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. and may not be reproduced or used without the express written permission of Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. APPENDIX C: UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT AT THE HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I Advanced Technology Solar Telescope Primary and Alternative Sites December 2005 I. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ 1 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................... 2 III. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 4 IV. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................ 7 V. METHODS .................................................................................................. 8 VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................... 18 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 29 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 APPENDIX C: Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Haleakalā volcano on the island of solar telescope in the world. It would be Maui is one of the highest mountains in an indispensable tool for exploring and Hawai`i, reaching an elevation of 3,055- understanding physical processes on the m (10,023-ft) at its summit on Pu`u Sun that ultimately affect Earth. `Ula`ula. Near the summit is a volcanic cone known as Kolekole with some of An inventory and assessment of the the best astronomy viewing in the arthropod fauna at the HO site was world. In 1961, an Executive Order of conducted in 2003 as part of the Long Hawai`i Governor Quinn established Range Development Plan (LRDP) the Haleakalā High Altitude (http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/haleakala Observatories (HO) Site, sometimes /LRDP/) for the Haleakalā High referred to as “Science City”. The site is Altitude Observatories. KC managed by the University of Hawai`i. Environmental, Inc. managed the environmental and cultural surveys and The summit of Haleakalā is also the prepared survey-based recom- home to unique cultural and natural mendations for the IfA committee resources. Important cultural places and responsible for long range development sites are found here that are spoken of in planning. numerous Hawaiian mele (songs), oli (chants) and legends (NPS 2005). Pacific Analytics, LLC was contracted to Arthropods occur near the summit of update the 2003 inventory and assess- Haleakalā in an aeolian ecosystem that ment of the arthropod fauna at the was once considered lifeless. ATST proposed primary and alternative sites within the Haleakalā High Altitude The National Science Foundation has Observatories Site. proposed the development of the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope The goal was to describe the arthropod (ATST) within the 18-acre University of fauna at the two proposed ATST sites, Hawai`i Institute for Astronomy HO and identify Hawaiian native arthropod site. The ATST represents a collabora- species or habitats, if any, that could be tion of 22 institutions, reflecting a broad impacted by construction or operation segment of the solar physics of the ATST. The information provided community. The proposed ATST project in this report will be used to make would be the largest and most capable sound, considered decisions regarding EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 APPENDIX C: Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ the placement and development of the Observatory facility, and the alternative proposed ATST project, based on the site, at Reber Circle, both within the HO best scientific information available. site. This report contains sampling methodology, site description, This report is the result of arthropod discussion of findings, and an extensive sampling at the proposed ATST primary Bibliography. site, east of the existing Mees Solar EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 APPENDIX C: Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ III. INTRODUCTION The Haleakalā volcano on the island of elevations (Howarth 1987, Medeiros Maui is one of the highest mountains in and Loope 1994). Hawai`i, reaching an elevation of 3,055- m (10,023-ft) at its summit on Pu`u On Haleakalā, aeolian and sub-aeolian `Ula`ula. Near the summit is a volcanic ecosystems begin at about 2,300-m cone known as Kolekole with some of (7,546-ft) elevation in the cinder- the best astronomy viewing in the dominated habitat inside the crater, world. In 1961, an Executive Order of and at around 2,600-m (8,530-ft) on the Hawai`i Governor Quinn established older western slope of the volcano, and the Haleakalā High Altitude extend up to the summit at 3,055-m Observatories (HO) Site, sometimes (10,023-ft). Climate conditions are referred to as “Science City”. The site is extreme, with widely varying diurnal managed by the University of Hawai`i. temperatures and little precipitation. Solar radiation can be intense, and the The highest elevations of Haleakalā conditions often affect visitors not were once considered largely lifeless accustomed to high elevations. with only sparse vegetation, but biologists have discovered a diverse The Haleakalā aeolian ecosystem is fauna of resident insects and spiders extremely xeric, caused by relatively there that are found nowhere else in the low precipitation, porous lava world (Medeiros and Loope 1994). substrates that retain negligible These arthropods inhabit unique natural amounts of moisture, little plant cover, habitats on the bare lava flows and and high solar radiation. The dark, cinder cones. Feeding primarily on heat-absorbing cinder provides only windblown organic material, they form slight protection from the extreme an aeolian ecosystem. temperatures. Thermal regulation and moisture conservation are critical The term aeolian has generally been adaptations of arthropods that occur in used to describe ecosystems on snow, this unusual habitat. ice, meltwater, and barren rock, but in Hawai`i it has been used to characterize Vegetation covers less than 5% of the non-weathered lava substrates, mostly open ground, and food is apparently but not exclusively found at high scarce. Wind-assisted diurnal movement and seasonal migrations of INTRODUCTION 4 Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ UPDATED ARTHROPOD INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT HALEAKALĀ HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATORIES MAUI, HAWAI`I ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ insects from the surrounding lowlands based recommendations for the IfA are the primary source of food for the committee responsible for long range resident scavenger and predator development planning. arthropods in this remarkable ecosystem. Aeolian ecosystems are not Pacific Analytics, LLC was contracted unique to Haleakalā in Hawai`i. Similar to update the inventory and assessment ecosystems also occur on Mauna Kea of the arthropod fauna at the ATST and Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawai`i proposed primary and alternative sites (Howarth and Montgomery 1980). Each within the HO site. Pacific Analytics volcano has its own unique aeolian personnel have extensive experience fauna that exploit the windblown with ecological research, wildlife organic material. inventory, monitoring, and consulting. Pacific Analytics personnel have many The National Science Foundation has years of professional experience in proposed the development of the tropical and temperate ecosystems, Advanced Technology Solar Telescope including natural resource inventory (ATST) within the 18-acre University of and monitoring, forest and riparian Hawai`i Institute for Astronomy HO entomology, endangered species site. The ATST represents a research, mitigation, and habitat collaboration of 22 institutions, management,