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No Ring Fracture in Mono Basin, California

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No Ring Fracture in Mono Basin, California No ring fracture in Mono Basin, California Wes Hildreth, Judy Fierstein†, and Juliet Ryan-Davis§ Volcano Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA ABSTRACT influenced its vent pattern. The apparently rhyolite volcanoes. Kistler mapped a shear zone arcuate chain actually consists of three lin- in Mesozoic granitoids that he interpreted as a In Mono Basin, California, USA, a near- ear segments that reflect Quaternary tec- segment of a much broader ring fracture that he circular ring fracture 12 km in diameter was tonic influence and not Cretaceous inheri- postulated to circle beneath the youthful chain proposed by R.W. Kistler in 1966 to have tance. A rhyolitic magma reservoir under of Mono Craters’ rhyolite domes (Fig. 2). The originated as the protoclastic margin of the the central segment of the Mono chain has following critique of Kistler’s ring fracture hy- Cretaceous Aeolian Buttes pluton, to have erupted many times in the late Holocene and pothesis does not diminish our admiration for been reactivated in the middle Pleistocene, as recently as 700 years ago. The ring frac- his pioneering geologic investigation of one of and to have influenced the arcuate trend of ture idea, however, prompted several geo- the more complex and precipitous terrains of the the chain of 30 young (62–0.7 ka) rhyolite physical investigations that sought a much western USA. domes called the Mono Craters. In view of broader magma body, but none identified a Our reinvestigation assembles geologic and the frequency and recency of explosive erup- low-density or low-velocity anomaly beneath geophysical evidence that bears upon the ring tions along the Mono chain, and because the purported 12-km-wide ring, which we fracture hypothesis and Quaternary magmatism. many geophysicists accepted the ring frac- conclude does not exist. Over the course of three summers, we spent ∼30 ture model, we assembled evidence to test days examining all outcrops of the shear zone, its plausibility. The shear zone interpreted INTRODUCTION searching for granitic clasts in Mono Craters as the margin of the Aeolian Buttes pluton ejecta and in tailings from the Mono Craters tun- by Kistler is 50–400 m wide but is exposed The Quaternary volcanic field of Mono nel, and remapping the geology of the relevant only along a 7-km-long set of four southwest- County, California, USA, has attracted many in- parts of southwestern Mono Basin. We now re- erly outcrops that subtend only a 70° sector vestigations motivated by interest in magmatic view the evidence and suppositions behind the of the proposed ring. The southeast end of and tectonic processes, geothermal energy, and ring fracture model, introducing new data and the exposed shear zone is largely within the seismic and volcanic hazards. Spatially and observations concerning (1) the plutons, (2) the older June Lake pluton, and at its north- magmatically independent components of the outcrops, (3) the tunnel under Mono Craters, west end, the contact of the Aeolian Buttes field (Fig. 1) that were active in the late Pleisto- and (4) geophysical interpretations of mag- pluton with a much older one crosses the cene and Holocene include Long Valley caldera, ma storage. shear zone obliquely. Conflicting attitudes of Mammoth Mountain, and its basaltic periphery, shear structures are hard to reconcile with the Mono–Inyo chain, and the Mono Lake vol- GRANT–PARKER SHEAR ZONE intrusive protoclasis. Also inconsistent with canoes (Bailey, 1989; Hildreth, 2004, 2017; Hil- the margin of the ovoid intrusion proposed dreth and Fierstein, 2016). Kistler (1966a, 1966b) drew attention to a by Kistler, unsheared salients of the pluton Mono–Inyo and Mono Lake are the compo- low-relief reentrant in the Sierra Nevada range extend ∼1 km north of its postulated circu- nents of the volcanic field that were most active front directly west of the Mono Craters (Fig. 3). lar outline at Williams Butte, where there in the Holocene and are most likely to erupt The reentrant is occupied by Pumice Valley, is no fault or other structure to define the explosively in our time (Miller, 1985; Sieh and Aeolian Buttes, Grant Lake reservoir, and the northern half of the hypothetical ring. The Bursik, 1986; Sampson and Cameron, 1987; moraine-covered valleys of Walker, Parker, shear zone may represent regional Creta- Hildreth, 2004; Bursik et al., 2014; Bevilacqua and Rush Creeks. It extends 10 km north- ceous transpression rather than the margin et al., 2018). Because of so many Holocene south from Williams Butte to Reversed Peak of a single intrusion. There is no evidence eruptions and the likelihood of recurrence, it and 12 km east-west from Mono Craters to the for the Aeolian Buttes pluton along the aq- is worth correcting a longstanding misimpres- Silver Lake Fault at the toe of the main range ueduct tunnel beneath the Mono chain, nor sion about the structural setting of magmatism front (Fig. 3). is there evidence for a fault that could have in Mono Basin. Along the southwest side of the reentrant, The Mono Craters 15-minute quadrangle was several separate outcrops of sheared Mesozoic mapped by Ronald Kistler (1966a) at a scale granitic rocks extend as a slightly curvilin- Judy Fierstein http://orcid.org/0000-0001- of 1:62,500. It includes the eastern range front ear 7-km-long chain of exposures through the 8024-1426 of the Sierra Nevada, the transition to the Ba- glacial deposits (Figs. 2 and 3). For simplicity † Corresponding author: [email protected]. sin and Range Province, several Mesozoic plu- and location, we refer to the chain as the Grant– § Present address: Division of Geological tons, their multiply deformed metamorphic wall Parker shear zone after its main exposures near and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 170-25, rocks, glacial deposits of several ages, and the Grant Lake and Parker Creek. Kistler interpreted Pasadena, California 91125, USA. recently and potentially active Mono chain of the shear zone as the protoclastic margin of a GSA Bulletin; September/October 2021; v. 133; no. 9/10; p. 2210–2225; https://doi.org/10.1130/B35747.1; 18 figures; 1 supplemental file. published online 24 February 2021 2210 © 2021 The Authors. Gold Open Access: This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/133/9-10/2210/5386093/b35747.1.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 No ring fracture in Mono Basin, California Figure 1. Regional setting of study area around Pumice Valley and Mono Craters in the southwest sector of Mono Basin is shown. The area in- cluding Mono Lake and Long Valley Caldera is a transition between the Basin and Range extensional province and the range front of the Sierra Ne- vada microplate. Mono Craters rhyolite chain is outlined; for its 30 vents, see Figures 3 and 16. Location of study area in east-central California is indi- cated on state outline at lower left. granitoid pluton, which he named the quartz ignated by Bateman (1992) as the Triassic gran- entire Mono Craters chain, and across the toe monzonite of Aeolian Buttes. The pluton is ex- ite of Lee Vining Canyon and the Cretaceous of Williams Butte (Fig. 3). He further sug- posed in only a dozen scattered outcrops (Fig. 3), granite of June Lake (Fig. 3). It was inferred gested that there had been renewed move- a central one being atop Aeolian Buttes, but most that intrusion of the Aeolian Buttes pluton took ment along the shear zone during Pleistocene of it is covered by surficial deposits. place late in the Cretaceous and that granulation range front faulting and that such reactivation The southwest marginal shear zone is and shear during its forceful intrusion imposed had taken place during the interval separat- 50–400 m wide and was described as variously a protoclastic structure on its margin (and on ing emplacement of the Sherwin Till and the including mylonite, crushed granitic rock, in- contiguous wallrock) when it had largely crys- Bishop Tuff, which are now dated, respec- tensely fractured granitic rock with slickensides tallized but before its complete solidification. tively, at 900–800 ka and 767 ± 2 ka. In his and thin bands of mylonite, and granitic augen Although the 7-km-long alignment of discussion, Kistler (1966a, p. 47–49) referred enclosed in a black flinty matrix. Where the plu- sheared outcrops describes only a 70° seg- to the inferred quasi-circular margin of the ton’s outer contact is exposed, at two outcrops ment of the roughly circular outline of the Aeolian Buttes pluton as “the ring fracture along the shear zone (Fig. 3), Kistler mapped 12-km-wide Aeolian Buttes pluton depicted zone.” Whether he did or did not intend to shear structures as likewise imposed on contigu- by Kistler (1966a), he proposed that an un- suggest a modern magma chamber beneath ous strips of the adjacent older plutons (Fig. 2). exposed protoclastic margin continues for the whole ring, he did implicate his ring frac- The early names for these plutons were redes- 360° beneath the June Lake scoria cone, the ture as guiding eruptions of the Mono chain. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 133, no. 9/10 2211 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/133/9-10/2210/5386093/b35747.1.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Hildreth et al. Figure 2. Kistler’s (1966b) original depiction of his hy- pothetical ring fracture zone (digitized and colored after his fig. 32) is shown. He extrapo- lated the shear zone, which is exposed only in the southwest sector, to the entire ring, which he interpreted as the protoclas- tic border of the Aeolian Buttes pluton (red).
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