2019 11 15 Joanna Elvy Phd Thesis FINAL.Pdf
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Towards Socially Inclusive Sustainable Mobility: The Role of Social Capital in Participatory Transport Planning Processes Joanna Katherine Elvy Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Institute for Transport Studies November 2019 1 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement The right of Joanna Katherine Elvy to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 2 Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors Frances Hodgson and Karen Lucas for their academic guidance and emotional support throughout my time at ITS. Secondly, I would like to thank the University of Leeds, White Rose Doctoral Training College and the Economic and Social Research Council for funding this research and providing additional training and support. Thirdly I would like to thank the following people and organisations who in their own way were all instrumental in enabling me to carry out this research including: Alissa Twinning, Alvaro Guzman, Chris Green, Fiona Crawford, Julian Burkinshaw, Leeds City Council, Leeds College of Building, Leicester City Council, Milton Keynes Bus User Group, Milton Keynes Centre for Integrated Living, Milton Keynes Council, Milton Keynes Disability Advisory Group, Monash University (particularly Graham Currie and Alexa Delbosc), Peter Atkinson, Royal Geographical Society, West Yorkshire Combined Authority, and all of the anonymous participants who agreed to be observed and interviewed in this study. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Michelle Elvy for the support and sacrifices that she has made in order for me to complete this thesis. This thesis is dedicated to all those who embark on journeys of discovery, no matter how big or small. 3 Abstract This thesis builds on complementary but fragmented literatures of socially inclusive sustainable mobility (SISM), participatory transport planning and social capital (cf. Sheller, 2011; Lucas, 2012; Naughton, 2014; Schwanen et al., 2015; and Vigar, 2017) by providing a nuanced understanding of the role of social capital in participatory transport planning processes (PTPP) for SISM. A multiple case study design (Yin, 2013) was used to select three English local authorities (Leeds, Leicester and Milton Keynes) following a preliminary online survey and feasibility interviews. Within those areas, nine case study processes were chosen including bus user groups, cycling groups, a disability group and an area forum. A constructivist grounded theoretical approach (Charmaz, 2014) was used to generate and triangulate data from 35 participant observations and 16 follow up interviews over an 18-month period. Original contributions to knowledge are provided by an analysis of the characteristics and role of social capital practices (Patulny, 2004); their impact on opportunities, uncertainties and constraints for SISM; and the lessons learned for effective PTPP. Social capital practices collectively generate productive and unproductive (Granovetter, 1973; Bourdieu, 1986; and Wilson, 1997) social capital cycles which are context specific and contain multi-dimensional linkages between the six categories of social capital practices identified (leadership, relationships and group dynamics, influence, skills and competences, social learning, and representation and representativeness). Social capital cycles can be thought of as investments in people (self and others) and two potential approaches emerged in this study: the provision of independent leadership and mediation, and the role of training and upskilling. Important lessons can be learned from this research about the ways in which transport planners and participants engage with each other, particularly in terms of the utilisation of knowledge and past experiences through social learning, and the skills and competences necessary for individuals to participate. 4 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview ...................................................... 16 1.1 Rationale ..................................................................................... 16 1.2 Literature Review ........................................................................ 18 1.3 Theoretical Framework ................................................................ 21 1.4 Research Methods ...................................................................... 25 1.5 Case Study Selection and Sampling Strategy ............................. 28 1.6 Analysis of social capital in PTPP ............................................... 31 Chapter 2 Literature Review ..................................................................... 32 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 32 2.2 Towards SISM: an overview of social exclusion, mobility justice and sustainable mobility .............................................................. 33 2.2.1 Transport Related Social Exclusion (TRSE) ........................ 34 2.2.2 Mobility Justice .................................................................... 38 2.2.3 Sustainable mobility ............................................................ 39 2.2.4 The ‘twin transition’.............................................................. 40 2.2.5 Achieving SISM ................................................................... 40 2.2.6 Transport Planning for SISM ............................................... 41 2.2.7 The role of public participation in moving ‘towards’ SISM ... 42 2.3 An Overview of Participatory Transport Planning ........................ 43 2.3.1 Local Transport Planning in the UK ..................................... 43 2.3.2 The political agendas of public participation in the UK ........ 44 2.3.3 The role of public participation in tackling TRSE ................. 46 2.3.4 Defining ‘Participation’ and ‘Public’...................................... 48 2.3.5 The social impacts of participatory governance on participants .......................................................................... 50 2.4 An Overview of Social Capital ..................................................... 51 2.4.1 Definitions and Critiques of Social Capital ........................... 51 2.4.2 Social Capital Forms and Practices..................................... 54 2.4.3 Social capital in participatory governance ........................... 55 2.5 Identified gaps in the literature .................................................... 57 2.6 Conclusions ................................................................................. 59 Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 62 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 62 3.2 Link to research questions and methodology .............................. 64 5 3.3 Application of social capital theories in this study ........................ 65 3.4 Application of social practice theories in this study ..................... 67 3.5 Application of group dynamics theories in this study ................... 68 3.6 Application of participatory governance theories in this study ..... 70 3.6.1 Public participation approaches and critiques ..................... 70 3.6.2 Leadership, power and competences within participatory governance ......................................................................... 72 3.6.3 Social learning as an alternative to citizen power ................ 74 3.7 Application of mobility justice and social sustainability theories in this study – realising SISM .......................................................... 75 3.8 Conclusions ................................................................................. 76 Chapter 4 Research Methods ................................................................... 80 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 80 4.2 Rationale for the approach towards the study of social capital .... 81 4.3 Using a constructivist grounded theoretical approach in the generation and analysis of data: a rationale ................................ 83 4.4 The data generation process ....................................................... 84 4.4.1 Reflexivity ............................................................................ 84 4.4.2 Participant Observation ....................................................... 86 4.4.3 Triangulation of data generation .......................................... 90 4.4.4 Follow up interviews ............................................................ 91 4.5 Data Organisation Process ......................................................... 98 4.5.1 Stage 1a: Research Diaries ................................................ 98 4.5.2 Stage 1b: Audio recordings ............................................... 100 4.5.3 Stage 2: Transcription ....................................................... 101 4.5.4 Stage 3: NVivo .................................................................. 102 4.6 Analytical Framework ................................................................ 104 4.6.1 Reflexivity .........................................................................