Subject Index

Acoustic streaming, visualization of, 371 10K hybrid Stirling/J-T cooler, 505 Acoustic wave cryocooler for -60°C, 309 12K Stirling for 6K Hybrid J-T, 63 ADR (see Magnetic refrigerators) 6K J-T for NGST Instruments, 775 AIM (AEG Infrarot-Module), 139 HIRDLS Stirling integration, 769 Air Force Research Lab (AFRL): optical cryocooler research, 613 Astrium 10K Stirling cooler, 55 Bearings: Ball 10K hybrid Stirling/J-T cooler, 505 flexures in tactical coolers, 103, 111, 155 char. and endurance update, 17 flexures in long-life compressor, 169 cooler contamination lessons, 649 BEI (see BAE Systems) fail-safe experiment stand, 699 Brayton cycle cryocoolers (see Turbo-Brayton failure analysis of Creare SSRB, 673 cryocoolers) failure analysis of TRW 3503, 673 British Aerospace (BAe) cryocoolers (see Astrium program requirements overview, 1 cryocoolers) Raytheon 35K 1.2W PSC cooler, 35 California Institute of Technology, 577 Raytheon 60K 2W PSC cooler, 45 (see also Jet Propulsion Laboratory) reliability initiatives, 27 CEA/DRFMC (France): technology for cryogen storage, 749 sub-Kelvin coolers for space, 561, 567 vibration reduction in compressors, 175 GM-type pulse tube refrigerators, 229 Aisin Seiki 4K pulse tube, 243 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cryogenics Lab: American Superconductor Co., 235 4K GM/PT hybrid refrigerator, 265 Ames Research Center (NASA): mixed-gas auto-cascade J-Ts, 523 regenerator materials for 20K PT, 475 multi-bypass PT refrigerator, 337 zero-boil-off cryogen storage, 809 Chiyoda Corp., 363 Ames Laboratory (Iowa State Univ.): Compressors: erbium regenerator materials, 433 Oxford/Hymatic linear for PT, 169 properties of polycrystalline 457 flexure bearings in, 103, 111 regenerator materials for 20K PT, 475 vibration reduction in, 175 rare earth powder manufacturing, 449 Conductance, measurements of: Anti-stokes fluorescence: beds of metal spheres, 419 in Los Alamos optical cooler, 631 silver filled epoxy junctions, 689 using molecular dyes, 621 Contamination: in Ball optical cooler, 613 space cooler contamination lessons, 649 APD Cryogenics: temp. dependence of outgassing, 659 J-T cryostats for cryosurgery, 783 COM DEV, 759 small throttle-cycles with mixed gases, 513 Creare Cryocoolers: Applications (see Integration with cryocoolers) 4-35K Brayton cooler developments, 481 Arizona State University, 689 failure analysis of Creare SSRB, 673 Astrium cryocoolers (formerly BAe and MMS): flexible Brayton cryocooler model, 499 10 K 2-stage Stirling cooler, 55 life and reliability of Brayton coolers, 489 50-80K MOPITT cooler performance, 759 Cryomech, Inc: Atlas Scientific, 475 4K pulse tube, 205 BAE Systems (formerly BEI): 20 to 40K GM cryorefrigerators, 387 cooler contamination study, 659 CSA Engineering, 739 life test results, 665 Daikin Industries: Ball Aerospace cryocoolers: 2. 4K two-stage PT using 213 cooler contamination lessons, 649 80K-1W pulse tube for HTS filters, 119

821 822 SUBJECT INDEX

regenerator material for sub-4K, 465 Hybrid cryocoolers: Database of cryo material properties, 681 4K GM/PT hybrid refrigerator, 265 DC flow, effect on PT efficiency, 371 Ball 6K hybrid J-T/Stirling, 63 DRS tactical Stirling coolers: Ball 10K hybrid J-T/Stirling cooler, 505 1.75W-77K performance characterization, 155 Raytheon Stirling with PT expander, 259 gamma-ray pulse tube cooler, 155 thermoacoustic driven PT, 301 with flexure springs, 103, 155 Hymatic Engineering Co., 169 Dynacs Engineering Co., 17, 45, 673, 699 IGC-APD Cryogenics (see APD Cryogenics) Ecole Normale Superieure, 317 IGC-Polycold Systems, 513 Eindhoven Univ. of Technology, 309 Imperial College, London, 621 Electric field emissions (see EMI/EMC measure- Integration of cryocoolers with: ments) bolometers, 577 Electromagnetic interference (see EMI/EMC cryosurgical applications, 783 measurements) external cold-end fluid loop, 393 Electronics: fail-safe experiment stand, 699 cooler drive and control, 145 flight electronics, 145 EMI/EMC measurements: gas liquefiers, 79, 199, 749, 803, 809 for SQUID-based heart monitor, 793 gimbal thermal transport system, 707 Erbium regenerator materials (see Regenerators) heart monitor, 793 European Space (ESA-ESRTC) activities, 567 heat pipes (see Heat pipes) Exergy analysis, 69 HTS applications (see HTS applications) Experiment stand, fail-safe, 699 long-term cryogen storage, 749, 809 Polatron GHz receiver, 577 Flexure spring bearings (see Bearings) space experiments (see Space experiments) Friedrich-Schiller Univ., Jena, 327 space instruments (see Space instruments) SQUIDs, 793 Gas-gap heat switches (see Heat switches) thermal switches (see Heat switches) Georgia Tech Research Institute, 27 vibration isolation systems, 719, 739 Gifford-McMahon Cryocoolers: Iwate Univ., 443 4K GM/PT hybrid refrigerator, 265 Cryomech 20 to 40K single-stage, 387 J-T cryocoolers: optimum intermediate temperatures for, 401 APD J-T for cryosurgery, 783 Sb regenerator compounds for 4K, 443 Ball 6K J-T for NGST Instruments, 775 Sumitomo, operation below 2K, 381 Ball 6K hybrid J-T/Stirling cooler, 63 with external cold-end flow loop, 393 Ball 10K hybrid J-T/Stirling cooler, 505 Gimbal thermal transport system, 707 mixed-gas auto-cascade J-Ts,523 Glenn Research Center (NASA), 809 small throttle-cycles with mixed gasses, 513 Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA): Jet Propulsion Lab: cooler contamination lessons learned, 649 cryocooler reliability prediction, 637 continuous magnetic refrigerator, 587 gamma-ray PT cooler, 155 Create 4-35K Bray ton developments 481 Planck sorption compressor element, 531 flexible Brayton cryocooler model, 499 Planck sorption performance pred. tools, 541 life and reliability of Brayton coolers, 489 TES pulse tube cryocooler, 131 Johnson & Johnson Co., 189 Heat switches: Joule-Thomson Cryocoolers (see J-T cryocoolers) JPL design and reliability of, 637 Justus-Liebig Univ., Giessen, 353 Swales development and testing of, 729 Heat pipes: Kennedy Space Center (NASA), 809 for waste heat removal, 707 Kogakuin Univ., 443 Heat conduction (see Conductance measurements) Korea Adv. Institute of Science and Tech., 345 Heat transfer in pulse tubes, 345 High temperature superconductor applications LG Electronics 65K-5W PT, 125 (see HTS applications) Life estimation method, 665 HIRDLS cryocooler integration, 769 Life test results: Hong Ik Univ., 345 BAE tactical coolers, 665 HTS applications: Creare SSRB turbo Brayton, 673 coolers for, 79, 95, 87, 119, 139, 235, 291 TRW 3503 pulse tube, 673 fetal heart monitor using SQUIDs, 793 Liquefier: RF filters for telecommunications, 119, 125 89K-20W PT for oxygen liquefier, 199 SUBJECT INDEX 823

vapor precooling with PT, 803 LosAlamos/UNM, 631 zero-boil-off cryogen storage, 809, 749 Imperial College London, 621 Lockheed Martin Adv. Tech. Center (Palo Alto): Outgassing, temperature dependence of, 659 35K LADS Stirling cooler, 317 Oxford University: cooler contamination lessons, 649 high-efficiency compressor, 169 cooler electronic controller, 145 vibration reduction in compressors, 175 gamma-ray PT cooler w/DRS comp., 155 miniature PT coolers for space appl., 145 Planck sorption coolers, 531, 541 Lockheed Martin Astronautics (Denver), 189 Polatron, sub-Kelvin coolers for, 577 Lockheed Martin Commun. and Power, 145 Properties, database of cryogenic, 681 Los Alamos National Laboratory: Pulse tube cryocoolers: optical cooler development, 631 2. 4K two-stage Daikin using 213 4K two-stage Aisin Seiki, 243 Magnetic refrigerators: 4KCryomech PT405, 205 continuous ADR for below 50 mK, 587 4K GM/PT hybrid refrigerator, 265 PT-cooled ADR for below 96 mK, 597 20K two-stage Karlsruhe, 221 regenerator materials for (see Regenerators) 50K-60W single-stage for HTS, 235 refrigerant materials for (see Refrigerants) 65K-5W LGE air-cooled PT, 125 Massachusetts Inst. of Technology: 65K-0.3W miniature Lockheed, 145 dissipation by metal bellows, 605 70K-67W high cooling power, 327 G-M cooler with external flow loop, 393 80K-1W with Ricor compressor, 317 Materials: 80K-1W Daikin for HTS filters, 119 properties database, 681 80K-1.5W JPL/LM gamma-ray cooler, 155 conductance of (see Conductance) 89K-20W for oxygen liquefier, 199 refrigerants (see Refrigerants) 95K Raytheon hybrid Stirling/PT, 183 regenerator (see Regenerators) GM-type PT devel. at CEA, 229 Matra Marconi coolers (see Astrium coolers) NIST/Lockheed miniature flight, 189 MER Corp., 427 TRW 3503, 673 Meisei Univ., 443 TRW 6020, 17 Mesoscopic Devices, 199 TRW 95K high efficiency, 169, 163 MetroLaser, Inc., 621 TRW TES, 131 Miniature sorption coolers, 551 Pulse tube theory and investigations: Mission Research Corp., 749 2.4K achieved using 213 MITI, Mech. Engin. Lab, 363, 371 4K 2-stage development, 243 Mixed gasses for refrigerants (see Refrigerants) 20K 2-stage development, 221 Molecular dyes, 621 50K-60W development for HTS, 235 MOPITT cooler performance, 759 70K-67W four-valve development, 327 Moscow Power Engineering Inst., 513 80K-1W with Ricor compressor, 317 Moscow State Univ. (Russia), 457 combined cooling and freezing cycle, 291 Multistage optim. using exergy analysis, 69 dc flow visualization, 371 exergy analysis for multi-stage optimization, 69 Nat'l Inst. of Standards and Tech. (see NIST) gas dynamics, numerical study of, 363 NGST, coolers for, 775 GM-type PT development at CEA, 229 Ninon University: He and mixtures as working fluid, 281 2.4K two-stage PT using 213 heat transfer in PT, numerical study, 345 80K-1W pulse tube for HTS filters, 119 hybrid Stirling /PT expander, 259 using 3He for sub-4K PT, 273 multi-bypass pulse tube, 337 NIST: Oxford/Hymatic compressor for PT, 169 database of cryo material properties, 681 PT design for GM-type compressor, 249 heat conduction through metal spheres, 419 regenerator materials for 20K, 475 NIST/Lockheed miniature flight PT, 189 shuttle loss in pulse tubes, 353 regenerators with heat removal, 409 sub-4K operation using 3He, 273 zero-boil-off cryogen storage, 809 thermoacoustic driven pulse tube, 301 vapor precooling in PT liquefier, 803 vapor precooling in PT liquefier, 803 Nat'1 Res. Inst. for Metals (Japan): regenerator materials for sub-4K, 465 Queen Mary & Westfield College, 577 regenerator prop, of Sb compounds, 443 RAL (see Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) Optical cooler developments: Rare earth compounds (see Regenerators) Ball Aerospace research, 613 Raytheon Corp., Philadelphia, 401 824 SUBJECT INDEX

Raytheon Systems (formerly Hughes Aircraft): Stirling cryocoolers: cooler contamination lessons, 649 AIM space cooler program, 139 35K 1.2W PSC Stirling cooler, 35 Astrium 10K Stirling cooler, 55 60K 2W PSC Stirling cooler, 45 BAE Systems tactical life tests, 665 95K high efficiency hybrid Stirling /PT, 183 Ball 1.5W-55K HIRDLS, 769 exergy flow for multi-stage optimization, 69 Ball 6K hybrid J-T/Stirling cooler, 63 two-stage hybrid Stirling /PT expander, 183, 259 Ball 10K hybrid J-T/Stirling cooler, 505 Refrigerants: DRS linear tactical coolers, 11, 103 mixed gases in J-Ts, 513, 523 DRS 1.75 W 77K cooler, 155 PT with He and mixed gases, 281 exergy analysis for multi-stage optimization, 69 3He for use below 4K, 273 linear for tactical weapon systems, 11 Regenerators: MMS/Astrium 50-80K MOPITT, 759 behavior with intermediate heat removal, 409 Raytheon 35K 1.2W PSC, 35 erbium-based materials for, 433, 475 Raytheon 60K 2W PSC, 45 GAP material for sub-4K, 465 Raytheon hybrid with PT expander, 183, 259 in 2.4K PT, 213 reliability prediction methodology, 637 with 3He in l.65K GM, 381 Signaal-USFA high reliability, 111 heat conduction through metal spheres, 419 STI improvements for HTS, 87 with 3He in 1.64K GM, 381 Sumitomo 70K-6W for HTS, 95 properties of polycrystalline Gd2 In, 457 Sunpower M87 with 7.5W at 77K, 79 properties of Sb compounds for 4K, 443 temperature dependence of outgassing, 659 parallel microchannel, 427 Storage, long-term of cryogens, 749, 809 rare earth powders, manufacturing of, 449 Sub-Kelvin coolers: Reliability of cryocoolers: continuous ADR, 587 1st-order life estimation method, 665 dissipation in bellows for, 605 AFLR reliability initiatives, 27 pulse tube precooled ADR, 597 AFRL char, and endurance update, 17 sorption coolers for space, 561, 567 cooler contamination lessons, 649 Sumitomo Heavy Industries: inspection results on TRW 3503, 673 70K-6W Stirling for HTS appl., 95 inspection results on Creare SSRB, 673 GM cooler below 2K, 381 JPL reliability prediction methodology, 637 Sunpower, Inc. cryocoolers, 79 life and reliability of Brayton coolers, 489 Superconductor applications (see HTS temperature dependence of outgassing, 659 applications) Requirements, space cooler overview, 1 Superconductor Technologies Inc. (STI), 87 Reverse-Brayton coolers (see Turbo Brayton coolers) Superfluid helium as working fluid, 605 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory: Swales Aerospace: 10K 2-stage Astrium Stirling, 55 cryogenic thermal switch, 729 gimbal thermal transport system, 707 Signaal USFA high reliability coolers, 111 Silver-filled epoxy conductance, 689 Taiyo Toyo Sanso Co., 401 Software: Technology Applications, Inc., 719,739 Turbo Brayton cooler model, 499 Texas Instruments (see DRS cryocoolers) Sorption cryocoolers: Thermal conductivity (see Conductance microminiature, 551 measurements) Planck hydride compressors, 531 Thermal switch (see Heat switch) Planck performance prediction tools, 541 Thermoacoustic: Polatron sub-Kelvin, 577 refrigerator for -60°C, 309 sub-Kelvin for space application, 561,567 thermoacoustic driven PT for 138K, 301 Space experiments: Throttle-cycle (see J-T cryocoolers) International Space Station, 139 Toshiba Corporation, 443 NIST/Lockheed Martin miniature PT, 189 TRW cryocoolers: Space instrument missions: 3503 pulse tube cooler, 673 FIRST, 567 6020 pulse tube cooler, 17 HIRDLS, 769 95K high efficiency PT, 163 MOPITT, 759 Oxford/Hymatic compressor, 169 NGST, 775 TES pulse tube cooler, 131 Planck, 531, 541, 577 Tsukuba Magnet Laboratory, 213, 465 TES, 131 Turbo Brayton coolers: Stanford University, 577 failure analysis of Creare SSRB, 673 Starmet, rare earth powders, 449 flexible Brayton cryocooler model, 499 SUBJECT INDEX 825

life and reliability of, 489 Vibration: developments for 4 - 35K range, 489 isolation system, 719, 739 reduction in compressors, 175 Univ. of Colorado, 577 Univ. of California, UCLA, 401 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 587 Univ. of Giessen, 281, 597 Univ. of Karlsruhe, 221 Yokohama National Univ., 381 Univ. of New Mexico, 631 Univ. of Toronto, 759 Zero-boil-off cryogen storage, 749, 809 Univ. of Tsukuba, 363, 371 Zhejiang Univ.: Univ. of Twente, 551, 793 PT with freezing cryogen, 291 Univ. of Wisconsin, 249 PT with He and mixed gases, 281 US Army Night Vision, 11 thermoacoustic driven PT, 301