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Iot Operating System Based Fuzzy Inference System for Home Energy Management System in Smart Buildings
sensors Article IoT Operating System Based Fuzzy Inference System for Home Energy Management System in Smart Buildings Qurat-ul-Ain 1, Sohail Iqbal 1,∗ ID , Safdar Abbas Khan 1 ID , Asad Waqar Malik 1 ID , Iftikhar Ahmad 1 and Nadeem Javaid 2 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; [email protected] (Q.-u.-A.); [email protected] (S.A.K.); [email protected] (A.W.M.); [email protected] (I.A.) 2 COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +92-336-5501-539 Received: 2 August 2018; Accepted: 20 August 2018; Published: 25 August 2018 Abstract: Energy consumption in the residential sector is 25% of all the sectors. The advent of smart appliances and intelligent sensors have increased the realization of home energy management systems. Acquiring balance between energy consumption and user comfort is in the spotlight when the performance of the smart home is evaluated. Appliances of heating, ventilation and air conditioning constitute up to 64% of energy consumption in residential buildings. A number of research works have shown that fuzzy logic system integrated with other techniques is used with the main objective of energy consumption minimization. However, user comfort is often sacrificed in these techniques. In this paper, we have proposed a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) that uses humidity as an additional input parameter in order to maintain the thermostat set-points according to user comfort. -
HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol
Chapter 19: HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures Created as part of subcontract with period of performance September 2011 – December 2014 Jeff Romberger SBW Consulting, Inc. Bellevue, Washington NREL Technical Monitor: Charles Kurnik NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Subcontract Report NREL/SR-7A40-63167 November 2014 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Chapter 19: HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures Created as part of subcontract with period of performance September 2011 – December 2014 Jeff Romberger SBW Consulting, Inc. Bellevue, Washington NREL Technical Monitor: Charles Kurnik Prepared under Subcontract No. LGJ-1-11965-01 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Subcontract Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/SR-7A40-63167 Golden, CO 80401 November 2014 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. -
Innovate-UK-Energy-Catalyst-Round-4-Directory-Of-Projects
Directory of projects Energy Catalyst – Round 4 1 Introduction Energy markets around the world – private and public, household and industry, developed and developing – are all looking for solutions to the same problem: how to provide a resilient energy system that delivers affordable and clean energy with access for all. Solving this trilemma requires innovation and collaboration on an international scale and UK businesses and researchers are at the forefront of addressing the energy revolution. Innovate UK is the UK’s innovation agency. We work with business, policy-makers and the research base to help support the development of new ideas, technologies, products and services, and to help companies de-risk their innovations as they journey towards commercialisation and business growth. The Energy Catalyst was established as a national open competition, run by Innovate UK and co-funded with the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and the Department for International Development (DFID). Since 2013, the Energy Catalyst has invested almost £100m in grant funding across more than 750 organisations and 250 projects. The Energy Catalyst exists to accelerate development, commercialisation and deployment of the very best of UK energy technology and business innovation. Support from the Energy Catalyst has enabled many companies to validate their technology and business propositions, to forge key supply-chain partnerships, to accelerate their growth and to secure investment for the next stages of their business development. Affordable access to clean and reliable energy supplies is a key requirement for sustainable and inclusive economic growth. With funding through DFID’s “Transforming Energy Access” programme, the Energy Catalyst is helping UK energy innovators to forge new international partnerships, and directly address the energy access needs of poor households, communities and enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. -
Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings
Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings Jennifer King and Christopher Perry February 2017 Report A1701 © American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy 529 14th Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20045 Phone: (202) 507-4000 • Twitter: @ACEEEDC Facebook.com/myACEEE • aceee.org SMART BUILDINGS © ACEEE Contents About the Authors ..............................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... iv Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology and Scope of This Study ............................................................................................ 1 Smart Building Technologies ............................................................................................................. 3 HVAC Systems ......................................................................................................................... 4 Plug Loads ................................................................................................................................. 9 Lighting .................................................................................................................................. -
Grain Crop Drying, Handling and Storage
363 Chapter 16 Grain crop drying, handling and storage INTRODUCTION within the crop, inhibiting air movement and adding Although in many parts of Africa certain crops can be to any possible spoilage problems. The crop must produced throughout the year, the major food crops therefore be clean. such as cereal grains and tubers, including potatoes, One of the most critical physiological factors in are normally seasonal crops. Consequently the food successful grain storage is the moisture content of the produced in one harvest period, which may last for only crop. High moisture content leads to storage problems a few weeks, must be stored for gradual consumption because it encourages fungal and insect problems, until the next harvest, and seed must be held for the respiration and germination. However, moisture next season’s crop. content in the growing crop is naturally high and only In addition, in a market that is not controlled, the value starts to decrease as the crop reaches maturity and the of any surplus crop tends to rise during the off-season grains are drying. In their natural state, the seeds would period, provided that it is in a marketable condition. have a period of dormancy and then germinate either Therefore the principal aim of any storage system must when re-wetted by rain or as a result of a naturally be to maintain the crop in prime condition for as long adequate moisture content. as possible. The storage and handling methods should Another major factor influencing spoilage is minimize losses, but must also be appropriate in relation temperature. -
Healthy Building Industry Review Resources
Healthy Building Industry Review Resources Pacific Northwest National Laboratory December 31, 2019 Contact: Kevin Keene ([email protected]) PNNL-SA-159876 The Department of Energy and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory do not endorse any of the products, services, or companies included in this document. This industry review investigates existing resources for facility managers, owners, operators, and other decision-makers to make informed decisions relating to energy efficient buildings that also support occupant health and productivity. Healthy building practices have had limited adoption due to lack of awareness and limited research compared to energy efficiency. This review explores some of the most impactful existing resources for healthy buildings and their integration with energy efficiency. The focus is on the commercial and federal sector and healthy building categories that intersect with energy use New or Existing Name Type Summary IEQ Elements Sector Buildings? Energy Connection Reference The Financial Case for High Performance Business Case By applying financial impact calculations to findings from Lighting, Indoor Air Quality, Commercial Existing No https://stok.com/wp- Buildings over 60 robust research studies on the effect of HPBs in Thermal Comfort content/uploads/2018/10/stok_report_financial-case-for- three key occupant impact areas (Productivity, Retention, high-performance-buildings.pdf and Wellness), this paper arrives at the financial impacts below to help owneroccupants and tenants quantify the benefits of -
DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 1: Residential Technologies DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 1: Residential Technologies
IES RE LOG SIDE NO NT CH IA TE L L TE A C I H T N N E O D L I O S G E I R E S R DSML Pocket Guidebook E S A I I D VolumeT 1: Residential Technologies E N N E T D I I A S L E R T E S C E H I N G O O L L O O G N I H E C S E T R E L S A I I D T E N N E T D I I A S L E R T E S C E H I N G O O L Western Area Power Administration August 2007 DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 1: Residential Technologies DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 1: Residential Technologies Produced and funded by Western Area Power Administration P.O. Box 281213 Lakewood, CO 80228-8213 Prepared by National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, CO 80401 August 2007 Table of Contents List of Tables v List of Figures v Foreword vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi Energy Use and Energy Audits 1 Building Structure 9 Insulation 10 Windows, Glass Doors, and Sky lights 14 Air Sealing 18 Passive Solar Design 21 Heating and Cooling 25 Programmable Thermostats 26 Heat Pumps 28 Heat Storage 31 Zoned Heating 32 Duct Thermal Losses 33 Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning 35 Air Conditioning Cycling Control 40 Whole-House and Ceiling Fans 41 Evaporative Cooling 43 Distributed Photovoltaic Systems 45 Water Heating 49 Conventional Water Heating 51 Combination Space and Water Heaters 55 Demand Water Heaters 57 Heat Pump Water Heaters 60 Solar Water Heaters 62 Lighting 67 Incandescent Alternatives 69 Lighting Controls 76 Daylighting 79 Appliances 83 Energy-Efficient Refrigerators and Freezers 89 Energy-Efficient Dishwashers 92 Energy-Efficient Clothes Washers and Dryers 94 Home Offices -
Hvac Controls Introduction
Invensys Building Systems ON-LINE VERSION HVAC CONTROLS INTRODUCTION Pop-up Definitions in this Online Document • Terms that are blue, italic, and underlined, are provided with pop-up definitions, which can be accessed through blue “question mark” symbols located in the outside margin. • To open a definition, simply double-click the “question mark” symbol that is most in line with the term. • To close the definition, click the “close” box in the upper-left of the window. • These terms are also defined in the glossary of this document. Invensys Building Systems HVAC CONTROLS INTRODUCTION Printed in U.S.A. 3/01 F-26962 Copyright Notice The confidential information contained in this document is provided solely for use by Invensys Building Systems employees, licensees, and system owners, and is not to be released to, or reproduced for, anyone else. Neither is it to be used for unauthorized reproduction of an Invensys control system or any of its components. All specifications are nominal and may change as design improvements occur. Invensys Building Systems shall not be liable for damages resulting from misapplication or misuse of its products. Invensys Building Systems 1354 Clifford Avenue (Zip 61111) P.O. Box 2940 Loves Park, IL 61132-2940 United States of America © Invensys Building Systems 2001 Invensys, PopTop, and DuraDrive are trademarks of Invensys plc and its subsidiaries and affiliates. ii Invensys Building Systems Table of Contents Preface........................................................................................................ -
Energy Saving of Central Air-Conditioning and Control System Caseb Study: Nanchang Hongkelong Supermarket
Energy Saving of Central Air-Conditioning and Control System Caseb Study: Nanchang Hongkelong Supermarket Thesis Yizhou He Degree Programme in Industrial Management Accepted ___.___._____ __________________________________ SAVONIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES, BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING, VARKAUS Degree Programme Industrial Engineering and Management Author He Yizhou Title of Project Energy saving of central air-conditioning and control system Case study: Nanchang Hongkelong Supermarket Type of Project Date Pages Final Project 13/10/2010 6 2+8 Academic Supervisor Company Supervisor Company Harri Heikura Zheng Jun HKLS Abstract In China, with the rapid development of economiy, the resources are consumed very seriously. Compared with the developed countries, China’s energy consumption for unit GDP production is more than 6 to 10 times and the energy consumption for unit product production is 50% higher than in the developed countries. Therefore, China is increasing emphasis on energy conservation and is also increasing the awareness of energy saving and environmental protection. In energy saving measures, the one that reduces energy consumption of the central air conditioning is very important. Because in industrial and commercial buildings, central air conditioning system is a very important part of infrastructure and it is widely used. It takes a large proportion in industrial production and the total daily energy consumption of buildings. In industry, central air-conditioning energy consumption accounts for over 40% of the total energy consumption. In this thesis, the problem and the cause of the problem were found according to the research of the specific practical problem of the traditional energy saving system. Based on the theory of intelligent building management system (IBMS) and energy-saving central air-conditioning inverter, a means of vector control can be adopted to achieve the integrated use of the technology and a solution to improve the Central Air Conditioner equipment and improve HVAC energy saving control system can be found. -
Comfort in High-Performance Homes in a Hot-Humid Climate
Comfort in High-Performance Homes in a Hot-Humid Climate A. Poerschke and R. Beach IBACOS, Inc. January 2016 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 OSTI http://www.osti.gov Phone: 865.576.8401 Fax: 865.576.5728 Email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 NTIS http://www.ntis.gov Phone: 800.553.6847 or 703.605.6000 Fax: 703.605.6900 Email: [email protected] Comfort in High-Performance Homes in a Hot-Humid Climate Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory On behalf of the U.S. -
Intelligent Thermal Control Method for Small-Size Air Conditioning System
Intelligent Thermal Control Method for Small-Size Air Conditioning System Hung-Wen Lin1, Min-Der Wu1, Guan-Wen Chen1 and Ying Xuan Tan2 1Green Energy and Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Keywords: HVAC, Least Enthalpy Difference Theory, Energy Saving. Abstract: To decrease the energy consumption and maintaining the comfort of the area, a great deal of work has been done on HVAC control algorithms. A control system with the least enthalpy difference theory applied is proposed in this paper. By using the indoor air temperature and relative humidity as the feedback of the control system, the temperature set for the air conditioner is able to satisfy the indoor thermal comfort. The simulation and experimental results of this controller have shown positive energy saving while maintaining indoor thermal comfort. 1 INTRODUCTION “Adaptive Algorithm” which requires an additional parameter which is the expected residence time of the Due to the significant increase of energy consumption occupants for each zone to be controlled (Dimitris, in buildings, energy saving strategies have become Evangelos, John and Odysseus, 2014). An the first priority in energy policies in most countries occupancy-based feedback control algorithm for around the world. In 2006, United States of America variable-air volume HVAC systems that is applicable had used about 35% of the total energy for HVAC to the under-actuated case in which multiple rooms systems (US EIA, 2017). About 50% of the world’s share the same HVAC equipment was implemented. total electrical energy is consumed by HVAC systems Despite the inability to condition rooms (Fagan, Refai and Tachwali, 2007). -
Analysis of Ozone Technology in Commercial Kitchen Ventilation TB16-1003
Analysis of Ozone Technology in Commercial Kitchen Ventilation TB16-1003 February 1, 2016 A recent addition to the commercial kitchen ventilation industry has been the introduction of ozone to the kitchen exhaust process. This new exhaust method utilizes an ozone creation device that feeds ozonated air into the exhaust airstream following the greasy air’s departure from the hood and coinciding with its entrance into the duct. Manufacturers of ozone technology hold that a two-stage filtration method of utilizing traditional hood filters (Stage 1) coupled with ozonated air (Stage 2) outperforms standard mechanical-only filtration for grease and odor reduction. This technical bulletin investigates this claim in order to determine whether or not ozone technology is an effective and reliable means of grease and odor reduction. Background The basis of the ozone exhaust theory rests on the creation of ozone, produced by Corona Discharge (CD) ozone generators in most cases (e.g., one manufacturer uses proprietary Corona Class Cells [CGCs] for this process). As power is supplied to the CGCs, a strong electric field is created over a dielectric and between an air gap. The dielectric allows the charge to be spread over a large area as opposed to remaining at a single point, as in the case of a spark. As oxygen molecules (O2) flow through the gap, they are exposed to the electrical discharge and split into two monatomic oxygen atoms - (O ). These freed oxygen atoms then combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone molecules (O3) [1]. Fig 1: Corona Discharge Cell Configuration Source: Principles of Ozone Generation, Wayne Smith, Watertec Engineering Pty Ltd It is important to note that the type of feed gas, the power input/frequency, the unit construction and the temperature and humidity level of the air all greatly affect the amount of ozone generated.