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Comfort in High-Performance Homes in a Hot-Humid Climate

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Comfort in High-Performance Homes in a Hot-Humid Climate Comfort in High-Performance Homes in a Hot-Humid Climate A. Poerschke and R. Beach IBACOS, Inc. January 2016 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 OSTI http://www.osti.gov Phone: 865.576.8401 Fax: 865.576.5728 Email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 NTIS http://www.ntis.gov Phone: 800.553.6847 or 703.605.6000 Fax: 703.605.6900 Email: [email protected] Comfort in High-Performance Homes in a Hot-Humid Climate Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory On behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 NREL Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Prepared by: A. Poerschke and R. Beach IBACOS, Inc. 2214 Liberty Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15222 NREL Technical Monitor: Stacey Rothgeb Prepared under Subcontract No. KNDJ-0-40341-05 January 2016 iii The work presented in this report does not represent performance of any product relative to regulated minimum efficiency requirements. The laboratory and/or field sites used for this work are not certified rating test facilities. The conditions and methods under which products were characterized for this work differ from standard rating conditions, as described. Because the methods and conditions differ, the reported results are not comparable to rated product performance and should only be used to estimate performance under the measured conditions. iv Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vi Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction and Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Large-Scale Thermal Comfort Research .............................................................................2 1.2 Comfort Metrics ...................................................................................................................2 1.3 Research Questions ..............................................................................................................4 2 Mathematical and Modeling Methods ................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Data Analysis Methods ........................................................................................................5 2.2 System Runtime Determination ...........................................................................................5 2.3 Uncertainty Analysis ............................................................................................................6 3 Research and Experimental Methods ................................................................................................ 8 3.1 Home Identification and Selection .......................................................................................8 3.2 Sensor Selection ...................................................................................................................8 3.3 Sensor Installation and Survey Data Collection ..................................................................9 4 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Summary of Data ...............................................................................................................11 4.2 Indoor Temperature Variability with Time ........................................................................14 4.3 Indoor Temperature Variability with Outdoor Temperature .............................................18 4.4 Thermostat Temperature ....................................................................................................19 4.5 System Run Impact on Uniformity ....................................................................................24 4.6 Psychrometrics ...................................................................................................................26 4.7 Builder Metrics ..................................................................................................................29 5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 31 5.1 Future Work .......................................................................................................................32 References ................................................................................................................................................. 34 Appendix: Specifications for the Homes in the Study and the Homeowner Survey Results ........... 35 v List of Figures Figure 1. Hypothetical probability of callback function .......................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Illustration of the system runtime calculation method ........................................................... 6 Figure 3. Probability of drawing an incorrect conclusion in the ACCA analysis for sensors with an error of 0.38°F .......................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 4. A logger placed on a supply register ...................................................................................... 10 Figure 5. Heat map showing the period of data collection for each sensor ....................................... 11 Figure 6. Heat map showing humidity measurements for each sensor .............................................. 12 Figure 7. Cumulative summation of room-to-room temperature differences for all homes based on 1-min data ........................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 8. Cumulative summation of room-to-room temperature variability by hour of the day ....... 14 Figure 9. Average daily room-to-room temperature variability by city ............................................... 15 Figure 10. Average daily room-to-room temperature variability by number of stories ..................... 15 Figure 11. Average daily room-to-room temperature variability by occupant employment ............. 16 Figure 12. Average daily room-to-room temperature variability by number of thermostats ............ 17 Figure 13. Average daily room-to-room temperature variability by use of programmable thermostat ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 14. Room-to-room temperature variability by number of stories ............................................ 18 Figure 15. Room-to-room temperature variability by city where the houses were located .............. 19 Figure 16. Average thermostat temperature over 1 week of data with programmable thermostats used ................................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 17. Aggregated median thermostat temperature with programmable thermostat used ....... 21 Figure 18. Thermostat trend, House 28 .................................................................................................. 22 Figure 19. Thermostat trend, House 24 .................................................................................................. 22 Figure 20. Thermostat trend, House 26 .................................................................................................. 23 Figure 21. Thermostat trend, House 23 .................................................................................................
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