DOCSLIB.ORG

Color Source for the First Argentinian Flags A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Color Source for the First Argentinian Flags A This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Article Cite This: ACS Omega 2019, 4, 11424−11432 http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf Color Source for the First Argentinian Flags A. Lorena Picone, Rosana M. Romano, and Carlos O. Della Vedová * CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, associated with CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Boulevard 120 N° 1465, 1900 La Plata, Republicá Argentina ABSTRACT: In this work, a historical controversy of more than 200 years is settled by the study of the oldest preserved Argentinian flag. The results of the present work reinforce the hypothesis of a number of historians who consider it to be the first flag that was originally hoisted on February 27, 1812, on the banks of the ParanáRiver. The work consists of a study of the original textile. Through chemical analysis and implementation of different types of analyses, techniques, and spectroscopies such as UV−vis, UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectrosco- py, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy−energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and resonance Raman, the original characteristics of the flag of Macha were determined. The flag was colored with indigotin from Europe (from Isatis tinctoria) and made of silk; it is white, blue, and white in a horizontal arrangement. It was not treated with tin, and its blue color was subsequently adopted by the Central American Confederation and later by various states of Central America. According to related contemporaneous stories, its preservation was due to the watchfulness of the patriots. ■ INTRODUCTION currently located in the National Historical Museum of fl The oldest preserved Argentinian flag, which for many Argentina. Both of these ags, carried by Belgrano, were historians may be the first flag raised by its creator, Manuel preserved after the battles since they would have been JoséJoaquıń del Corazoń de Jesuś Belgrano y Gonzalez,́ on delivered for protection by Colonel Cornelio Zelaya, a soldier February 27, 1812, on the banks of the ParanáRiver, is who was under orders from Belgrano, to the parish priest of the ́ preserved in the House of Freedom “Casa de la Libertad” in Titiri church, Juan de Dios Aranıvar. According to the Sucre, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. The so-called Flag of historical records, there were signs that the result of the battle Macha is in this unique location guarded by the remains of would not be favorable to Belgrano’s army. In accordance with Doña Juana Azurduy de Padilla (Figure 1). This flag, the Flag the testimonies of prominent soldiers of this period, a flag from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.9b01412. captured by enemy hands had a negative connotation in several Downloaded by 213.174.99.133 at 12:36:32:682 on July 01, 2019 dimensions that reached finally its exhibition in a European museum.1 The environmental preservation of both banners was differentiated according to the different climatic conditions of the conservation sites, much more favorable to the city of Sucre. Our recent spectral-historical work linked the connection between the 1814 Governor of the Tucumań Province, General BernabéAraoz,́ with the creator of the Argentinian Flag, Manuel Belgrano.2 It was in a small place of the department of Burruyacu,́ in La Encrucijada, where Bernabé Araoz,́ who later ordered the construction of the blue and white ceremony flag of 1814 for the Temple of San Francisco Figure 1. Flag of Macha. House of Freedom, Casa de la Libertad, ́ 2 Sucre, Bolivia. in Tucuman, blue due to lapis lazuli pigment, convinced Belgrano, who was on his way to Cordobá after the legendary ̃ ́ ̃ of Macha, was found in the year 1883 in the vicinity of the Jujeno Exodus (Exodo Jujeno), to challenge the commands of town of Macha, in the church of Titiri by the village priest the central government of Buenos Aires and to face in ı́ Tucumań the once invincible Pıó Tristan.́ On September 24, Mart n Castro, and 2 years later, in 1885, his successor, the ́ parish priest Primo Arrieta, transferred this insignia to the city 1812, the so-called Battle of Tucuman took place, and after his of Sucre. A sister flag, called the Flag of Ayohuma, in reference to the battle of the same name in which the royalist army of Received: May 15, 2019 Joaquıń de la Pezuela defeated Belgrano’s army, was also found Accepted: June 20, 2019 in the same church under a painting of Santa Teresa. It is Published: July 1, 2019 © 2019 American Chemical Society 11424 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01412 ACS Omega 2019, 4, 11424−11432 ACS Omega Article victory, Manuel Belgrano pushed the royalist army by directing With these objectives in mind, we used chemical methods, its troops in a northward direction toward the city of Salta.3 techniques, and those forms of spectroscopy that fall within The resonance of this achievement was notorious. The this discipline whose name can be amalgamated in the spectral- government of Buenos Aires, the First Triumvirate, resigned historical topic, a remarkable tool to settle historical and, for instance, the flux of the oriental population was discussions with the central intervention of one of the reversed. In October 1811, another exceptional event was branches of science, namely, spectroscopy. recorded after the armistice was promulgated between the Buenos Aires government and the royalist Viceroy of ■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Montevideo, Francisco de Elıo.́ That was when the entire To begin analyzing the questions raised, data and the analysis population of Montevideo accompanied their leader, José of a piece of a sample corresponding to Macha’s flag are Gervasio de Artigas, to the province of Entre Rıos,́ currently presented. For this, a piece of the flag, a crisp, smooth, plain Argentina, to the place of Ayuı.́ This event is known as the interlaced fabric (Figure 2), was analyzed by attenuated total exodus of Montevideo or “la redota”,aRıó de la Plata word meaning defeat, “derrota”. Some historians estimate that the number of people involved in that event may have reached 50 000.4 The “redota” symbolized the unhappy feeling of the population toward the displacement of General Artigas, as ordered by the Government of Buenos Aires. This order originated his migration, but he was also accompanied by the entire population and his army. On February 13, 1813, and days before the battle of Salta, all of the soldiers of the Army of the North swore allegiance to the Figure 2. Images taken during the scanning electron microscopy− flag on the banks of the Pasaje River, and from that moment on energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM−EDX) experiment using called the River Juramento (jurar is the Spanish verb swear and the BSED mode with different amplifications of the colored region of Juramento means oath), and so, one by one sealed his the Flag of Macha. fl commitment to the ag with a kiss that today is again the fl center of our attention. re ectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR- In relation to our previous work that covered several FTIR) spectroscopy, as shown in Figure 3. Figure 2 shows an interesting questions to be continued, the current work focuses its objective on the determination of the dye that gave rise to this flag, which accompanied the beginning of the Argentine fatherland. There are dozens of publications, interviews, discussions, and conferences originated in the present subject that had as their central thesis the determination of the color of the Argentinian Flag, which, in historical terms, goes far beyond a mere discussion on coloration and goes back to issues already discussed by an eyewitness soldier of the Paso de los Andes of General San Martıń in 1817, General Geronimó Espejo.1 This is how we propose in the present work: (i) the determination of the composition of the base fabric on which the ensign was made; (ii) a study of the presence or absence of Sn salts that contribute additional weight to silk or that could act as a preservative; (iii) revealing the original color of the insignia will be one of the fundamental questions to be addressed; (iv) the origin of either the dye or the pigment used Figure 3. ATR-FTIR spectra of the colored region (blue trace), of the for the preparation of the Belgrano flag will also be studied. white region (black trace) of the Flag of Macha, and of a silk sample The facts thus determined would provide information (red trace). regarding the origin of the emblem, assuming the hypothesis that it may be the same flag raised for Belgrano the first time image of the colored part of the flag taken with different on the banks of the ParanáRiver on February 27, 1812. On the amplifications and measured experimentally with backscatter way to Alto Peru,́ Belgrano would have sworn allegiance to this electron detector (BSED). According to Figure 2, the right- flag on the Pasaje River, later known as the Juramento River; side part, the diameter of the fiber used reaches a value of (v) in relation to the coloration, a correlation of the color of approximately 12 μm in agreement with, for example, the the pennant with that of the flags of the Central American expected value for Bombyx mori silk. It should be noted that countries will be mentioned, whose fights for independence the cross section of this particular silk is approximately were supported by the French-Argentine corsair Hipolitó triangular.6 Bouchard in command of the frigate La Argentina, who under As already mentioned, Figure 3 shows the results of the the orders of the government of the United Provinces of the ATR-FTIR technique used to analyze the flag samples.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator
    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES OCCASIONAL PAPERS No. 25 San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator John Lynch SAN MARTíN: ARGENTINE PATRIOT, AMERICAN LIBERATOR John Lynch Institute of Latin American Studies 31 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9HA The Institute of Latin American Studies publishes as Occasional Papers selected seminar and conference papers and public lectures delivered at the Institute or by scholars associated with the work of the Institute. John Lynch is Emeritus Professor of Latin American History in the University of London, where he has spent most of his academic career, first at University College, then from 1974 to 1987 as Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies. The main focus of his work has been Spanish America in the period 1750–1850. Occasional Papers, New Series 1992– ISSN 0953 6825 © Institute of Latin American Studies University of London, 2001 San Martín: Argentine Patriot, American Liberator 1 José de San Martín, one of the founding fathers of Latin America, comparable in his military and political achievements with Simón Bolívar, and arguably incomparable as a model of disinterested leadership, is known to history as the hombre necesario of the American revolution. There are those, it is true, who question the importance of his career and reject the cult of the hero. For them the meaning of liberation is to be found in the study of economic struc- tures, social classes and the international conjuncture, not in military actions and the lives of liberators. In this view Carlyle’s discourse on heroes is a mu- seum piece and his elevation of heroes as the prime subject of history a misconception.
    [Show full text]
  • Rc: 79917 - Issn: 2448-0959
    Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento - RC: 79917 - ISSN: 2448-0959 https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/sem-categoria/the-reason The reason for the state ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL PEDROSO, Nilda Da Conceição [1] PEDROSO, Nilda Da Conceição. The reason for the state. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento. Year 05, Ed. 10, Vol. 15, 18-33. October 2020. ISSN: 2448-0959, Access link: https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/historia-es/la-razon, DOI: 10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/history-is/la-reason Summary With this work we intend to study the Folders of the historical collection of the national archive. They contain the Captainular Acts of the Meetings of the National Assumption Lobby in the period 1805 and 1806. Our intention is to demonstrate, through these demands, and to expose an insipient and colonized Assumption, but hardworking, politicized and developing. Demonstrate the same, the activity of a state apparatus that in the past played an important role together with the people: the Cabildo. On the other hand we intend to contribute to clarify points of questions taken to centuries and that with this monographic work are alls of the past and brought to the historical present. Key words: Folders, chapter minutes, lobbying, Assumption. 1. INTRODUCTION To the team of students of the ONE Master's Course, it was given to present a work, that of doing a study of the Chapter Acts contained in a folder corresponding to the period of a full decade: from 1801 to 1811. These are the years that anticipated the most important event for the Republic of Paraguay: its Independence.From these years it was up to us to do the study of the years 1805 and 1806.
    [Show full text]
  • El General En El Banquillo. Guerra Y Política En Los Juicios Por Las Derrotas En El Paraguay Y El Alto Perú
    Dossier "Belgrano y su tiempo" El general en el banquillo. Guerra y política en los juicios por las derrotas en el Paraguay y el Alto Perú Polastrelli, Irina Irina Polastrelli Resumen: Este trabajo estudia los procesos judiciales a los que [email protected] fue sometido Manuel Belgrano luego del fracaso de la expedición Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina al Paraguay en 1811 y de las derrotas militares sufridas en el Alto Perú en 1813. En cada caso se analizan las instrucciones que el poder de turno le confirió a Belgrano como comandante Investigaciones y Ensayos del ejército, los motivos que impulsaron los enjuiciamientos y las Academia Nacional de la Historia de la República Argentina, repercusiones del contexto político y bélico en su desarrollo y Argentina resolución. Asimismo se detallan las autoridades que asumieron ISSN: 2545-7055 ISSN-e: 0539-242X la jurisdicción de las causas, los actores que intervinieron en las Periodicidad: Semestral diversas instancias y los cargos imputados. Los sumarios militares vol. 70, 2020 examinados exponen la complicada e imprecisa demarcación [email protected] que la guerra revolucionaria generó entre las funciones y las Recepción: 12 Octubre 2020 responsabilidades militares y políticas. Pero también, cómo las Aprobación: 01 Diciembre 2020 tentativas de punir a Belgrano por sus malogradas empresas URL: http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/ militares fueron alteradas tanto por los vaivenes de la política jatsRepo/237/2371682004/index.html revolucionaria y los constantes cambios en las correlaciones de fuerzas, como por los derroteros de los frentes de guerra de Paraguay, el Alto Perú y la Banda Oriental.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican General Officer Corps in the US
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Latin American Studies ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-1-2011 Valor Wrought Asunder: The exM ican General Officer Corps in the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847. Javier Ernesto Sanchez Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ltam_etds Recommended Citation Sanchez, Javier Ernesto. "Valor Wrought Asunder: The exM ican General Officer Corps in the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847.." (2011). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ltam_etds/3 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Latin American Studies ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Javier E. Sánchez Candidate Latin-American Studies Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: L.M. García y Griego, Chairperson Teresa Córdova Barbara Reyes i VALOR WROUGHT ASUNDER: THE MEXICAN GENERAL OFFICER CORPS IN THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR, 1846 -1847 by JAVIER E. SANCHEZ B.B.A., BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO 2009 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2011 ii VALOR WROUGHT ASUNDER: THE MEXICAN GENERAL OFFICER CORPS IN THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR, 1846-1847 By Javier E. Sánchez B.A., Business Administration, University of New Mexico, 2008 ABSTRACT This thesis presents a reappraisal of the performance of the Mexican general officer corps during the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings First Annual Palo Alto Conference
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL PALO ALTO CONFERENCE An International Conference on the Mexican-American War and its Causes and Consequences with Participants from Mexico and the United States. Brownsville, Texas, May 6-9, 1993 Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site Southwest Region National Park Service I Cover Illustration: "Plan of the Country to the North East of the City of Matamoros, 1846" in Albert I C. Ramsey, trans., The Other Side: Or, Notes for the History of the War Between Mexico and the I United States (New York: John Wiley, 1850). 1i L9 37 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL PALO ALTO CONFERENCE Edited by Aaron P. Mahr Yafiez National Park Service Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site P.O. Box 1832 Brownsville, Texas 78522 United States Department of the Interior 1994 In order to meet the challenges of the future, human understanding, cooperation, and respect must transcend aggression. We cannot learn from the future, we can only learn from the past and the present. I feel the proceedings of this conference illustrate that a step has been taken in the right direction. John E. Cook Regional Director Southwest Region National Park Service TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. A.N. Zavaleta vii General Mariano Arista at the Battle of Palo Alto, Texas, 1846: Military Realist or Failure? Joseph P. Sanchez 1 A Fanatical Patriot With Good Intentions: Reflections on the Activities of Valentin GOmez Farfas During the Mexican-American War. Pedro Santoni 19 El contexto mexicano: angulo desconocido de la guerra. Josefina Zoraida Vazquez 29 Could the Mexican-American War Have Been Avoided? Miguel Soto 35 Confederate Imperial Designs on Northwestern Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tribute to "La Capitana", the Afro-Argentine Who Fought for Independence
    HISTORY A TRIBUTE TO "LA CAPITANA", THE AFRO-ARGENTINE WHO FOUGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE María Remedios del Valle, called "La Capitana" and "The Mother of the Nation". Illustration by Eleonora Kortsarz. The new century was just beginning and the According to the census data carried out by Juan atmosphere in the homeland was one of José de Vértiz y Salcedo in 1778, Afro- independence. She, "La Capitana", did not descendants in the city of Buenos Aires made up hesitate to defend her land in 1807, when the 30% of the total population, that barely exceeded English invaded the coasts of Buenos Aires for 24,000 inhabitants. Most of them were the second time. That was when María Remedios concentrated in the neighborhoods of San Telmo del Valle began to write her own story of liberation and Monserrat, where they created handicrafts and bravery. for sale. The rest of this population was registered mainly in the provinces with high Registered in the parish records as "parda" agricultural production, such as Santiago del (brown-skinned), as established by the colonial Estero, Catamarca, Córdoba and Salta, among caste system, this woman defied a destiny of others. humiliation, misery and oppression, to become an Independence heroine. She was born in the city of María Remedios del Valle was part of a group in Buenos Aires in 1766 or 1767, and according to which many were reduced to servitude, while documents, she had dark skin, her origins were others managed to buy their freedom or escaped. African, and, in addition, she was a woman. Many played an active part against the English 1 HISTORY city, until her luck turned in the mid-1820s, when THE MAJORITY OF AFRO- General Juan José Viamonte recognized her begging in the streets.
    [Show full text]
  • The Background of the Revolution of May 25, 1810 at the Port of Buenos Aires
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1966 The Background of the Revolution of May 25, 1810 at the Port of Buenos Aires Mary Robert Reis Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Reis, Mary Robert, "The Background of the Revolution of May 25, 1810 at the Port of Buenos Aires" (1966). Master's Theses. 2198. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2198 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1966 Mary Robert Reis THE BACKGROUND OF THE REVOLUTION OF MAY 25, 1810 AT THE PORT OF BUENOS AIRES by Sister Mary Robert Rels, C. D. P. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate SChool of Loyola University In Partial FulfUlment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts June 1986 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUC'nON. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 1 U. CREOLE AC11V'ITIES IN BUENOS AIRES • • • • • •• 18 m. THE BRITISH IN BUENOS AIRES • • • • • • • • •• 31 IV. THE PREUMlNAlUES OF REVOLtJT10N • • • • • •• "6 V. CONCLUSION...... • • • • • • • • • • •• 71 BlBLtO<lR.APHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 82 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Amcmg the many and diverse factors which caused the Revolution of May 26, 1810, In the port city of Buenoa Aires none stand out so promtnently as the econom1c.
    [Show full text]
  • MANUEL BELGRANO. PRÓCER DE LA INDEPENDENCIA AMERICANA Texto Escrito Por La Doctora Norma Noemí Ledesma Investigadora Instituto Nacional Belgraniano
    MANUEL BELGRANO. PRÓCER DE LA INDEPENDENCIA AMERICANA Texto escrito por la doctora Norma Noemí Ledesma Investigadora Instituto Nacional Belgraniano 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Nos proponemos realizar un recorrido biográfico George Washington uno de los grandes “Próceres por la vida y obra del General Manuel Belgrano, sin de la Independencia Americana”. pretender abarcar la totalidad del mismo. Hombre En este año 2020, declarado “Año del General de variados intereses y de múltiple actividad desde Manuel Belgrano”, en que se cumplen el 250º que en 1794, a su regreso al Río de la Plata, se Aniversario de su Natalicio (3 de junio) y el Bi- desempeñó como Secretario Perpetuo del Real centenario de su Paso a la Inmortalidad (20 de Consulado de Buenos Aires, cuya jurisdicción junio), estimamos que es una muy buena ocasión abarcaba el Virreinato del Río de la Plata. En su para que todos los argentinos y especialmente las desempeño en el cargo por la visión integradora de jóvenes generaciones, se interioricen en el “Legado las distintas regiones del entonces Virreinato y por Belgraniano”, cuyos valores continúan vigentes. su permanente interés en fomentar su desarrollo, Por otra parte, resulta sumamente difícil tratar de demostró ser un verdadero Estadista. Participó en resumir en un formato tan reducido todo su accionar, las Invasiones Inglesas, prolegómeno de la Revo- por eso seleccionamos algunos de los pasajes que lución de Mayo y actuó de manera ininterrumpida consideramos más significativos y sugerimos a los e incansable durante diez años al servicio de la docentes y alumnos que consulten esta publicación Patria naciente. Fue, junto con el General José de que, a fin de ampliar sus conocimientos y aclarar San Martín, uno de los “Padres Fundadores de la posibles dudas, entren a la página web del Instituto Patria” y, al igual que San Martín, Simón Bolívar y Nacional Belgraniano: www.manuelbelgrano.gov.ar La batalla de Salta, librada en el Campo de Castañares, fue la más grande victoria militar de Belgrano.
    [Show full text]
  • The Three Flags of General Belgrano
    FAHNEN FLAGS DRAPEAUX (Proceedings of the 15'*’ ICV, Zurich, I993J THE THREE FLAGS and blue ribbon on his men, in January 1811 This was OF GENERAL BELGRANO an open gesture of defiance against the president of the Junta, Colonel Cornelio de Saavedra For there was David Prando a rift between liberals, citizens of Buenos Aires the most of them, and conservatives, provincials in the majority. The revolution that took place in Buenos Aires, Moldes' colours soon became those of Buenos Aires, on May 25, 1810, saw a display of white and red rib­ but he never got any credit for them. bons'- the local colours since the British Invasions of Shortly after the conservative coup d'etat of April 5-6, 1806-07T Red and white stood for liberty and union the Liberal Patriotic Society and the America Regiment respectively, and were, of course, the first Argentine which supported it, were prosecuted and purged by colours under which monarchists and republ.cans ral­ Saavedra. And also the bicolour cockade was forbid­ lied, in their struggle against the Spaniards, even den. White ribbons and Spanish red cockades prevailed, though they simulated loyalty to the captive king together with the idea of an autonomous union within Ferdinand VII And Buenos Aires even had a secret flag, the Spanish Empire. But in August, Saavedra was which probably had the same colours' overthrown by the oppos't'on, and in the following In August of the same year, Jos$ de Moldes was month blue and white nbbons became all the rage in appointed Lieutenant Governor of the city of Mendoza Buenos Aires.
    [Show full text]
  • A City Transformed by the Army. Atlantic Networks in San Miguel De Tucumán, 1812-1819
    Annals of the Fondazione Luigi Einaudi Volume LIV, June 2020: 57-82 A CITY TRANSFORMED BY THE ARMY. ATLANTIC NETWORKS IN SAN MIGUEL DE TUCUMÁN, 1812-1819 Facundo Nanni * Alejandro Morea ** ABSTRACT Even though the city of San Miguel de Tucumán was located in a peripheral, mountain and remote geography, the wars of independence, and particularly the cantonment of the Ejército Auxiliar del Perú, revitalized its territory and reinforced their integration into the political-military circuits of what we may call Atlantic networks. This city, that had been a battlefeld (1812) but also the main quartering site of that army between 1812 and 1819, doubled its population and underwent transformations derived from the arrival of hundreds of ofcers and troops, with the consequent technical changes derived from the need to build hospitals, fortifca- tions, military factories and other ways of supplying the new arrivals. Understood at the time as an army of porteños, regarding the origin of the majority of its ofcers and sub-ofcialdom, however, a small but signifcant part of the ofcers were Euro- pean, who brought with them the technical knowledge learned during their passage through the Napoleonic Wars. The objective of the article is to analyze the atlantic network created by the arrival of political and military ofcers such as the French Philippe Bertrés (1786-1856), Enrique Paillardell (1785-1815), Jean Joseph D’Auxion de La Vayesse (1775-1829), the Austrian Baron Holmberg (1778-1853), and the Ital- ian Emilio Salvigni (1789-1866), all of them ofcers that brought specifc knowledge (military techniques, mathematics, agronomy) that contributed to their integration into local networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Proyecto De Ley
    Senado de la Nación Secretaría Parlamentaria Dirección General de Publicaciones (S-2065/08) PROYECTO DE LEY El Senado y Cámara de Diputados,… Artículo 1°- El Banco Central de la República Argentina y la Casa de Moneda instrumentarán lo pertinente a fin que entre en circulación ordinaria una moneda conmemorativa del bicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo. Artículo. 2°- El Poder Ejecutivo dispondrá y reglamentará la presente ley para el cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el artículo anterior. Artículo 3°- Comuníquese al Poder Ejecutivo. María J. Bongiorno.- Liliana Fellner.- FUNDAMENTOS Señor Presidente: El Poder Ejecutivo creó mediante decreto 1016 de 2005 el COMITE PERMANENTE DEL BICENTENARIO DE LA REVOLUCION DE MAYO DE 1810 - 2010, en el ámbito de la JEFATURA DE GABINETE DE MINISTROS. Dicho COMITE PERMANENTE ha elaborado los "Lineamientos Generales del Plan de Acción del Bicentenario" avanzando en la definición preliminar de metas, obras y actividades culturales a ser desarrolladas en el marco de la conmemoración del Bicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo. Tal como lo expresa en sus fundamentos el decreto 278/2008, que declara al AÑO 2010 como año DEL BICENTENARIO DE LA REVOLUCION DE MAYO, la fecha es una oportunidad única para reflexionar y debatir acerca de la historia y de la identidad de la REPUBLICA ARGENTINA, como así también para proyectar la construcción colectiva de un proyecto de país hacia el futuro, integrado a la región latinoamericana. Recordando la gesta revolucionaria de Mayo de 1810, los argentinos podemos hoy tomar el coraje necesario para transformar nuestro país en el que siempre quisimos tener. En aquellos tiempos, el virrey Santiago de Liniers gobernaba el Río de la Plata, mientras en Europa la dinastía Borbón era acorralada por el avance de Napoleón Bonaparte.
    [Show full text]
  • Juan José Castelli Político Y Abogado Argentino Nacido En Buenos Aires En 1764
    Senado de la Nación Secretaria Parlamentaria Dirección General de Publicaciones VERSION PRELIMINAR SUJETA A MODIFICACIONES UNA VEZ CONFRONTADO CON EL EXPEDIENTE ORIGINAL (S-3881/12) PROYECTO DE DECLARACION El Senado de la Nación… DECLARA: Su adhesión a la conmemoración del 200º aniversario del fallecimiento del Doctor Juan José Castelli, ocurrido el 12 de Octubre de 1812, precursor y gran defensor de la Revolución de Mayo, uno de los primeros hombres en creer en la independencia. Horacio Lores. - FUNDAMENTOS Señor Presidente: Juan José Castelli nació en Buenos Aires el 19 de julio de 1764, sus padres fueron Ángel Castelli Salomón, médico de origen veneciano y Josefa Villarino, fue el primero de ocho hijos. A través de su madre estaba emparentado con Manuel Belgrano, de quien era primo. Castelli cursó sus primeros estudios con los jesuitas en el Real Colegio de San Carlos, lo cual sentó las bases de sus posteriores estudios religiosos. Como requisito de una herencia, uno de los hijos del matrimonio Castelli debía ordenarse sacerdote; destino al que fue asignado Juan José, por esta razón fue enviado a estudiar al Colegio Monserrat, en Córdoba. Allí fue compañero de estudios de otros hombres que influirían en la vida pública sudamericana, como Saturnino Rodríguez Peña, Juan José Paso, Manuel Alberti, Pedro y Mariano Medrano y el cuyano Juan Martínez de Rozas, entre otros. Allí tomó contacto también con las obras de Voltaire y Diderot, y en especial con el Contrato Social de Rousseau. Al finalizar los estudios escolares comenzó estudios universitarios de filosofía y teología. Pero, en 1785, al morir su padre, abandonó la carrera sacerdotal por la cual no sentía una fuerte vocación.
    [Show full text]