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O Papel Dos Druidas Na Sociedade Céltica Na Gália Nos Séculos Ii E I A.C

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O Papel Dos Druidas Na Sociedade Céltica Na Gália Nos Séculos Ii E I A.C 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS GERAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA FILIPPO LOURENÇO OLIVIERI O PAPEL DOS DRUIDAS NA SOCIEDADE CÉLTICA NA GÁLIA NOS SÉCULOS II E I A.C. NITERÓI 2008 2 FILIPPO LOURENÇO OLIVIERI O PAPEL DOS DRUIDAS NA SOCIEDADE CÉLTICA NA GÁLIA NOS SÉCULOS II E I A.C. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em História. Área de Concentração: História Social. Orientador: Prof° Dr° CIRO FLAMARION SANTANA CARDOSO Niterói 2008 3 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá O49 Olivieri, Filippo Lourenço. O papel dos druidas na sociedade céltica na Gália nos séculos II e I a.C. / Filippo Lourenço Olivieri. – 2008. 312 f. ; il. Orientador: Ciro Flamarion Santana Cardoso. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de História, 2008. Bibliografia: f. xxx-xxx. 1. História da Gália. 2. Druidas e druidismo. 3. Civilização celta. 4. Celtas - Religião. I. Cardoso, Ciro Flamarion Santana. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia III. Título. CDD 936.402 4 FILIPPO LOURENÇO OLIVIERI O PAPEL DOS DRUIDAS NA SOCIEDADE CÉLTICA NA GÁLIA NOS SÉCULOS II E I A.C. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em História. Área de Concentração: História Social. Aprovada em março de 2008. BANCA EXAMINADORA ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof° Dr° Ciro Flamarion Santana Cardoso – Orientador Universidade Federal Fluminense ___________________________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Lívia Lindóia Paes Barreto – Co-orientadora Universidade Federal Fluminense ___________________________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª Norma Musco Mendes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro ___________________________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª Cláudia Beltrão da Rosa Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ___________________________________________________________________________ Profª Drª Adriene Baron Tacla Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói 2008 5 Dedico este trabalho a minha esposa Vânia Maria de Carvalho Olivieri e a meu filho Breno Salgado de Carvalho Olivieri. AGRADECIMENTOS 6 Ao meu orientador, professor Ciro Flamarion Cardoso, que com sua vasta erudição muito me ensinou. Agradeço também por ter apontado novas questões para a tese, sempre valorizando o rigor da pesquisa. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pelo apoio na realização desta pesquisa através de bolsa de Doutorado. A minha co-orientadora, professora Lívia Paes Barreto, pela paciência e por mostrar- me a riqueza da língua latina. À professora Sônia Rebel de Araújo, por sua atenção. À professora Norma Musco Mendes, pela indicação de bibliografia. Aos professores Luciana de Campos e Johnni Langer, pelo apoio. Aos meus colegas do Grupo Celtas, meus companheiros de debates: Carolina Ramos Regis, Erick Carvalho de Mello, Germano Almeida de Sá Britto, Luis Gustavo Reis Rodrigues e Pedro Peixoto. Aos colegas e companheiros da Pós-Graduação da UFF: Ana Rodrigues, Beatriz Bíssio, Bruno Oliveira, Jeanne Crespo, Marcelo Vilela. À Patrícia Heloísa de Carvalho, pela ajuda com o Abstract. À Maria Luiza Duret, por me ouvir. Finalmente, ao meu pai Ottavio Olivieri e a minha mãe Maria Lourenço Olivieri. 7 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é pesquisar o papel dos druidas na sociedade céltica na Gália pré-romana, principalmente através das fontes clássicas, em articulação com a pesquisa arqueológica e a literatura irlandesa pré-cristã. Os druidas faziam parte da elite celta na Gália (e na Britânia) pré-romana nos séculos II e I a.C. e detinham prerrogativas político-religiosas e judiciárias. Ao contrário da maioria das concepções, as prerrogativas políticas permitiam que exercessem ingerência sobre assuntos ligados ao comércio e à eleição do vergobreto entre os povos que se tornaram Estado. Os druidas atuavam nos oppida e podem ter participado da formação estatal de povos do centro-leste da Gália. Neste contexto, intermediavam as relações entre as civitates celtas e a República romana. O fornecimento de vinho italiano para os oppida celtas na Gália nos séculos II e I a. C., principalmente para ser consumido nos festins religiosos, passava pela ingerência do grupo político-religioso. Os druidas também eram responsáveis pela administração dos cultos nos santuários, incluindo os sacrifícios humanos e animais, e pela elaboração de um sistema de crenças religiosas. Estas crenças legitimavam os festins e buscavam estimular o engajamento da clientela (os ambactos) a serviço dos nobres, bem como realçar sentimentos de identidade entre muitos povos da Gália pré-romana. No período do Alto Império, os druidas não estavam apenas à frente da oposição a Roma. Neste período eles desapareceram como instituição, mas muitos tiveram participação ativa na romanização da Gália através do engajamento em carreiras instauradas pela ordem romana. A “fusão” do culto imperial com crenças celtas foi um dos principais fatores que legitimaram a dominação romana. Muitos druidas tornaram-se decuriões, professores ou sacerdotes nos templos romanos. Palavras-chave: História da Gália, druidas, Civilização celta. 8 ABSTRACT This thesis aims at examine the role of druids in Celtic society in pre-Roman Gaul, mainly through classic sources in combination with an archaeological research and Irish pre- Christian literature. Druids belonged to Celtic upper class in pre-Roman Gaul (and in Britain) between II and I B.C. and owned political, religious and legal prerogatives. Differently from what most points of view ascertain, political prerogatives did allow druids obtain control on subjects related to trade and to the election of the vergobret for peoples newly emancipated as an Estate. Besides their influence in oppida, druids may have played a part in the Estate formation of center west Gaulish peoples. In such a context, they intersected relations between Celtic civitates and the Roman Republic. Moreover, Italian vine provision for Celtic oppida between II and I centuries B.C. – mainly the one to be used on religious feasts – was submitted to this political religious group’s control. Druids were also responsible for the organization of cults in sanctuaries, including human and animal sacrifices, and for the elaboration of a religious beliefs system. Such beliefs legitimated feasts and sought to encourage the engagement of customers (the ambacts) to serve aristocracy, besides strengthening an identity feeling among many pre-Roman Gaulish peoples. During High Empire, druids did more than lead an opposition toward Rome. Although they had vanished as an institution, many of them had an active participation in Gaul Romanization through engagement on occupations designated by Roman supremacy. Imperial cult ‘fusion’ with Celtic beliefs was one of the main causes that contributed to legitimate Roman domination. Several druids became decurions, teachers or priests in Roman temples. Key-word: History of Gaul, Druids, Celtic Civilization. 9 O PAPEL DOS DRUIDAS NA SOCIEDADE CÉLTICA NA GÁLIA NOS SÉCULOS II E I A.C. INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................1 PARTE I. A CIVILIZAÇÃO CÉLTICA NA GÁLIA NOS SÉCULOS II E I A.C ........10 1. A ORGANIZAÇÃO POLÍTICA E SOCIAL CÉLTICA NA GÁLIA NOS SÉCULOS II E I A.C...........................................................................................................................................10 1.1. A geografia humana da Gália – as Gálias Aquitânia, Céltica e Bélgica ..........................10 1.2. A sociedade celta na Gália................................................................................................15 1.2.1. Os equites de César – a nobreza guerreira célta ............................................................15 1.3. A clientela – ambactos, soldúrios e vassos ......................................................................19 1.4. O festim – fontes clássicas e irlandesas............................................................................28 1.4.1. Vestígios arqueológicos dos festins...............................................................................33 1.4.2. O festim – suporte da estrutura social celta...................................................................38 1.5. As civitates e os pagi de César – definições.....................................................................42 1.5.1. Autonomia e “mobilidade” dos pagi .............................................................................47 1.6. A “plebe” de César ...........................................................................................................51 1.6.1. Os artesãos.....................................................................................................................53 1.6.2. Os escravos....................................................................................................................55 1.7. A realeza gaulesa – o vergobreto descrito por César .......................................................59 2. A FORMAÇÃO DE ESTADOS CELTAS NA GÁLIA – A CIVILIZAÇÃO DOS OPPIDA .................................................................................................................................................64
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