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History of the Christian Church* a Grace Notes course History of the Christian Church VOLUME 4. History of Medieval Christianity, AD 590 to 1517 By Philip Schaff CH405 Chapter 5: The Conflict of Eastern and Western Churches and their Separation History of the Christian Church Volume 4. History of Medieval Christianity, AD 590 to 1517 CH405 Table of Contents Chapter 5. The Conflict of Eastern and Western Churches and their Separation .............................2 4.67. Sources and Literature .............................................................................................................. 2 4.68. The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches ................................... 3 4.69. The Causes of Separation .......................................................................................................... 5 4.70. The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas ..................................................................... 7 4.71. Progress and Completion of the Schism. ................................................................................... 9 4.72. Fruitless Attempts at Reunion ................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 5. The Conflict of Eastern GUETTERE: La papauté schismatique. Par. 1863. A. PICHELER: Gesch. d. kirchlichen Trennung and Western Churches and their zwischen dem Orient und Occident von den Separation ersten Anfaengen his zur juengsten Gegenwart. Muenchen, 1865, 2 Bde. The author was a 4.67. Sources and Literature Roman Catholic (Privatdocent der Theol. in Muenchen) when he wrote this work, but The chief sources on the beginning of the blamed the West fully as much as the East for controversy between Photius and Nicolas are the schism, and afterwards joined the Greek in MANSI: Conc. Tom. XV. and XVI.; in HARDUIN: church in Russia. Conc. Tom. V. HERGENROETHER: Monumenta ANDRONICOS DIMITRACOPULOS: Graeca ad Photium ejusque historiam Ἰστορία τοῦ pertinentia. Regensb. 1869. σχίσματος. Lips. 1867. Also his Βίβλιοθήκη I. On the Greek Side: ἐκκλησ. Lips. 1866. THEODORUS LASCARIS JUNIOR: De Processione PHOTIUS: Ἐγκύκλιος ἐπιστολή etc. and especially Spiritus S. Oratio Apologetica. London and his Λόγος περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος Jena, 1875. μυσταγωγίας, etc. See PHOTII Opera omnia, ed. II. On the Latin (Roman Catholic) Side: Migne. Paris, 1860–’61, 4 vols. (Patr. Gr. Tom. CI.–CIV.) The Encycl. Letter is in Tom. II. 722– RATRAMNUS (Contra Graecorum Opposita); ANSELM of Canterbury (De Processione Spiritus 742; and his treatise on the μυσταγωγία τοῦ S. 1098); PETRUS CHRYSOLANUS (1112); THOMAS ἁγίου Πνεύματος in Tom. II. 279–391. AQUINAS (d. 1274), etc. Later champions: LEO ALLATIUS (Allacci, a Greek of Chios, but CÆRULARIUS, NICETAS PECTORATUS, THEOPHYLACT converted to the Roman Church and guardian (12th century). EUTHYMIUS ZIGABENUS, PHURNUS, of the Vatican library, d. 1669): De ecclesiae EUSTRATIUS, and many others. In recent times occident. atque orient. perpetua consensione. PROKOPOVITCH (1772), ZOERNICAV (1774, 2 Cologne, 1648, 4to.; new ed. 1665 and 1694. vols.). Also his Graecia orthodoxa, 1659, 2 vols., new J. G. PITZIPIOS: L’Egl. orientale, sa séparation et ed. by Laemmer, Freib. i. B. 1864 sq.; and his sa réunion avec celle de Rome. Rome, 1855. special tracts on Purgatory (Rom. 1655), and L’Orient. Les réformes de lempire byzantin. on the Procession of the Holy Spirit (Rom. Paris, 1858. 1658). A. N. MOURAVIEFF (Russ.): Question religieuse d’Orient et d’Occident. Moscow, 1856. History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 3 CH405: Volume 4, Chapter 5 a Grace Notes course MAIMBURG: Hist. du schisme des Grecs. Paris, JOSEPH LANGEN: Die Trinitarische Lehrdifferenz 1677, 4to. zwischen der abendlaendischen und der STEPH. DE ALTIMURA (Mich. le Quien): Panoplia morgenlaendischen Kirche. Bonn, 1876. contra schisma Graecorum. Par. 1718, 4to. The Proceedings of the second Old Catholic MICHAEL LE QUIEN (d. 1733): Oriens Christianus. Union-Conference in Bonn, 1875, ed. in Par. 1740, 3 vols. fol. German by HEINRICH REUSCH; English ed. with Abbé JAGER: Histoire de Photius d’après les introduction by CANON LIDDON (Lond. 1876); monuments originaux. 2nd ed. Par. 1845. Amer. ed. transl. by Dr. SAMUEL BUEL, with LUIGI TOSTI: Storia dell’ origine dello scisma introduction by Dr. R. NEVIN (N. Y. 1876). The greco. Firenze 1856. 2 vols. union-theses of Bonn are given in SCHAFF: H. LAEMMER: Papst. Nikolaus I. und die Creeds of Christendom, vol. II., 545–550. byzantinische Staatskirche seiner Zeit. Berlin, 4.68. The Consensus and Dissensus 1857. between the Greek and Latin Churches AD. D’AVRIL: Documents relatifs aux églises de l’Orient, considerée dans leur rapports avec le No two churches in the world are at this day saint-siége de Rome. Paris, 1862. so much alike, and yet so averse to each other KARL WERNER: Geschichte der Apol. und as the Oriental or Greek, and the Occidental polemischen Literatur. Schaffhausen, 1864, vol. or Roman. They hold, as an inheritance from III. 3 ff. the patristic age, essentially the same body of J. HERGENROETHER: (Prof. of Church History in doctrine, the same canons of discipline, the Wuerzburg, now Cardinal in Rome): Photius, same form of worship; and yet their Patriarch von Constantinopel. Sein Leben, antagonism seems irreconcilable. The very seine Schriften und das griechische Schisma. affinity breeds jealousy and friction. They are Regensburg, 1867–1869, 3 vols. equally exclusive: the Oriental Church claims C. JOS. VON HEFELE (Bishop of Rottenburg): Conciliengeschichte. Freiburg i. B., vols. IV., V., exclusive orthodoxy, and looks upon Western VI., VII. (revised ed. 1879 sqq.) Christendom as heretical; the Roman Church III. Protestant writers: claims exclusive catholicity, and considers all J. G. WALCH (Luth.): Historia controversiae other churches as heretical or schismatical Graecorum Latinorumque de Processione Sp. S. sects. The one is proud of her creed, the other Jena, 1751. of her dominion. In all the points of GIBBON: Decline and Fall, etc., Ch. LX. He views controversy between Romanism and the schism as one of the causes which Protestantism the Greek Church is much precipitated the decline and fall of the Roman nearer the Roman, and yet there is no more empire in the East by alienating its most useful prospect of a union between them than of a allies and strengthening its most dangerous union between Rome and Geneva, or Moscow enemies. and Oxford. The Pope and the Czar are the JOHN MASON NEALE (Anglican): A History of the two most powerful rival-despots in Holy Eastern Church. Lond. 1850. Introd. vol. II. 1093–1169. Christendom. Where the two churches meet EDMUND S. FOULKES (Anglic.): An Historical in closest proximity, over the traditional Account of the Addition of the word Filioque to spots of the birth and tomb of our Saviour, at the Creed of the West. Lond. 1867. Bethlehem and Jerusalem, they hate each W. GASS: Symbolik der griechischen Kirche. other most bitterly, and their ignorant and Berlin, 1872. bigoted monks have to be kept from violent H. B. SWETE (Anglic.): Early History of the collision by Mohammedan soldiers. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit, Cambr. 1873; and I. Let us first briefly glance at the consensus. History of the Doctrine of the Procession of the Holy Spirit from the Apost. Age to the Death of Both churches own the Nicene creed (with Charlemagne. Cambr. 1876. the exception of the Filioque), and all the IV. Old Catholic Writers (irenical): doctrinal decrees of the seven ecumenical History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 4 CH405: Volume 4, Chapter 5 a Grace Notes course Synods from A.D. 325 to 787, including the double procession from the Father and the worship of images. Son (Filioque). They agree moreover in most of the post- 2. The universal authority and infallibility of ecumenical or medieval doctrines against the pope, which is asserted by the Roman, which the evangelical Reformation protested, denied by the Greek Church. The former is a namely: the authority of ecclesiastical papal monarchy, the latter a patriarchal tradition as a joint rule of faith with the holy oligarchy. There are, according to the Greek Scriptures; the worship of the Virgin Mary, of theory, five patriarchs of equal rights, the the saints, their pictures (not statues), and pope of Rome, the patriarchs of relics; justification by faith and good works, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and as joint conditions; the merit of good works, Jerusalem. They were sometimes compared especially voluntary celibacy and poverty; the to the five senses in the body. To them was seven sacraments or mysteries (with minor afterwards added the patriarch of Moscow for differences as to confirmation, and extreme the Russian church (which is now governed unction or chrisma); baptismal regeneration by the “Holy Synod”). To the bishop of Rome and the necessity of water-baptism for was formerly conceded a primacy of honor, salvation; transubstantiation and the but this primacy passed with the seat of consequent adoration of the sacramental empire to the patriarch of Constantinople, elements; the sacrifice of the mass for the who therefore signed himself “Archbishop of living and the dead, with prayers for the dead; New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch. priestly absolution by divine authority; three 3. The immaculate conception of the Virgin orders of the ministry, and the necessity of an Mary, proclaimed as a dogma by the pope in episcopal hierarchy up to the patriarchal 1854, disowned by the East, which, however, dignity;
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