Combinatory Linguistics: an Area of Theoretical and Applied Language Study
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A Multi-Level Approach to Word-Formation: Complex Lexemes and Word Semantics
PROCEEDINGS of the XIHth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS of LINGUISTS, August 29-September 4, 1982, Tokyo Published under the auspices of the CIPL (The Hague) Editors: Shirö HATTORI Kazuko INOUE Associate Editors: Tadao SHIMOMIYA Yoshio NAGASHIMA Actes du XIII0 congres international des linguistes Akten des XIII. Internationalen Linguistenkongresses Atti del XIII. congresso internazionale dei linguisti Dai ΧΙΙΙ-kai kokusai gengogakusha kaigi rombunshü Edited and published by the Proceedings 1 ishing Committee: Hiroya FLJISAKI Yoshihiko IKECAMI Tetsuya KUNIHIRO Yoshio NAGASHIMA Kinsuke HASEGAWA Kazuko INOUE Felix LOBO Tsuyoshi NARA Shiro HATTORI Kunihisa IZUMI Katsumi MATSUMOTO Takao OOE Jiro IKECAMI Hajime KITAMURA Tamotsu MATSUNAMI Tadao SHIMOMIYA Tokyo 1983 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ι Organization n Summary Table of Contents in History of the International Congress of Linguists (1928-1982) in Synopsis of the XHIth International Congress of Linguists (Tokyo 1982) iv Preface Shirö Hattori ν List of Previous Proceedings (1930-1978) vm Detailed Table of Contents χ Comite International Permanent des Linguistes xxn Officially Represented Universities, Academies and Scientific Societies .. xxv List of Participants xxvm GREETINGS AND CLOSING ADDRESSES Opening Session Greetings by Shirö Hattori, President of the Congress 3 Greetings by Shigeo Kawamoto, President of the Linguistic Society of Japan 4 Greetings by Robert H. Robins, President of the Comite International Permanent des Linguistes 5 The Address of His Imperial Highness the Crown Prince of Japan .... 6 Congratulatory Message by Heiji Ogawa, Minister of Education, Science and Culture 8 Congratulatory Message by Koji Fushimi, President of the Science Coun cil of Japan 10 Closing Session Closing Address by Shirö Hattori 12 Address at Closing Ceremony by R. -
Structuralism 1. the Nature of Meaning Or Understanding
Structuralism 1. The nature of meaning or understanding. A. The role of structure as the system of relationships Something can only be understood (i.e., a meaning can be constructed) within a certain system of relationships (or structure). For example, a word which is a linguistic sign (something that stands for something else) can only be understood within a certain conventional system of signs, which is language, and not by itself (cf. the word / sound and “shark” in English and Arabic). A particular relationship within a شرق combination society (e.g., between a male offspring and his maternal uncle) can only be understood in the context of the whole system of kinship (e.g., matrilineal or patrilineal). Structuralism holds that, according to the human way of understanding things, particular elements have no absolute meaning or value: their meaning or value is relative to other elements. Everything makes sense only in relation to something else. An element cannot be perceived by itself. In order to understand a particular element we need to study the whole system of relationships or structure (this approach is also exactly the same as Malinowski’s: one cannot understand particular elements of culture out of the context of that culture). A particular element can only be studied as part of a greater structure. In fact, the only thing that can be studied is not particular elements or objects but relationships within a system. Our human world, so to speak, is made up of relationships, which make up permanent structures of the human mind. B. The role of oppositions / pairs of binary oppositions Structuralism holds that understanding can only happen if clearly defined or “significant” (= essential) differences are present which are called oppositions (or binary oppositions since they come in pairs). -
The Syntax–Semantics Interface in Systemic Functional Grammar: Halliday’S Interpretation of the Hjelmslevian Model of Stratification
PREPRINT NOTICE This is a PREPRINT of an article to be published in Journal of Pragmatics. Copyright © Elsevier 2011. For citation, please consult the published version. ↓ P U B L I S H E D Full reference: VERSION Taverniers, Miriam (2011) The syntax–semantics interface in Systemic Functional Grammar: Halliday’s interpretation of the Hjelmslevian model of stratification. Journal of Pragmatics 43(4): 1100–1126. DOI:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.09.003 F U R T H E R http://users.UGent.be/~mtaverni/ INFORMATION & C ONTACT [email protected] The syntax–semantics interface in Systemic Functional Grammar: Halliday’s interpretation of the Hjelmslevian model of stratification Miriam Taverniers (Ghent University) English Department Ghent University Rozier 44 9000 Gent Belgium [email protected] Phone: + 32 9 264 3789 Fax: + 32 9 264 4179 PREPRINT. Taverniers, Miriam (2011) The syntax–semantics interface in Systemic Functional Grammar: Halliday’s interpretation of the Hjelmslevian model of stratification. Journal of Pragmatics 43(4): 1100–1126. Abstract The aim of this article is to explore how exactly the idea of distinguishing different coding levels in language has been theorized in different stages of Hallidayan systemic functional grammar (SFG), focusing on its view of the syntax–semantics interface. This is done by juxtaposing the levels of the Hallidayan model and the various components of Hjelmslev’s model of stratification, on the basis of Halliday’s re-interpretation of Hjelmslev’s theory at various stages in the development of SFG. In this exploration, specific attention is paid to two important theoretical aspects of the design of Hjelmslev’s and Halliday’s models: (1) the different dimensions along which semiotic distinctions are made in the two models, i.e. -
Hjelmslev's Glossematics and Linguistic Realism
Workshop The Foundations of Linguistics – Languages as Abstract Objects 26. – 27. June 2015, Braunschweig University of Technology Predecessors: Hjelmslev’s Glossematics and Linguistic Realism Ellen Fricke & Martin Siefkes Chemnitz University of Technology [email protected] www.ellenfricke.de [email protected] www.siefkes.de Overview 1. Louis Hjelmslev 2. Hjelmslev‘s demands on a theory of language 3. Some important distinctions of glossematics 4. Hjelmslev and multimodal grammar Louis Hjelmslev Louis Hjelmslev (1899 – 1965) • Danish linguist • Co-founder of the Copenhagen school • Other members were: Viggo Brøndal (1887 – 1942), Hans Jørgen Uldall (1907 – 1957) • One of the most important theoreticians of structuralism Louis Hjelmslev (1899 – 1965) • Together with Uldall, he developed a theory of language called “glossematics” • An outline of Glossematics (1936) • Prolegomena to a theory of language (1963; Orig: Omkring sprogteoriens grundlæggelse, 1943) • Further development of Saussure’s analysis, explicating Saussure’s notions • Glosseme = smallest units of language: e.g. phonological and semantic features • not identical with Leonard Bloomfield’s “glossemes”, which corresponds to morphemes Hjelmslev’s demands on a theory of language Hjelmslev‘s basic assumptions 1) What makes something a language? 2) When is a language identical with itself in various manifestations? • In Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, Hjelmslev criticised earlier schools of linguistics that concentrated on language change (such as the Young Grammarians) • Hjelmslev argues against the “humanist tradition”, which claims that no general regularities can be found • Anti-descriptivist stance Demands on a linguistic theory • For every process, linguists should look for an underlying system; for fluctuations, they should search for underlying constancy (cf. -
DIMENSIONS and LEVELS of LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS When
DIMENSIONS AND LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Tukhtaeva Farida Lecturer, Bukhara State University, Foreign languages faculty, Uzbekistan. Abstract: What are dimensions? Dimensions are syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between units of language. As a result of their potentiality of occurrence in a definite context or sentence lingual units such as, morphemes, phonemes, lexemes go into relations of two distinctive types. They are often called syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in scientific literature. Key words: dimension, linguistic analysis, literature. When lingual units join with others along a horizontal dimension, they enter into syntagmatic relations. Syntagmatic relations are direct linear relations between units of language of the same level in a segmental order. For example: “My little brother watered beautiful flowers in our garden.” In this following sentence the words and word-groups are syntagmatically related. They are: brother, my little brother, watered, my little brother watered, watered beautiful flowers, beautiful flowers, watered in our garden. Morphemes of the words in this sentence are also connected syntagmatically. E.g.: flower/s, water/ed, beauty/ful. Phonemes and graphemes are connected syntagmatically within morphemes and words. For example: b/r/o/t/h/e/r, g/a/r/d/e/n. The combination of two words or word-groups in a segmental string, one of which is followed by the other, forms a unit which is referred to as a syntactic “syntagma.”There are 4 basic kinds of theoretical syntagmas: predicative syntagma, which expresses a combination of a subject and a predicate. For example: My uncle grows wheat in the field every year. In the following sentence “My uncle grows” is a predicative syntagma. -
The Twilight of Structuralism in Linguistics?*
Ewa Jędrzejko Univesity of Silesia in Katowice nr 3, 2016 The Twilight of Structuralism in Linguistics?* Key words: structuralism, linguistics, methodological principles, evolution of studies on language I would like to start with some general remarks in order to avoid misunderstandings due to the title of this paper. “The question that our title / has cast in deathless bronze”1 is just a mere trigger, and a signal of reference to animated discussions held in many disci- plines of modern liberal arts: philosophy, literary studies, social sciences, aesthetics, cultural studies (just to mention areas closest to linguistics), concerning their current methodologi- cal state and future perspectives regarding theoretical research. What I mean by that is, among others, the dispute around deconstructionism being in opposition to neo-positivistic stance, as well as some views on the current situation in art expressed in the volume called Zmierzch estetyki – rzekomy czy autentyczny? [The twilight of aesthetics – alleged or true?] (Morawski, 1987),2 or problems signalled by the literary scholars in the tellingly entitled Po strukturalizmie [After structuralism] (Nycz, 1992).3 The statements included in this article are for me one out of many voices in the discus- sion on the changes observed in linguistics in the context of questions about the future of structuralism. Since in a way the situation in contemporary linguistics (including Polish linguistics) is similar. The shift in the scope of interest of linguistics and the way it is presented may -
A Study of Glossematics Critical Survey of Its Fundamental Concepts a Study of Glossema Tics Critical Survey of Its Fundamental Concepts
A STUDY OF GLOSSEMATICS CRITICAL SURVEY OF ITS FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS A STUDY OF GLOSSEMA TICS CRITICAL SURVEY OF ITS FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS BY B. SIERTSEMA PH. D. (AMSTERDAM) SECOND EDITION • THE HAGUE MARTIN US NI]HOFF 1965 ISBN 978-94-011-8161-7 ISBN 978-94-011-8796-1 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-94-011-8796-1 COPYright .1965 by Maytinus Nijhoff. The Hague. Holland. All rights yeseYVed. including the Yight to tyanslate OY to yepyodflce this book OY payts thereof in any foym_ PREFACE This book owes its .existence to the encouragement and help of many others. In the first place I mention Prof. Dr. A.]. B. N. Reichling, who was my supervisor at Amsterdam University and who from the beginning helped me on, through his most stimulating teaching and above all through his encouragement, his friendly advice and his sincere interest. The readiness with which he was always prepared to spend hours and hours of his valuable time on the discussion of the many problems with which the study of Glossematics confronts one, has often inspired me with wonder and deep gratitude. It is hardly possible to do justice in a preface to a supervisor to whom one owes so much, and from whose keen insight one has learned so much. One can only feel profoundly thankful for having been brought up in the linguistic atmosphere which Prof. Reichling creates about him, an atmosphere characterized by a persistent desire for an empirical approach to the facts of language, which desire he knows how to instill into his pupils. -
L E X I C O L O G Y
L E X I C O L O G Y (Reader) Compiled by Otar Mateshvili Literature: a) obligatory 1.Petrova I., Lexicology (A Short Course of Lectures, 2nd revised edition) 1986; 2.Antrushina G.B., Afanasyeva O.V., Morozova N.N. – English Lexicology, M., 1999 3.Lectures on English Lexicology, Kazan, 2010 http://kpfu.ru/docs/F1797492221/Lectures.on.Le_icology1.pdf Additional: 1.Ginzburg R., A Course in Modern English Lexicology, 1966 2.Arnold I., The English Word, 1986 3.Leonhard Lipka, An Outline of English Lexicology, Tubingen, 1992 1 Contents: Lecture 1 The object of Lexicology; connection of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics; language as a system of signs; synchrony and diachrony pg. 4-9 Lecture 2 Plane of expression and plane of content of language. Word as a basic unit of language pg.10-13 Lecture 3 Morphological and semantic structure of word; what is a word? Denotative and connotative meaning of word Pg. 14-19 Lecture 4 Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of word; plane of content of language Pg.20-25 Lecture 5 Semantic changes in words; metaphor and metonymy; hyperbole; litotes; Irony; euphemisms; results of semantic change Pg. 26-33 Lecture 6 Word formation (word-building); main structural types of word; roots, Stems and affixes; Pg. 34-39 Lecture 7 Word formation continued; linear types of word formation – affixal derivatives; Immediate Constituents & Ultimate constituents; transformational analysis Pg. 40-45 Lecture 8 Affixal derivation (Continued); the problem of bound roots and stems 2 Pg. 46-49 Lecture 9 Compounding (word composition) Pg. 50-55 Lecture 10 Non-linear types of word-formation; conversion; shortening; sound interchange Pg. -
Researching of the Relative Syntagmas in the Languages of Different System at the Contemporary Stage (Azerbaijani and English)
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 11; November 2015 Researching of the Relative Syntagmas in the Languages of Different System at the Contemporary Stage (Azerbaijani and English) Hashim L. Akbarov PhD candidate Department of Foreign Languages Lankaran State University Jill, Lankaran, Azerbaijan Abstract The article deals with the investigation of syntagma and relative syntagmas in the Azerbaijani and English languages. They are researched as syntactic units of linguistics, classified according to their types and spoken widely of their meanings in the article. This unit consisting of two members of the combined words is used in the functions of determining and determined. It is explained as a semantic-syntactic event, studied and developed its semantic features. It should be noted that signs perform the system of approaches in the form of syntagmatics and paradigmatics. Syntagmatic approaches are based on distributive potentials of signs, their valence, but paradigmatic approaches are based on the selection of definite element of paradigm signs, namely for that reason Saussure considers the morphology as the “sphere of paradigmatics”, but the syntax – the “sphere of syntagmatics”. But a notion of “verticality” and “horizontality” exists even in the row of language signs of classic linguistics. So syntagmatics is explained as a “horizontality”, but paradigmatics as“verticality”. This work is one of the first attempts in this area. Thus, the theoretical and methodological basis of the origin and development of combinatorial linguistics as a fundamental discipline in which we investigate the relative syntagmas (RS), it should be regarded as theoretical works of Azerbaijani and foreign (Western European and American) linguists. -
Structuralism *
M.E.X.U. Journal of tlie Faculty of Architecture Volume 3, Number 2, Fall 1977. 215 STRUCTURALISM * Aydın GERMEN Received November 11, 1.977, A Liking for Algebraic Transformations * Introductions to structuralism are to On a circle let us take four equidistant points, to represent be found among the books listed in the either a clock or the four main points of the compass. Start in bibliography. This first part of 'the article is made of two sections. In the the north and slide to west point. Once more from west to beginning several major underlying themes south. Still more from south to east. If we consider only the and strands of structuralism are announced.The latter section is organized start of the operation and the end, the three counterclock in terms of the essential theoretical moves have resulted in one clockwise shift, north to east. The concepts of structuralism. In this organisation there are several departures elimination of the "intermediate" steps in the rotation in from the more "classical" presentations. favour of the "final" situation is akin to the algebra of On account of the difficulties involved transformations admired by structuralism in the condensation of the material from a larger study, the illustrative section in the beginning includes a few Someone who likes to know the history and succession of the comments which are too brief. three moves, plus their concreteness, and prefers these It is impossible to discuss structuralism without reference to linguistics. to an abrupt formalisation of initial state and end result However, our intention is precisely to will have difficulty with structuralist methods. -
Glossary for Syntax in Three Dimensions (2015) © Carola Trips
Glossary for Syntax in three Dimensions (2015) © Carola Trips A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y – Z A abstract case Abstract Case (or "Deep Case") is an abstract notion of case distinct from the morphologically marked case (cf. "case") used in Case theory (subtheories of Generative Grammar). Abstract Case is present even in languages which lack morphological case on noun phrases; it is usually assumed to be congruent with morphological case when such features are present. For example in German dative case is marked morphologically as in Ich helfe ihm ('I help him') whereas no such case marking is found in the English sentence (but Case is still there). academy In previous centuries the need for an academy dealing with linguistic matters was discussed and debated in England (on the model of the French académie française). Due to the increase in the production of grammars in the 17th and 18th centuries and the rising number of grammarians, calls for an academy to codify the English language by publishing an authoritative grammar and dictionary dwindled. acceptance Step in the process of standardization: a selected variety of a particular language must gain acceptance by a group of speakers/users who are capable of influencing other speakers. actants In valency grammar, a functional unit determined by the valency of the verb. Actants are required by the valence of the verb and are the equivalents of arguments (in generative grammar). © Carola Trips 1 active voice Term used in grammatical analysis of voice, referring to a sentence, clause or verb form where from a semantic point of view the grammatical subject is typically the actor in relation to the verb. -
On Norms and Experience in Structural Linguistics
On norms and experience in structural linguistics LANGUAGE AND REPRESENTATIONS IN LOUIS HJELMSLEV’S THEORY OF LANGUAGE LORENZO CIGANA F.R.S.- FNRS / UNIVERSITÉ DE LIÈGE CAVEAT: ENGLISH QUOTATIONS FROM FRENCH WORKS ARE PERSONAL TRANSLATIONS, SO THEY CANNOT BE QUOTED IN TURN Preglossematic phase: On norms and experience in 1928: Principes de grammaire structural générale linguistics Louis Hjelmslev’s 1935/1937: La Catégorie des Cas. theory of language Étude de grammaire générale Glossematic phase: 1936: Outline of Glossematics 1943: Omkring Sprogteoriens Grundlæggelse 1. Linguistic “norm” On norms and experience in 2. The concept of “experience” and structural linguistics phenomenological description Louis Hjelmslev’s theory of language 1. Refusal of “universal and reasoned perspective” 1. Linguistic 2. No “hyperlanguage” norm 3. 1928: Language as means of Louis Hjelmslev’s communicating and sharing theory of language “conscience’s contents” 4. Grammar as “prelogical” and subconscious structure 5. Language’s proper contents = Anschauungen der Anschauungen (Steinthal) “Language is not just the expression of thought, but of the content of 1. Linguistic norm conscience in general, and thus not just of intellectual conscience, but also Louis Hjelmslev’s theory of language of affective conscience, of emotion and volition … Instead of saying that language expresses thought, we shall say that it expresses ideas – and more precisely: intellectual, emotional or volitive ideas” (PGG: 23-24, n. 1) Issues concerning “expression” 1. Linguistic Idea of synchrony norm Concept of “norm” Louis Hjelmslev’s theory of language Speaker’s sensibility or “sentiment linguistique” Principes’ problematic definition of “sign” (1928) 1. Linguistic norm Louis Hjelmslev’s theory of language Synchrony = proper reality for the mind of speakers 1.