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Access to Water and Sanitation Facilities and Services, and Poverty Rreduction in Northern Region, Ghana

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Access to Water and Sanitation Facilities and Services, and Poverty Rreduction in Northern Region, Ghana WATER, SANITATION AND POVERTY: CBOS ACTIVITIES AND POLICY PLANNING IN NORTHERN REGION, GHANA. By Eva Azengapo Akanchalabey Dissertation Committee: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Einhard Schmidt-Kallert Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Z. L. Bacho Dr. Karin Gaesing February, 2015 i Water, Sanitation and Poverty: CBOs Activities and Policy Planning in Northern Region, Ghana. By Eva Azengapo Akanchalabey A thesis submitted to the PhD Board of the Faculty of Spatial Planning of the TU Dortmund University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor rerum politicarum. Dissertation Committee: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Einhard Schmidt-Kallert Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Z. L. Bacho Dr. Karin Gaesing Date of Disputation: January 15, 2015 Published: February, 2015 ii With unflinching love and profound gratitude, appreciation, and gratefulness To my loving Mother, Son, and the entire Akanchalabey’s family for their support, motivation, love and encouragement to me during this study iii Declaration I, Eva Azengapo Akanchalabey, hereby declare that this academic work (thesis) has been independently and originally written and produced by me in fulfillment of the requirement for a PhD degree. Where information, data and/or other earlier material(s) has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated clearly and concisely. Dortmund, Germany ……….. ………………………………………………. Place and Date Name of Candidate: Eva Azengapo Akanchalabey iv Abstract The provision of potable water and sanitation (WaS) facilities is of major concern to governments and development actors in Africa and many other developing regions of the world. This is based on the assumption and recognition that, water and sanitation are sine qua non to good health and poverty alleviation, especially in rural and agrarian communities. Adverse climatic changes with the attendant reduction in the quantity and quality of water supplies, however, require concerted efforts to ensure provision and access to safe water and good sanitation. The need for improved WaS facilities cannot therefore be underestimated. The access to these facilities is no longer a luxury but a necessity. This study addresses issues of accessibility to WaS facilities mainly by women and girls in underserved rural communities in Ghana. The study delved into the contribution of local stakeholders (CBOs) in WaS. To investigate access to WaS services by rural dwellers and the contribution of local government structures and CBOs in the provision of these facilities in Northern Region, Ghana, a mixed methods strategy was employed. Using a mix of observation, interviews and questionnaires in a cross sectional survey in six (6) rural communities, the study found that CBOs are established to complement the activities of international organizations and donors. This is done through different partnership arrangements, mostly on short term basis. CBOs depend on financial resources of international and donors whereas donors rely on human resources of CBOs to implement projects. The study also revealed that, besides the construction of physical facilities, CBOs are actively involved in providing services such as animation and capacity building in communities. This is dominant in the provision of sanitation facilities where there are attempts to reorient and emphasize change in attitudes through trigger effect methodologies. Access to alternative sources of water (besides boreholes) remains a major challenge while rain harvesting and storage is not highly patronized because of the nature of roofing materials of houses. Furthermore, water facilities are highly patronized and better managed than sanitation facilities owned and managed by individual households. This is however, in contrast with the norm of the Ghanaian society that manages individual properties or facilities efficiently to that of community facilities. Besides, there are challenges with sustainability of facilities both WaS. Women are less pragmatic than men, in managing these facilities. This conforms to low women involvement in managerial positions in Ghana. On the other hand, there are no significant differences in the status of poverty of households in communities with access to WaS as against those with less access to these facilities. Based on these and other findings, I recommend institutional restructuring whereby CBOs are integrated into District Assembly Systems through their representatives. International partners and donors should engage in medium to long term partnership arrangements with CBOs for easy access to professional advice as well as capacity building to develop long term plans for projects. Finally, women who are recognized as effective financial managers should be encouraged through mass media publicity and affirmative actions. This will encourage their compatriots to be active in the management of these facilities to ensure sustainability. Furthermore, spot fines especially for poor sanitation practices should be introduced to deter recalcitrant citizens and ensure compliance with improved sanitation practices in the region. This would generate income for local authorities (DAs) to undertake other infrastructural projects. Rural electrification should be extended alongside WaS to effectively reduce poverty in rural communities. v Abstract: Versorgung mit sauberem Wasser und Entsorgung von Abwasser gehören zu den wichtigsten Aufgaben von Regierungen und Nichtregierungsorganisationen. Die große Bedeutung dieser Aufgabe ergibt sich daraus, dass das Vorhandensein von Wasser und Kanalisation als unabdingbare Voraussetzungen für die Erhaltung der Gesundheit und die Minderung der Armut gelten. Klimaveränderungen und dadurch verursachte quantitative und qualitative Verschlechterungen der Wasserversorgung erfordern gemeinsame Anstrengungen, um eine funktionierende Ver- und Entsorgung von Wasser zu gewährleisten. In den hier untersuchten ländlichen Gebieten in der ghanaischen Savanne wären sie eine Voraussetzung für die Verbesserung elementarer Lebensbedingungen, die jedoch häufig nicht ausreichend vorhanden ist. Die vorliegende empirische Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen des Vorhandenseins und der Erreichbarkeit entsprechender Anlagen und Einrichtungen, vor allem für Frauen und Kinder - basierend auf der Annahme, dass vor allem sie es sind, die sich um Beschaffung von Trinkwasser und Entsorgung von Schmutzwasser kümmern. Trotz der zentralen Bedeutung, die der Wasserversorgung und Kanalisation zugeschrieben wird, haben bislang nicht alle dazu beitragenden Komponenten die ihnen gebührende Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Während der Einfluss der lokalen Stakeholder (vor allem internationale (Spender)Organisationen) vergleichsweise gut erforscht ist, ist noch wenig bekannt, welche Rolle selbstorganisierte Bewohnergruppen, die sich autonom in den Gemeinden gebildet haben und sich für diese Infrastrukturproblematik engagieren, in diesem Zusammenhang spielen und wie ihr Engagement genutzt werden kann. Das Zusammenwirken von staatlichen Organisationen und lokalen Bewohnergruppen wird in dieser Studie erstmals genauer untersucht. Um ihren Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der sanitären Infrastruktur zu analysieren, wurden zwei Fallstudien/Fallbeispiele ausgewählt, um zunächst die Arbeitsweise dieser lokalen Bewohnergruppen zu verstehen. Mit einem Methodenmix aus Beobachtung, strukturierten und Tiefeninterviews und standardisierten Fragebögen konnte schließlich in einem Querschnittssurvey aus sechs ländlichen Gemeinden gezeigt werden, dass diese Art von lokalen Gruppen als Ergänzung zur Arbeit internationaler Organisationen und ihrer Spendenbeiträge gebildet wurden. Wie festgestellt werden konnte, geschieht dies meist auf der Basis kurzzeitiger Arrangements von Partnerschaften zwischen ihnen. Ein weiteres Ergebnis der Studie war, dass – unabhängig vom Bau von Anlagen – diese Gruppen auch anregend, aufklärend und anleitend wirken, vor allem indem sie Methoden verwenden, die auf eine Einstellungsänderung zielen. Eine grundlegende Herausforderung ist zudem die durch Erschließung alternativer Wasserquellen (neben Bohrlöchern), da z. B. die Anlage von Zisternen aufgrund der ungeeigneten Bedachungen der Häuser nahezu ausscheidet. Zwei Befunde sind von besonderem Interesse: erstens besteht ein grosser Unterschied in der Nachhaltigkeit, mit der öffentliche und private Anlagen betrieben werden. Je bedeutsamer die Rolle von Frauen beim Management öffentlicher Anlagen ist, desto nachhaltiger werden diese betrieben. Zweitens konnten statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der Nutzbarkeit vi sanitärer Infrastruktur und der Armutsverringerung gemäß der Nullhypothese nicht nachgewiesen werden. Das bedeutet, dass die Nutzbarkeit sanitärer Infrastruktur allein noch nichts aussagt über daraus entstehende wirtschaftliche Effekte. Vielmehr zeigte sich, dass bereits vor oder bei der Inanspruchnahme mancher Anlagen für die ihnen zugedachten Zwecke eine Barriere zu sehen ist, deren Überwindung eine dringliche kommunalpolitische Aufgabe darstellt. Meine Empfehlung geht deshalb dahin, die Zusammenarbeit der lokalen Gruppen mit den „District Assemblies“ besser zu institutionalisieren und sie stärker als bisher einzubinden. Auf der nationalen Ebene sollten sich die Medien die Aufsicht und Betreuung der kommunalen Gruppen zur Aufgabe machen. Internationale Partner sollten ihre Zusammenarbeit mit den lokalen Gruppen auf mittel- und langfristige Zeiträume ausrichten um den Zugang zu professioneller Beratung auf Dauer sicher zu stellen und langfristige Projekte planen zu können. Schließlich
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