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Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC 1 R 4EJ. ENGLAND 8107388 Sa n d e r s , R ickie THE SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF INFORMAL ACTIVITIES ACROSS THE URBAN HIERARCHY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY The Ohio Stale University PH.D, 1980 University Microfilms international 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Artwr, MI 48106 Copyright 1980 by Sanders, Rickie All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark w*** . 1. Glossy photographs ______ 2. Colored illustrations ______ 3. Photographs with dark background _ _ _ _ _ 4. Illustrations are poor copy _ _ _ _ _ 5. °rint shows through as there is text on both sides of page 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ^ 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print _ _ _ _ 9. Page(s) ____ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author 10. Page(s) ______ seem to be missing in numbering only as text f o 11ows 11. Poor carbon copy ______ 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type ______ 13. Appendix pages are poor copy _ _ _ _ _ 14. Original copy with light type ______ 15. Curling and wrinkled pages ______ 16. Other ___________________ University MicrOTims international :C'C \ ZEEE A\N A=133P M iJS'06'313! 761-4700 THE SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF INFORMAL ACTIVITIES ACROSS THE URBAN HIERARCHY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rickie Sanders, B.A., M.S. * * * * The Ohio State University 1980 Reading Committee: Approved By Lawrence A. Brown Howard Gauthier Douglas Graham Advisor Department of Geography To my mother, my grandmother, and Ghansah who never doubted me ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for the guidance provided by Dr. Lawrence A. Brown who, along with other members of my committee, contributed so much to my intellectual develop­ ment. I also want to acknowledge those who assisted with various phases of this study, especially the Graduate School of The Ohio State University whose Alumni Research Award provided financial support, and Dr. Milton Harvey, Dr. William Steel and Dr. Richard Rhoda, who provided me with essential data and comments. My very special thanks to Ghansah and all of those who provided support and encouragement during this period. iii VITA August 21, 1947 ......... Born - Los Angeles, California 1969 ..................... B.A., Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1973.. ..................... M.S., Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 1974-1975 ................ Research Associate, Urban Mass Transportation Project, Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 1975-1976 ................ University Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976-1980 ................ Teaching Associate, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1981 ..................... Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Development Studies in Social-Population Geography. Professor Lawrence A. Brown. Studies in Regional Development. Professor Howard G a u thier. Studies in Urban Geography. Professor DeWitt Davis v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................... iii VITA ...................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................... lx LIST OF FIGURES ........................................ xl Chapter I. INTRODUCTION .................................... I Problem Statement ........................... 1 Research Objectives ......................... 5 Rationale for Area F o c u s ................ 7 Overview of the Thesis .................. 8 Footnotes to Chapter I ................... 11 II. THE INFORMAL CONCEPT*. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................... 14 The Informal Concept: Origin Description and Definition ................ 14 Designation ......................20 D e f i n i t i o n ........................22 Measurement: Operational Definitions . 24 Sectoral Approach .............. 24 Income Approach .................... 25 Size of Establishment Approach . 27 Formal Registration Approach .... 28 Informal Activities in the Development Process — Urban Labor Absorption and vi and Rural-Urban Migration .......... 32 Temporary Holding Place View .. 33 Permanent Holding Place View .. 35 Relationship Between Informal Activity and Migration..... ...... 38 Sypnosis of Chapter I I ............... 41 Footnotes to Chapter I I .............. 46 III. THE GEOGRAPHY OF INFORMAL ACTIVITIES: SOME BASIC PREMISES ............................. 51 Some Current Concepts and Recent Findings in Urban Geography ........... 56 Equifinality: A Paradigm of Urban Geography ................ 57 Urban Processes: Urbanization and G r o w t h ..................... 62 The Proximity and Generative Arguments . 67 The Accessibility Thesis and Its Central Place Variant .................. 73 Effects of the Urban System .............. 78 Economic Base/Economic Multiplier .... 82 Expectations ............................... 88 Synopsis of Chapter I I I .................. 89 Footnotes to Chapter I I I ................ 91 IV. THE SETTING: A DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION . 96 Antecedents of the Present Situation . 97 Administrative .................. 97 E c o n o m i c ............................ 100 Spatial Concentration and Regional Imbalance in G h a n a ....................... 103 Regional Distribution of Labor Force ....................... 110 Regional Distribution of Employment/tJnemployment . 112 Synopsis of Chapter I V ............ 116 F o o t n o t e s ............................ 119 V. THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF INFORMAL ACTIVITIES: ANALYSIS ..................................... 122 Operational Definitions of Informal A c t i v i t y ..................................... 126 vii Sectoral Approach ................ 127 Formal Registration Approach . 128 Cartographic Analysis ..................... 130 Variable Selection and Measurement.... 140 Factor Analysis ............................ 147 Total Sample Analysis ..................... 151 Zero Order Correlations of Individual Variables ............ 151 Correlations of Factor Scores . 156 Synopsis of Total Sample Analysis 161 Graphical Analysis ................ 162 Subgroup Analysis ................ 165 Descriptions ................... 169 Relevance for Informal A c t i v i t y ..................... 176 Synopsis of Graphical and Subgroup A n a l y s i s ................................... 178 Footnotes to Chapter V ..................... 180 VI SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY 183 Substantive Findings ....................... 184 Informal Activity ................ 184 Spatial Pattern ................... 186 Major Factors in the Pattern . 187 Theoretical Contributions ................ 190 Methodological Contributions .............. 195 Measurement ....................... 195 Future Research ............................ 197 Implications for Policy ................... 199 APPENDIXES A. Plots of Informal Activity and Fifteen Independent Variables ....................... 201 B. Association (Correlation Coefficients) Between Independent Variables and both Measures of Informal Activity by « S u b g r o u p s ..................................... 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................ 221 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Estimation of Employment Shares for