DOCSLIB.ORG

Temporal Variations of Global Fallout-Derived Plutonium And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Temporal Variations of Global Fallout-Derived Plutonium And Hirose et al. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2016, 2: 125 https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/125 International Journal of Earth & Environmental Sciences Original Article Open Access Temporal Variations of Global Fallout-Derived Plutonium and 137Cs in River Water in Japan Katsumi Hirose1* and Michio Aoyama2 1Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan 2Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan Abstract Publication History: Temporal variations of global fallout-derived plutonium and 137Cs concentrations in river water in Received: November 02, 2016 Japan were examined using a composite dataset for 1966–1987 (1966-1987 for 239,240Pu, 1978-1987 for Accepted: January 16, 2017 137Cs). Plutonium and 137Cs concentrations in Japanese river water exhibited exponential decreases Published: January 18, 2017 during the sampling periods, with the exception of 137Cs concentrations immediately after the Chernobyl Keywords: nuclear reactor accident in 1986. The apparent half-decrease time of dissolved 137Cs (1.9 ± 0.3 years), which means a time that radionuclide concentrations in river water decrease to a half, was similar to Plutonium, Radionuclides, 137Cs, that for dissolved 239,240Pu for the same period, whereas the apparent half-decrease time of particulate Japanese rivers 239,240Pu (4.5 ± 2.2years) was longer. Temporal changes in dissolved 239,240Pu and 137Cs in river water can be explained by direct contribution of radionuclides from rainwater and leaching of radionuclides from surface-layer soil particles on land. Introduction source of contamination of 137Cs and plutonium in major Japanese rivers except as a result of radioactive fallout originating from Plutonium and 137Cs released into the atmosphere by atmospheric atmospheric nuclear tests. The source of anthropogenic radionuclides testing of nuclear weapons and nuclear disasters involving nuclear in Japanese river water until 2011 is primarily global fallout from reactor accidents such as the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident and atmospheric nuclear testing. Miyake and Tsubota [19] and Miyake Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident have been et al. [20] reported concentrations of 137Cs and plutonium in major deposited on land surfaces by both wet and dry deposition [1,2]. As a Japanese rivers and suggested that only a small portion of 137Cs and result of radioactive fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests, about 11 plutonium that was deposited on land surfaces is leached by river kBq m–2 and 44 Bq m–2 of 137Cs and 239,240Pu have been deposited on water because 137Cs and plutonium is tightly adsorbed on soil particles, land surfaces in Japan during 1945–1985 [3,4]. Most anthropogenic as shown by large partition coefficients for plutonium between soil radionuclides deposited on land surfaces were initially absorbed onto particles and the aqueous phase [21]. surface soil particles, although adsorption reactions between soil particles and radionuclides differ between radionuclides; typically The dynamics of chemical constituents, including radionuclides, plutonium reacts with biogenic organic matter including micro trace metals, and nutrients, are often complex in river systems [22]. organisms [5-7], whereas radiocesium adsorbs onto clay minerals River water comes from three sources: overland flow, groundwater, [8-11]. Subsequently, the anthropogenic radionuclides gradually and subsurface stormflow. Precipitation plays an especially important migrated within terrestrial environments. A portion of radionuclides role in overland flow. Chemical and biological interactions that in terrestrial environments was transported into the ocean via control element concentrations vary among rivers, as does the source river runoff and aeolian processes involving radionuclide-bearing of river water. Although complex chemical processes occur in rivers, dust particles [12]. After the 1986 Chernobyl and 2011 FDNPP a major process in river systems is the leaching of elements from the accidents, migration of anthropogenic radionuclides in the terrestrial land surface [22-24]. Precipitation is another important factor because environment has been major concern to assess radiological effects, in it is a direct source of anthropogenic radionuclides, as shown by the which river runoff of the anthropogenic radionuclides are one of the increase in 137Cs concentrations in river water immediately after the most important processes [6,11,13,14]. Chernobyl accident [21]. However, factors controlling anthropogenic radionuclides in rivers remain poorly understood. Before these In order to have better understanding of the long-term river runoff factors can be examined, however, temporal variations of the global processes of anthropogenic radionuclides, it is necessary to have fallout-derived 137Cs and 239,240Pu concentrations in major Japanese long-term monitoring results of concentrations of anthropogenic rivers must be analyzed. However, little information is available on radionuclides in river water. Monitoring results for anthropogenic long-term variations of the 137Cs and 239,240Pu concentrations in river radionuclides derived from atmospheric nuclear explosions would water because of a lack of long-term monitoring of anthropogenic provide a good opportunity to study the long-term riverine processes. radionuclides in rivers. Except the large-scale nuclear reactor accidents, most of the 137Cs *Corresponding Author: Prof. Katsumi Hirose, Department of Materials and Life 239,240 Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, and Pu in river water originated from global fallout, although Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; E-mail: [email protected] anthropogenic radionuclides have been discharged into several rivers from nuclear facilities, including nuclear reactors and nuclear Citation: Hirose K, Aoyama M (2017) Temporal variations of global fallout- 137 fuel reprocessing plants. In this connection, concentrations of derived plutonium and Cs in river water in Japan. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 125. doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/125 anthropogenic radionuclides in river water have been determined so that the effects of radioactive discharge from nuclear facilities can be Copyright: © 2017 Hirose. This is an open-access article distributed under the assessed [15-18]. In Japan, most nuclear facilities are located in coastal terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author areas. Therefore, until the 2011 FDNPP accident, there is no obvious and source are credited. Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 1. 2017. 125 Citation: Hirose K, Aoyama M (2017) Temporal variations of global fallout-derived plutonium and 137Cs in river water in Japan. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 125. doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/125 Page 2 of 7 In this paper, we report data obtained in Environmental Radiation (Kyushu Island) rivers. Locations and sampling sites are shown Survey (ERS) project, Japan and examine the temporal variation in Figure 2. Sampling period of each river is shown in Table 1. The in previously reported 137Cs and 239,240Pu concentrations in major sampling site on each river was selected to avoid industrial and urban Japanese rivers[20,25] in order to elucidate behaviors of global fallout- pollution as well as inflowing seawater. A water sample of 1000 L derived radionuclides in the terrestrial environment. was collected from each river. The water was filtered through a fine membrane filter (Millipore HA, pore size of 0.45 μm and diameter of Background 293 mm) immediately after collection. Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) have conducted the ERS project since 1957 to monitor the environmental effects of anthropogenic radionuclides derived from atmospheric nuclear testing. This project revealed temporal changes of deposition fluxes of anthropogenic radionuclides due to global fallout; the maximum deposition fluxes of 137Cs and 239,240Pu occurred in 1963 after the large- scale US and former USSR atmospheric nuclear tests in 1961-62, and although since Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty in 1963 these deposition fluxes decreased exponentially according to the stratospheric residence time of radioactive aerosols, the radioactive deposition fluxes varied due to Chinese atmospheric nuclear tests conducted until 1980 [2,3]. Terrestrial environment was contaminated by deposition of the anthropogenic radionuclides from global fallout [26]. It is important to assess the effects of the anthropogenic radionuclides in the terrestrial environment. MRI had conducted the research project entitled Behavior of Transuranic Elements in the Environment during the period of 1978 – 1988, in which 137Cs and 239,240Pu concentrations in major rivers in Japan were measured. Figure 1 shows the temporal variations of annual deposition fluxes of 137Cs and 239,240Pu observed at Tsukuba, Japan during the period of 1978 – 1988, in which the annual 137Cs and 239,240Pu deposition fluxes, ranged from 0.067 (in 1985) to 135 Bq m-2y-1 (in 1986) and from 0.026 (in 1985) to 0.27 Bq m-2y-1 (in 1977), respectively varied more than one order of magnitude. Figure 2: Locations and sampling sites for 24 rivers in Japan. 1., Ishikari; 2., Omono; 3., Kitakami; 4., Mogami; 5., Shinano; 6., Tone; 7., Fuji; 8., Tenryu; 9., Kiso; 10., Kuzuryu; 11., Yodo; 12., Asahi; 13., Gou; 14., Hii; 15., Ohota; 16., Yoshino; 17., Chikugo; 18., Ohono; 19., Sendai; 20., Kuma; 21., Ohyodo; 22., Gokase; 23., Yura; and 24., Teshio. Name of Sampling 239,240Pu (mBq m–3) Dissolved river time 137Cs (Bq m–3) Dissolved Particulate Kitakami Aug. 1966 25±3 a 21±2 a Mogami Aug. 1966 67±4 a 21±2 a Shinano Oct. 1966 8.5±0.7 a 14±1 a Kiso Oct. 1966 19±2 a 11±1 a Tone Nov. 1966 154±7 a 7.8±0.7 a Yodo Aug. 1967 2.6±0.4 a 4.8±0.4 a a a Figure 1: Temporal variations of annual deposition fluxes of 137Cs and Asahi Aug. 1967 9.6±0.7 8.5±0.7 239,240Pu observed at Tokyo (1986 - 1980) and Tsukuba (1980 - ). Red Yoshino Aug.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flood Loss Model Model
    GIROJ FloodGIROJ Loss Flood Loss Model Model General Insurance Rating Organization of Japan 2 Overview of Our Flood Loss Model GIROJ flood loss model includes three sub-models. Floods Modelling Estimate the loss using a flood simulation for calculating Riverine flooding*1 flooded areas and flood levels Less frequent (River Flood Engineering Model) and large- scale disasters Estimate the loss using a storm surge flood simulation for Storm surge*2 calculating flooded areas and flood levels (Storm Surge Flood Engineering Model) Estimate the loss using a statistical method for estimating the Ordinarily Other precipitation probability distribution of the number of affected buildings and occurring disasters related events loss ratio (Statistical Flood Model) *1 Floods that occur when water overflows a river bank or a river bank is breached. *2 Floods that occur when water overflows a bank or a bank is breached due to an approaching typhoon or large low-pressure system and a resulting rise in sea level in coastal region. 3 Overview of River Flood Engineering Model 1. Estimate Flooded Areas and Flood Levels Set rainfall data Flood simulation Calculate flooded areas and flood levels 2. Estimate Losses Calculate the loss ratio for each district per town Estimate losses 4 River Flood Engineering Model: Estimate targets Estimate targets are 109 Class A rivers. 【Hokkaido region】 Teshio River, Shokotsu River, Yubetsu River, Tokoro River, 【Hokuriku region】 Abashiri River, Rumoi River, Arakawa River, Agano River, Ishikari River, Shiribetsu River, Shinano
    [Show full text]
  • Readings of Environmental Radiation Monitoring of Public Water Areas (Preliminary Report)
    Readings of Environmental Radiation Monitoring of Public Water Areas (Preliminary Report) August 4, 2011 Local Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters (Radioactivity Team) Disaster Provision Main Office of Fukushima Pref. (Nuclear Power Team) 1 Date: Thursday, July 7 – Friday, July 27, 2011 2 Number of monitoring locations: Rivers: 6 locations (water quality) Lakes and dam reservoirs: 5 locations (water quality) Lakes and dam reservoirs: 2 locations (bottom sediment) Agricultural reservoirs: 4 locations (water quality) Groundwater: 10 locations (water quality) 3 Monitoring Results (1) Rivers (water quality) Radioactive iodine: Not detectable in any locations Radioactive cesium: Cs-134 Not detectable – 1.18 Bq/L Cs-137 Not detectable – 1.30 Bq/L (2) Lakes and dam reservoirs (water quality and bottom sediment) a. Water quality Radioactive iodine: Not detectable in any location Radioactive cesium: Not detectable in any location b. Bottom sediment Radioactive iodine: Not detectable in any location Radioactive cesium: Cs-134 Not detectable – 334 Bq/kg Cs-137 Not detectable – 371 Bq/kg (3) Agricultural reservoirs (water quality) Radioactive iodine: Not detectable in any locations Radioactive cesium: Not detectable in any location (4) Groundwater (water quality) Radioactive iodine: Not detectable in any locations Radioactive cesium: Not detectable in any location *Water quality monitoring has been conducted once a month for rivers since May and once a month for lakes, dam reservoirs, and agricultural reservoirs since June. The quality of groundwater is monitored once a year. (Inquiries: Monitoring Team, Radioactivity Team Tel: 024-521-1917) Readings of Environmental Radiation Monitoring at Rivers, Lakes, Dam Reservoirs, and Agricultural Reservoirs（Preliminary Report）(Second report in July) August 4, 2011 Local Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters (Radioactivity Team) Disaster Provision Main Office of Fukushima Pref.
    [Show full text]
  • Icp-Ms Measurements of Iodine and Bromine in Environmental Samples Collected Along the Kuji River, Japan
    JAERI-Conf 2003-010 JP0350637 4.42 ICP-MS MEASUREMENTS OF IODINE AND BROMINE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES COLLECTED ALONG THE KUJI RIVER, JAPAN Kouhei N. KUSHITA1 and Hikaru AMAN02 'Nuclear Technology and Education Center 2Department of Environmental Sciences Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, lbaraki-ken 319-1195 JAPAN ABSTRACT From a viewpoint of monitoring the distribution and transfer of long-lived radioiodine (129 1) and possible hazardous brominated substances, I and Br contents in various environmental samples collected in the Kuji River area, Japan, were studied by ICP-MS. The feature of the change in concentrations of I and Br, as well as those of other general properties such as pH etc., in Kuji River watershed were coincident with each other. It is considered from te obtained data tat te environmental conditions, especially those of the soil of the area, mainly control the distribution of I and Br in the river water. The circulation characteristics of I and Br showed different features in different transfer media, which could be ascribed to the different chemical properties of these elements in each media. It was also shown that the distributions of I and Br are varied even within a small zone of about 20 km width around a high mountain of this area, which is also considered to reflect the environmental characteristics of the district. KEYWORDS: ICP-MS, IODINE, BROMINE, RIVER, SOIL, TRANSFER 1. INTRODUCTION In nuclear accidents such as that at Chernobyl in 1986, radio-iodine has been always one of the main concerns because of its high mobility and hazardous property toward people.
    [Show full text]
  • Damage Patterns of River Embankments Due to the 2011 Off
    Soils and Foundations 2012;52(5):890–909 The Japanese Geotechnical Society Soils and Foundations www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sandf Damage patterns of river embankments due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake and a numerical modeling of the deformation of river embankments with a clayey subsoil layer F. Okaa,n, P. Tsaia, S. Kimotoa, R. Katob aDepartment of Civil & Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan bNikken Sekkei Civil Engineering Ltd., Osaka, Japan Received 3 February 2012; received in revised form 25 July 2012; accepted 1 September 2012 Available online 11 December 2012 Abstract Due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, which had a magnitude of 9.0, many soil-made infrastructures, such as river dikes, road embankments, railway foundations and coastal dikes, were damaged. The river dikes and their related structures were damaged at 2115 sites throughout the Tohoku and Kanto areas, including Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki and Saitama Prefectures, as well as the Tokyo Metropolitan District. In the first part of the present paper, the main patterns of the damaged river embankments are presented and reviewed based on the in situ research by the authors, MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) and JICE (Japan Institute of Construction Engineering). The main causes of the damage were (1) liquefaction of the foundation ground, (2) liquefaction of the soil in the river embankments due to the water-saturated region above the ground level, and (3) the long duration of the earthquake, the enormity of fault zone and the magnitude of the quake.
    [Show full text]
  • Export of 134 Cs and 137 Cs in the Fukushima River Systems at Heavy Rains by Typhoon Roke in September 2011
    Biogeosciences, 10, 6215–6223, 2013 Open Access www.biogeosciences.net/10/6215/2013/ doi:10.5194/bg-10-6215-2013 Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Export of 134 Cs and 137 Cs in the Fukushima river systems at heavy rains by Typhoon Roke in September 2011 S. Nagao1, M. Kanamori2, S. Ochiai1, S. Tomihara3, K. Fukushi4, and M. Yamamoto1 1Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan 2Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan 3Aquamarine Fukushima, Obama, Iwaki, Fukushima 971-8101, Japan 4Division of Earth Dynamics, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan Correspondence to: S. Nagao ([email protected]) Received: 31 December 2012 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 15 February 2013 Revised: 19 July 2013 – Accepted: 27 July 2013 – Published: 2 October 2013 Abstract. At stations on the Natsui River and the Same River gen explosions (Japanese Government, 2011; Chino et al., in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, effects of a heavy rain event 2011). Surface deposition of 134Cs and 137Cs shows consid- on radiocesium export were studied after Typhoon Roke dur- erable external radioactivity in a zone extending northwest ing 21–22 September 2011, six months after the Fukushima from the NPP, about 20 km wide and 50–70 km long inside Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Radioactivity of the 80 km zone of the NPP (MEXT, 2011; Yoshida and Taka- 134Cs and 137Cs in river waters was 0.009–0.098 Bq L−1 in hashi, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • News from Iwate's Reconstruction
    The news from Iwate as it moves toward reconstruction We are deeply grateful for the heartwarming encouragement and support received from both within and outside of Japan in the News from Iwate’s Reconstruction aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which struck on March 11, 2011. The precious bonds created during this time will always be cherished. Ganbaro, Iwate! Volume 139 We will now bring you the news from Iwate’s reconstruction. Let’s stick together, Iwate! July 2018 Edition Iwate Prefecture's First Ferry Line Commences from Miyako Harbor MIYAKO June 22nd (Fri) - The long awaited “Kuromori Kagura Dance," a traditional The following morning, a welcoming maiden voyage of the Miyako – Muroran performance art of the Miyako area. ceremony awaited the ferry's first return Ferry line departed from Miyako Harbor. The Silver Queen's Captain Furukawa to port from Muroran City. In front of the The ferry line is the first to be also participated in this ceremonial ferry terminal, Miyako's Yamaguchi Taiko event, in which he placed an arm into group greeted the ferry alongside established within the prefecture, the mouth of a Shishigashira lion head around 800 townspeople to celebrate its operated by Kawasaki Kinkai Kisen (of mask to be "bitten" as a rite of spiritual official commission. Tokyo). "The Silver Queen" will travel strengthening, the purpose of which is This, along with the new Sanriku coastal from Miyako City to Muroran (in to wish for safe sailing. Afterwards, highway, is expected to attract more Hokkaido) in ten hours, offering one around 1,000 townspeople gathered to visitors to the area, while simultaneously round trip per day.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersion of Cs-134 and Cs-137 in River Waters from Fukushima And
    DOI: 10.15669/pnst.4.9 Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology Volume 4 (2014) pp. 9-13 ARTICLE Dispersion of Cs-134 and Cs-137 in river waters from Fukushima and Gunma prefectures at nine months after the Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident Seiya Nagaoa*, Masaki Kanamorib, Shinya Ochiaia, Kyuma Suzukic and Masayoshi Yamamotoa a Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Kanazawa University, 24 O, Wake, Nomi-shi, Ishikawa-ken, 923-1224, Japan; b Graduate School of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa-ken, 920-1192, Japan; c Gunma Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, 13 Shikishima, Maebashi-shi, Gunma-ken, 371-1036, Japan To estimate short-term and long-term impacts of radiation dose, dynamics of 134Cs and 137Cs in river watershed environments were studied in Fukushima and Gunma prefectures at nine months after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) accident. Radioactivity of 134Cs and 137Cs in the river waters ranged respectively from 0.007 Bq/l to 0.149 Bq/l and 0.008 Bq/l to 0.189 Bq/l. Their horizontal distributions were consistent with those of material that had been deposited on the ground surface. The percentages of particulate forms of 134Cs and 137Cs were 56–89% for the Fukushima river samples. Results show that the transport of 134Cs and 137Cs from the watershed to the river waters occurred mainly as particulate forms and that their radioactivity depends on the levels of radioactivity at the watersheds of the respective river systems. Keywords: 134Cs; 137Cs; radiocesium; existence forms; lake waters; transport behavior 1. Introduction1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Akita Prefecture)
    Japan Contents 2 ............ Getting to Japan Highlighted area shows Tohoku and North Kanto. 4 ............ Diversity of Tohoku & North Kanto 8 ............ Favorite Moments 12 .......... The Best of Tohoku in 3 Days 16 .......... The Best of Tohoku in 1 Week 20 ......... Exploring Lake Towada (Aomori prefecture) 24 ......... Kakunodate (Akita prefecture) 27 ......... Lake Tazawa & Nyuto Onsen (Akita prefecture) 28 ......... Tono (Iwate prefecture) 32 ......... Sendai (Miyagi prefecture) 35 ......... Matsushima (Miyagi prefecture) 36 ......... Nikko (Tochigi prefecture) 40 ......... Kusatsu & Ikaho Onsen (Gunma prefecture) 44 ......... Tokyo 46 ......... Sapporo (Hokkaido) 50 ......... Yamagata prefecture 55 ......... Fukushima prefecture 60 ......... Ibaraki prefecture 65 ......... Photo Gallery The articles and photos of p. 6 to p. 47 are featured in Frommer’s Japan day BY day. The hotels, restaurants, attractions in this guide (from p. 6 to p. 47) have been ranked for quality, value, service, amenities, and special features using a star-rating system. The listed information is up to date as of October 9, 2012. The listed information (prices, hours, times, and holidays) is subject to change. The listed telephone numbers are for when calling within Japan. When calling from outside Japan, add the country code of 81 and drop the 0 before the area code. Some of the listed websites are in Japanese only. Credit cards are abbreviated as following: AE: American Express, MC: Master Card, DC: Diners Club, V: Visa. The cities of Sapporo and Tokyo are not in Tohoku or North Kanto. 2 3 Cities in the U.S.A. with Direct Flights to and from Japan Atlanta (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport), Boston (General Edward Lawrence Getting to Japan Logan International Airport), Chicago (Chicago O’Hare International Airport), Dallas (Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport), Denver (Denver International Airport), Detroit (Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport), Guam (Guam International Airport), Honolulu (Honolulu International Japan has four international airports.
    [Show full text]
  • Readings of Environmental Radiation Monitoring of Public Water Areas (Preliminary Report)
    Readings of Environmental Radiation Monitoring of Public Water Areas (Preliminary Report) September 9, 2011 Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters (Radioactivity Team) Disaster Provision Main Office of Fukushima Pref. (Nuclear Power Team) 1 Date Wednesday, August 17 – Wednesday, August 31, 2011 2 Number of monitoring locations Rivers: 8 locations (water quality) Lakes and dam reservoirs: 13 locations (water quality) Lakes and dam reservoirs: 1 location (bottom sediment) 3 Monitoring Results (1) Rivers (water quality) Radioactive iodine: Not detected in any locations Radioactive cesium: Cs-134 Not detected – 1.60 Bq/L Cs-137 Not detected – 2.15 Bq/L (2) Lakes and dam reservoirs (water quality and bottom sediment) a. Water quality Radioactive iodine: Not detected Radioactive cesium: Not detected b. Bottom sediment Radioactive iodine: Not detected Radioactive cesium: Cs-134 338 Bq/L Cs-137 405 Bq/L *Water quality monitoring has been conducted once a month for rivers since May and once a month for lakes, dam reservoirs, and agricultural reservoirs since June. The quality of groundwater is monitored once a year. (Nuclear Power Team, Monitoring Team: 024-521-6938) Readings of Environmental Radiation Monitoring at Rivers, Lakes, Dam Reservoirs, and Agricultural Reservoirs（Preliminary Report）(Second report in August) September 9, 2011 Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters (Radioactivity Team) Disaster Provision Main Office of Fukushima Pref. (Nuclear Power Team) Water & Air Environment Division, Social Affairs & Environment Department, Fukushima
    [Show full text]
  • The Fukushima Daiichi Accident Technical Volume 4
    The Fukushima Daiichi Accident Fukushima The The Fukushima Daiichi Accident Technical Volume 4/5 Technical Volume 4/5 Radiological Consequences Radiological Consequences Radiological PO Box 100, Vienna International Centre 1400 Vienna, Austria Printed in Austria ISBN 978–92–0–107015–9 (set) 1 THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI ACCIDENT TECHNICAL VOLUME 4 RADIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY OMAN ALBANIA GHANA PAKISTAN ALGERIA GREECE PALAU ANGOLA GUATEMALA PANAMA ARGENTINA GUYANA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARMENIA HAITI PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE PERU AUSTRIA HONDURAS PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY POLAND BAHAMAS ICELAND PORTUGAL BAHRAIN INDIA QATAR BANGLADESH INDONESIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF ROMANIA BELGIUM IRAQ RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE IRELAND RWANDA BENIN ISRAEL SAN MARINO BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL ITALY SAUDI ARABIA STATE OF JAMAICA SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SERBIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SEYCHELLES BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SIERRA LEONE BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KENYA SINGAPORE BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SLOVENIA BURUNDI KYRGYZSTAN SOUTH AFRICA CAMBODIA LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SPAIN CAMEROON REPUBLIC SRI LANKA CANADA LATVIA SUDAN CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SWAZILAND REPUBLIC LESOTHO SWEDEN CHAD LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHILE LIBYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN COLOMBIA LITHUANIA CONGO LUXEMBOURG THAILAND COSTA RICA MADAGASCAR THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAWI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALAYSIA TOGO
    [Show full text]
  • Transport Behavior of Particulate Organic Matter in River Water During Snow Melting in the Ishikari, Tokachi, Teshio and Kushiro Rivers, Japan
    J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(2): 163-173, December 2012 TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER IN RIVER WATER DURING SNOW MELTING IN THE ISHIKARI, TOKACHI, TESHIO AND KUSHIRO RIVERS, JAPAN M. JAHANGIR ALAM a,b, S. NAGAO a, AND M. EMRAN QUAYUM* a Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan. b School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, China. *Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, BANGLADESH Abstract Both ∆14C and δ13C were used to study the transport behavior of particulate organic matter (POM) in the Ishikari, Tokachi, Teshio and Kushiro rivers in Japan. Water samples were collected once a month in April and May in 2004 and 2005 during snow melting. Positive correlations were found between ∆14C and particulate organic carbon (POC) content. Negative correlations were found between ∆14C and increased water level. These results indicate that the river systems showed similar transportation behavior during snow melting because of the variation of water level and water discharge. Keywords: Rivers, Carbon Isotopes, POM, Turbidity, AMS, Japan Introduction The annual load of riverine particulate organic carbon (POC) from land to ocean corresponds to half the total organic carbon (Meybeck 1982). Transportation of POC in river systems one pathway of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems is important for the carbon cycle. Geographical, hydrological and land use features control carbon discharge and transport patterns in rivers (Hope et al. 1994 and Torn et al. 1994). The hydrological situation must be considered in sub-arctic and arctic areas because the watershed environments vary from spring to summer because of snow melt.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Forms of Historical Weirs in Japan As Landscape Elements
    Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road 210 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women’s Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012 Proceedings STUDY ON FORMS OF HISTORICAL WEIRS IN JAPAN AS LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS Shuichi Murakami The University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan Keywords: cultural landscape, rural landscape, water-friendly space, river space, traditional river technology, irrigation, flood control, headworks, modernization Introduction Weirs are constructed to change the flow of rivers in order to intake water. They are thought to be one of the landscape elements which tell us about the long history of regional lives with the rivers. Karino explains the characteristics of forms of historical weirs1 as follows [1]. Weirs are not perpendicular but oblique to the river course so that the flow is induced smoothly to the canals (Fig. 1 Left). This expands the area of irrigation, since water can reach farther without loosing momentum at the intake points. It also prevents the weirs from breaking because water pressure to their bodies becomes smaller. The tops of them are kept low in order to reduce the risk of overflows to the hinterlands. Chino and Okuma irradiate the other aspect. Historical weirs are composed with natural materials such as stones and woods because modern materials such as concrete were not available in those days [2]. Therefore, it is assumed that the weirs create the sort of landscape that water runs gently over the body of stone weir lying low in the river at an angle (Fig. 1 Right). Fig. 1: Traditional forms of historical weirs Left: Diagram implied by precedent studies Right: Example of historical weirs (Ogawa-esuji weir, the Natsui River, Fukushima) However, it is anticipated that changes have arisen in such traditional forms today.
    [Show full text]