Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae), with a Key to Chinese Species

Zootaxa 3846 (1): 127–137 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.1.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A345ACA8-C145-44A9-AFC6-140A1A941144

New data on the genus Micromus Rambur, 1842 from China (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae), with a key to Chinese species

YANG ZHAO, YANLIN TIAN & ZHIQI LIU1 Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China 1Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

A review of the genus Micromus Rambur from China is presented. A new species, Micromus setulosus sp. nov., which was found in Ningxia province, is described. The male of Micromus pallidius (Yang, 1987) and the female of Micromus perelegans Tjeder, 1936 are described for the first time in China. Keys to the adult males and females of the Micromus from China are also given.

Key words: Hemerobiidae, Microminae, Micromus, new species, China

Introduction

The genus Micromus Rambur was erected in 1842 based on the type species Hemerobius variegatus Fabricius. Tjeder (1936) described the first species in genus Micromus, M. perelegans from China with only one male specimen from Gansu province. Nowadays, no comprehensive species listing is available, characterization and subdivision of the large and widespread genus Micromus has long been a problem and is reflected in its extensive list of generic synonyms (Banks 1913; Ghosh 1977; Krüger 1922; Nakahara 1915, 1919, 1955, 1960; Navás 1912, 1922, 1923, 1929, 1932; Oswald 1993; Perkins 1899; Yang 1981). However, taking the unstable classification characteristics into consideration, more experts believed that they are all synonyms of Micromus (Carpenter 1940; Killington 1936; Kimmins 1936; Klimaszewski & Kevan 1988; Monserrat 2000; Nakahara 1960; Oswald 1993; Tjeder 1961). And after examining the specimens from China we also propose they all belong to the genus Micromus other than different genera. Presently, about one hundred species are recorded in the world (Alayo 1968; Aspöck et al. 1980; Klimaszewski & Kevan 1988; Kuwayama 1962; Makarkin 1985; Monserrat 1990, 2000; New 1988a, 1988b; Tjeder 1936, 1961; Yang 1981, 1987, 1988, 1997, 1999, 2002; Yang & Liu 2001; Yang et al. 1995; Zimmerman 1957), with twenty-one species recorded from China, and one new species in this paper. Micromus is diagnosed by the forewing characteristics as crossveins 2sc-r and 2m-cu absent (2m-cu present in these species where CuA and MP are not fused); crossveins 1cua-cup and 2cua-cup present; humeral area narrow and its margin lacking trichosores. All these characteristics above can be used to distinguish Micromus from all other genera except Nusalala and Megalomina. Micromus differs from Megalomina by the simple humeral veinlet, or at most possesses a short inconspicuous recurrent branch while in the genus Megalomina, the humeral trace prominently recurrent and multiply branched. Compared with Nusalala, CuA in forewing is either forked proximal to its fusion with M3+4, or not fused to M3+4, while in the genus Nusalala, basal M3+4 forming a short, oblique vein, proximal to its fusion with CuA and CuA simple proximal to its fusion with M3+4; and the presence of a pair of laterobacula associated with the parabaculum is also diagnostic (Oswald 1993). Micromus belongs to the subfamily Microminae, and is a cosmopolitan genus which is distributed in North and Central America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The species of the genus also can be found in numerous islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans (Oswald 1993). In this paper, a new species of Micromus, M. setulosus sp. nov., is described from China. And the male of M.

Accepted by M. Ohl: 2 Jul. 2014; published: 31 Jul. 2014 127 pallidius (Yang, 1987) and the female of M. perelegans Tjeder, 1936 are described for the first time in China, with keys for identification of adults of Chinese species. All specimens are deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing.

Material and methods

The specimens were examined under an SZ760 stereomicroscope. The terminalia were observed under a Leica DM2500 compound microscope. Descriptions of coloration are based on observations under the stereomicroscope with direct light on specimens preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol. The abdominal apex with genitalia was cut off and heated in 10% sodium hydroxide for about 10–20 min and then transferred to an excavated slide with glycerin. After examination it was transferred to fresh 75% ethyl alcohol and stored in a microvial. Wing venation terminology follows Oswald (1993) and Makarkin & Wedmann (2009). Terminology of genitalia follows Oswald (1993). Abbreviations: 7S, 8S, 9S, sternite; 7T, 8T, 9T, tergite; al, apophyseal lamella; as, apophyseal shaft; cc, calluscercus; Ect, ectoproct; egps, extragonopons; egs, extragonarcus; ehgs, extrahemigonarcus; gl, gonapophyses laterales; igps, intragonopons; igs, intragonarcus; ihgs, intrahemigonarcus; med, mediuncus; pa, parabacular apophysis; sg, subgenitale; tl, terminal lobe.

Taxonomy

Keys to species of Micromus from China

Male 1. Costal crossvein in forewing present ...... 2 - Costal crossvein in forewing absent ...... 5 2. M vein forked before the origin of RS from R vein in forewing ...... M. tianmuanus (Yang) - M vein forked after the origin of RS from R vein in forewing ...... 3 3. Distinct spots present in forewing membrane, and veins covered with setae ...... 4 - Distinct spots absent in forewing membrane, and veins without setae ...... M. pallidius (Yang) 4. Forewing membrane with regular sagittal stripes, brown spots present on the upper 3-4 outer gradate crossveins; basal mediuncus without spines on the surface and distally tapered, bend downwards as hook ...... M. yunnanus (Navás) - Forewing membrane without regular sagittal stripes, only greyish stripes along the outer gradate series, no brown spots on the outer gradate crossveins; basal mediuncus densely covered with small spines on the surface and distally rounded...... M. setulosus sp.nov. 5. Two gradate series present in forewing...... 6 - Three gradate series present in forewing...... 13 6. CuA fused with MP in forewing ...... 7 - CuA not fused with MP in forewing ...... 9 7. CuA forked before fusing with MP in forewing ...... 8 - CuA not forked before fusing with MP in forewing ...... M. minusculus (Monserrat) 8. CuA fused with MP in hind wing ...... M. callidus Hagen - CuA not fused with MP in hind wing ...... M. angulatus (Stephens) 9. CuA fused with MP in hind wing ...... M. perelegans Tjeder - CuA not fused with MP in hind wing ...... 10 10. Pterostigmal area red in forewing ...... M. zhaoi Yang - Pterostigmal area not red in forewing ...... 11 11. CuA forked before the crossvein between CuA and MP in forewing...... 12 - CuA forked after the crossvein between CuA and MP in forewing ...... M. kapuri (Nakahara) 12. Posteroventral process of ectoproct distally rounded with small teeth ...... M. timidus Hagen - Posteroventral process of ectoproct distally tapered without teeth ...... M. ramosus Navás 13. CuA not fused with MP in forewing ...... M. mirimaculatus Yang & Liu - CuA fused with MP in forewing ...... 14 14. CuA not forked before fusing with MP in forewing ...... M. linearis Hagen - CuA forked before fusing with MP in forewing ...... 15 15. CuA fused with MP in hind wing ...... 16 - CuA not fused with MP in hind wing ...... 17 16. 9th sternite longer than ectoproct; posteroventral process of ectoproct long and bend downwards as hook......

128 · Zootaxa 3846 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press ZHAO ET AL...... M. paganus (Linnaeus) - 9th sternite shorter than ectoproct; posteroventral process of ectoproct short and bend upwards as spine ...... M. variegatus (Fabricius) 17. Forewing with at least 6 RS ...... M. densimaculosus Yang & Liu - Forewing with less than 6 RS ...... 18 18. Vertex with four brown spots ...... M. myriostictus Yang - Vertex without spots ...... M. igorotus Bank

Female 1. Costal crossvein in forewing present ...... 2 - Costal crossvein in forewing absent ...... 4 2. M vein forked before the origin of RS from R vein in forewing ...... M. tianmuanus (Yang) - M vein forked after the origin of RS from R vein in forewing ...... 3 3. Distinct spots present in forewing membrane, and veins covered with setae ...... M. yunnanus (Navás) - Distinct spots absent in forewing membrane, and veins without setae ...... M. pallidius (Yang) 4. Two gradate series present in forewing...... 5 - Three gradate series present in forewing...... 11 5. CuA fused with MP in forewing ...... 6 - CuA not fused with MP in forewing ...... 7 6. CuA forked before fusing with MP in forewing; CuA not fused with MP in hind wing ...... M. angulatus (Stephens) - CuA not forked before fusing with MP in forewing; CuA fused with MP in hind wing ...... M. minusculus (Monserrat) 7. CuA fused with MP in hind wing ...... M. perelegans Tjeder - CuA not fused with MP in hind wing ...... 8 8. Pterostigmal area red in forewing ...... M. zhaoi Yang - Pterostigmal area not red in forewing ...... 9 9. Hind margin of 9th tergite extended backwards into spine ...... 10 - Hind margin of 9th tergite not extended backwards into spine ...... M. ramosus Navás 10. Ventral margin of 9th tergite acute and the process of hind margin exceed the hind margin of ectoproct. . . . . M. timidus Hagen - Ventral margin of 9th tergite not acute and the process of hind margin not exceed the hind margin of ectoproct ...... M. numerosus Navás 11. CuA not fused with MP in forewing ...... M. mirimaculatus Yang & Liu - CuA fused with MP in forewing ...... 12 12. CuA not forked before fusing with MP in forewing ...... 13 - CuA forked before fusing with MP in forewing ...... 14 13. Vertex with four spots ...... M. pumilus Yang - Vertex with two spots ...... M. linearis Hagen 14. CuA fused with MP in hind wing ...... 15 - CuA not fused with MP in hind wing ...... 16 15. Subgenitale present ...... M. paganus (Linnaeus) - Subgenitale absent...... M. variegatus (Fabricius) 16. Forewing with at least 6 RS ...... M. densimaculosus Yang & Liu - Forewing with less than 6 RS ...... 17 17. Head behind antenna not darker than around; outer gradate series arranged orderly in forewing ...... M. striolatus Yang - Head behind antenna darker than around; outer gradate series not arranged orderly in forewing ...... M. igorotus Bank

Micromus setulosus sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 4–9)

Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the veins which are densely covered with stout setae in forewing, the greyish stripes along the outer gradate series and subcostal veinlet present; CuA simple and not fused with MP, just linked by a short crossvein; three gradate series present in forewing and hind wing. Male: posteroventral edge of ectoproct extended upwards as a spine and densely covered with small spines from base to middle; basal mediuncus of gonarcus densely covered with small spines on the surface and distally rounded; terminal lobe of parabaculum separated from two third distal. Measurements. Forewing length 8.1 mm, width 2.8 mm. Hind wing length 7.0 mm, width 2.4 mm. Body length 5.2 mm. Description. Head. Yellowish-brown. Eyes big and dark brown. Antenna amber, with more than fifty segments, covered with pale yellowish-brown setae. Frontogenal costa, frontoclypeal costa and pleurostomal costa

NEW DATA ON THE GENUS MICROMUS RAMBUR, 1842 FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3846 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 129 FIGURES 1–3. Wings. 1. Micromus. setulosus sp. nov. 2. Micromus perelegans Tjeder, 1936. 3. Micromus. pallidius (Yang, 1987).

130 · Zootaxa 3846 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press ZHAO ET AL. FIGURES 4–9. Micromus. setulosus sp. nov. 4. Male terminalia, lateral view [A]; 5. Gonarcus, lateral view [B]; 6. Ditto, dorsal view [B]; 7. Parabaculum, lateral view [B]; 8. Ditto, dorsal view [B]; 9. Hypandrium internum, ventral view [B]. Scale bars (mm): A = 0.5; B = 0.5. obviously brown, frontogenal costa especially slender, nearly reached the antennal socket. Labial palpus 3- segmented and maxillary palpus 5-segmented, pale yellowish-brown. Areas between and behind antennae densely covered with yellowish-brown stout setae and with sparse brown setae in the hind margin of head. Thorax. Yellowish-brown. Pronotum and mesonotum densely covered with brown short setae, metanotum with less setae where dark colored. Legs yellowish-brown, with two brown spots on tibiae. Wings (Fig. 1). Forewing narrow, pale yellowish-brown, hyaline with pale brown stripes along the gradate series. Margins and veins densely covered with brown stout setae; veins yellowish-brown, dark colored in the crossveins of gradate series. Subcostal veinlet with 7–8 costal crossveins. Anterior radial trace bearing 6–7 ORB’s; ORB1 and ORB2 originally fused. M forked behind the origin of ORB1 from R vein, MA simple and MP forked into two branches before inner gradate series. CuA simple and not fused with MP, just linked by a short crossvein. Three gradate series, inner gradate series 4 crossveins; middle 6–7 and outer 9. Hind wing pale yellowish-brown, hyaline and immaculate. Veins yellowish-brown, only parts of middle and outer gradate series a little darker. Rs with 6 branches. M proximally forked into 2 branches. Cu simple and CuA not fused with MP. Three gradate series, inner gradate series 3–4 crossveins; middle 6–7 and outer 9–10. Male terminalia (Fig. 4). 8th tergite small, hind margin longer than lateral margin from lateral view; 8th sternite broad, hind margin shorter than lateral margin. 9th tergite fused with ectoproct, protruding dorsally; posteroventral edge of ectoproct extended upwards as a spine, exceeding the hind margin of ectoproct but shorter than the 9th sternite, densely covered with small spines from the base to middle. 9th sternite developed and hairy. Extrahemigonarcus of gonarcus (Fig. 5–6) developed, tapered distally and approximately slender triangle from dorsal view with membrane in center; mediucus covered with small spines from basal to middle, broadened basally and bend downwards from middle, tapering, with a blunt hooked end. Terminal lobe of parabaculum (Fig. 7–8) separated from two third distal, and with a small upward hook in the end. Hypandrium internum (Fig. 9) slightly convex in apex, with both sides slightly rolled downwards. Distribution. China (Ningxia)

NEW DATA ON THE GENUS MICROMUS RAMBUR, 1842 FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3846 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 131 Material examined. Holotype, 1♂, CHINA: Ningxia province, Guyuan city, Jingyuan county, Yehe valley. 8.viii.2012, Yang Zhao (CAU). Etymology. The specific name refers to the characteristic hairy forewing and the thorax densely covered with brown short setae in pronotum and mesonotum. Remarks. This new species seems related to M. yunnanus based on the present of subcostal veinlet; however, it can be distinguished from M. yunnanus by the greyish stripes along the outer gradate series without brown spots in forewing, and by the basal mediuncus densely covered with small spines on the surface and distally rounded in male terminalia.

Micromus perelegans Tjeder, 1936 (Figs. 2, 10–17)

Micromus perelegans Tjeder, 1936: 16.

Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the special color in the head, vertex yellow-brown with brown stripes around the antennal socket and a couple of triangle brown spots behind the antenna; frons brownish, but frontogenal costa, frontoclypeal costa, pleurostomal costa and mandible blackish. Forewing yellowish-brown with greyish stripes along the gradate series; CuA not fused with MP in forewing and fused in hind wing. Male: extragonopons of gonarcus arm-shaped, blunt distally with teeth; extrahemigonarcus small and oval. Female: subgenital absent. Measurements. Forewing length 5.9–6.3mm, width 1.9–2.3mm. Hind wing length 4.9–5.8 mm, width 1.7–2.0 mm. Body length 3.1–4.3 mm. Description. Head. Pale brownish. Eyes black with a metallic luster. Antenna about sixty segmented, yellow- brown with the last segments slightly darker. Vertex yellow-brown with brown stripes around the antennal socket and a couple of triangle brown spots behind the antenna. Frons brownish, except frontogenal costa, frontoclypeal costa, pleurostomal costa and mandible blackish. Labial palpus 3-segmented and maxillary palpus 5-segmented, pale brown. Thorax. Yellowish-brown, with a light-colored longitudinal stripe throughout. Legs yellowish, with last tarsi brown and two indistinct brown spots on tibiae. Wings (Fig. 2). Forewing long and slender with round outer margin, pale yellowish-brown with greyish stripes along the gradate series. Veins yellowish-brown with transparent interval. Anterior radial trace bearing 4 ORB’s; ORB1 and ORB4 bifurcated before outer gradate series. MA simple and MP forked into two branches after the short crossvein connected with CuA. Cu simple. Two gradate series, inner gradate series 6 crossveins and outer 10. Hind wing pale yellow and immaculate. Veins hyaline and pale brown from inner gradate series to the distal. Rs with 4 branches. M proximally forked to 2 branches and CuA fused with MP. Two gradate series, inner gradate series 5–6 crossveins and outer 5–6. Male terminalia (Fig. 10). 9th tergite narrow dorsally and broad ventrally, anteroventral edge projected into the 8th tergite. Ectoproct approximate oval from lateral view, posteroventral edge of ectoproct extended backwards into a long spine; 9th sternite short and almost equal to the length of hind margin of ectoproct. Mediuncus of gonarcus (Fig. 11–12) bend downwards, basally broadened which is covered with long spines and tapered distally. Extragonopons (egps) arm-shaped, blunt distally with teeth. Extrahemigonarcus small and rounded from dorsal view. Terminal lobe of parabaculum (Fig. 13–14) separated from one third distal, and with an upward process in the end. Hypandrium internum (Fig. 15) trapezoidal, with both sides slightly rolled. Female terminalia (Fig. 16–17). 8th tergite approximate trapezoidal from lateral view. 9th tergite totally fused with ectoproct and broadened ventral part with straight hind margin. Ectoproct approximate square from lateral view. Subgenital absent. Distribution. China (Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Hubei) Material examined. CHINA: 2♂3♀, Gansu province, Longnan county, Wen county, Qiushu dam. 26.vii.2011, Hui Wen (CAU); 1♀, Gansu province, Lanzhou city, Yuzhong county, Xinglong mountain, 21.viii.2007, Shan Huo (CAU); 2♂2♀, Ningxia province, Guyuan city, Jingyuan county, Heshangpu. 12.viii.2012, Yang Zhao (CAU); 1♀, Ningxia province, Guyuan city, Jingyuan county, Laolong pond. 24.vii.2012, Yang Zhao (CAU); 1♂, Xinjiang

132 · Zootaxa 3846 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press ZHAO ET AL. province, Ili Kazak autonomous prefecture, Xinyuan county, Nalati, 7.viii.2007, Shan Huo (CAU); 1♀, Hubei province, Shennongjia forest, Guanmen mountain. 2.viii.2008, Yongjie Wang (CAU). Remarks. This species was described by Tjeder in 1936 by only one male specimen; in this paper we first describe the female specimen and provide the distribution in China. This species is similar to M. variegatus, but is obviously different in many characteristics, the forewing in M. variegatus marked with big brown spots along gradate series and M vein, but in M. perelegans only with greyish stripes along the gradate series; in M. variegatus the area before antenna in head obviously darker while in M. perelegans only frontogenal costa, frontoclypeal costa and pleurostomal costa blackish in head.

FIGURES 10–17. Micromus perelegans Tjeder, 1936. 10. Male terminalia, lateral view [A]; 11. Gonarcus, lateral view [B]; 12. Ditto, dorsal view [B]; 13. Parabaculum, lateral view [B]; 14. Ditto, dorsal view [B]; 15. Hypandrium internum, ventral view [B]. 16. Female terminalia, lateral view [A]; 17. Ditto, ventral view [A]. Scale bars (mm): A = 0.5; B = 0.5.

Micromus pallidius (Yang, 1987) (Figs. 3, 18–25)

Idiomicromus pallidius Yang, 1987: 197. Micromus pallidius (Yang, 1987): Monserrat, 1990: 175. New combination.

NEW DATA ON THE GENUS MICROMUS RAMBUR, 1842 FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3846 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 133 FIGURES 18–25. Micromus pallidius (Yang, 1987). 18. Male terminalia, lateral view [A]; 19. Gonarcus, lateral view [B]; 20. Ditto, dorsal view [B]; 21. Parabaculum, lateral view [B]; 22. Ditto, dorsal view [B]; 23. Hypandrium internum, ventral view [B]. 24. Female terminalia, lateral view [A]; 25. Ditto, ventral view [A]. Scale bars (mm): A = 0.5; B = 0.5.

Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the grey sagittal stripes in hyaline forewing and subcostal veinlet present; CuA not fused with MP and three gradate series present in forewing and hind wing. Male: posteroventral edge of ectoproct arm-like, covered with many tiny spines from middle to distal; extrahemigonarcus tapered distally and basal mediuncus broader and covered with many small spines; terminal lobe of parabaculum separated from one third distal. Female: subgenital developed, basally flat and distally rounded with the central slightly depressed. Measurements. Forewing length 7.0–9.6 mm, width 2.7–3.3mm. Hind wing length 6.0–8.5 mm, width 2.5–3.0 mm. Body length 4–6.4 mm. Description. Head. Yellow. Eyes dark brown. Frontogenal costa, frontoclypeal costa and pleurostomal costa obviously brown. Antenna yellow, with more than sixty segments. Labial palpus 3-segmented and maxillary palpus 5-segmented, pale yellow with brown outer edges in last segment. A subtriangular area between antennae densely covered with brown long setae in vertex. Thorax. Yellowish-brown throughout. Pronotum and mesonotum densely covered with brown short setae. Legs yellowish-brown, with apical tarsi brown; foreleg and midleg respectively with two brown spots on tibiae.

134 · Zootaxa 3846 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press ZHAO ET AL. Wings (Fig. 3). Forewing pale yellowish-brown, hyaline with grey sagittal stripes. Veins yellow, dark colored in the origins of all Rs from R vein and the gradate series. Subcostal veinlet developed with 5–6 costal crossveins. Anterior radial trace bearing 7 ORB’s; all simple. MA simple and MP forked into two branches before outer gradate series. CuA simple and not fused with MP, just linked by a short crossvein. Three gradate series, inner gradate series 4 crossveins; middle 8 and outer 10. Hind wing pale yellowish-brown, hyaline and immaculate. Veins yellow, only parts of middle gradate series and all outer gradate series brown. Rs with 7 branches. M proximally forked into 2 branches. Cu simple and CuA not fused with MP. Three gradate series, inner gradate series 3 crossveins; middle 7 and outer 10. Male terminalia (Fig. 18). 9th tergite totally fused with ectoproct, dorsal part narrow and slightly elevated. Ectoproct approximate oval from lateral view with straight hind margin, posteroventral edge of ectoproct arm- shaped, covered with spines from middle to distal. 9th sternite far exceeding the hind margin of ectoproct, almost equal to the length of posteroventral extension of 9th tergite. Extrahemigonarcus of gonarcus (Fig. 19–20) developed, tapered distally and approximately slender triangle from dorsal view; basal mediuncus broader and densely covered spines, bend downward from middle part and tapered distally with recurved hook. Terminal lobe of parabaculum (Fig. 21–22) separated from one third distal, and with a small upward hook in the end. Hypandrium internum (Fig. 23) trapezoidal, with both sides slightly rolled. Female terminalia (Fig. 24–25). 8th tergite dorsally broad and ventrally narrow, approximate subtriangle from lateral view. 9th tergite totally fused with ectoproct and ectoproct approximate trapezoidal from lateral view. Subgenital developed, basally flat and distally rounded with the central slightly depressed. Distribution. China (Tibet, Guizhou) Material examined. CHINA: 1♀, Tibet, Zhangmu. 20.vii.1984, Yongxiang Zhao (Holotype) (CAU); 1♂, Guizhou province, Zunyi city, Suiyang county, Kuankuoshui. 8.vi.2010, Ruie Nie (CAU); 1♀, Tibet, Linzhi county, Pailong. 5.xi.2007, [no collector data], (CAU). Remarks. This species was described in 1987 only from one female specimen. In this paper, we first describe the male specimen and provide the distribution of the species in China. This species is similar to M. yunnanus and M. setulosus sp. nov., while considering the almost immaculate membrane in forewing and veins without any setae, it can be easily distinguished.

Discussion

Micromus kapuri is a new record in China. Monserrat (2000) proposed to consider this species as a synonym of M. timidus. For this view, we have different opinion, because either Nakahara found this species in 1971, or the other experts described this species (Tjeder 1961; Makarkin 1994), they all found and described the obvious differences between M. kapuri and M. timidus, especially in the terminalia. In M. timidus CuA is forked before the crossvein between CuA and MP in the forewing, and posteroventral process of ectoproct is distally rounded with small teeth in the male; in M. kapuri, CuA is forked after the crossvein between CuA and MP in the forewing and posteroventral process of ectoproct is distally tapered as hook without any teeth in the male. After our examination and comparison, we still propose to consider M. kapuri and M. timidus are different species.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to late Professors Chikun Yang and the relevant people for collecting the specimens. Many thanks to two anonymous reviewers and Dr Michael Ohl for the precious comments to improve the manuscript. This research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31272352) and the Foundation of the Ministry of Agriculture of China (Project No. 201103022).

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