DOCSLIB.ORG

TASK FORCE the Donald C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TASK FORCE the Donald C TASK FORCE The Donald C. Hellmann Task Force Program Photo by pengpeng/Getty Images Navigating Great Power Competition: Maximizing Japan's Position Between the U.S. and China 2021 The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies jsis.washington.edu Phone: (206) 543-6001 Email: [email protected] Navigating Great Power Competition: Maximizing Japan’s Position Between the U.S. and China University of Washington, Seattle Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies Task Force Report, Winter 2021 Faculty Advisor Marie Anchordoguy Evaluator Joseph A. Massey Former Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Japan and China Coordinator Jonathan Chang Editors Natalie Hert Julia Ge Authors Chika Fukuhara Benjamin Yamada Ricky Chen Shuo Zhang Kana Kitahama Tyler Chung Kara Haney Tristan Gutbezahl iii Acknowledgments The members of this Task Force would like to sincerely express our deepest gratitude and appreciation for the individuals who have made this report possible. We would first like to thank Joseph A. Massey for taking the time and effort to evaluate our Task Force report. We recognize the generosity and kindness that has been extended to us. Thank you to our librarians, Michelle Li and Azusa Tanaka, for sharing their knowledge and expertise and providing us with countless resources and research help. Finally, we would like to thank Marie C. Anchordoguy, our faculty advisor, for her constant support, dedication, and passion for this Task Force. Without her help and expertise, we could not have possibly created this report. iv Acronyms ADB - Asian Development Bank AI - Artificial Intelligence AIIB - Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank APEC - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN + 3 - Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus Three BDN - Blue Dot Network BIS – United States Bureau of Industry and Security BRI - Belt and Road Initiative CCP - Chinese Communist Party CDB - China Development Bank CFIUS - Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States CPTPP - Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership DPRK - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ECS - East China Sea EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency ETC - Eastern Theater Command EV - Electric Vehicle FBI – United States Federal Bureau of Investigation FDI - Foreign Direct Investment FIL - Foreign Investment Law FMCT - Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty FOIP - Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy FONOPs - Freedom of Navigation Operations FYP - Five-Year Plan GDP - Gross Domestic Product HNS - Host Nation Support HTA - Health Technology Assessment ICBM - Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ICT - Internet Communication Technology IP - Intellectual Property JASDF - Japan Air Self Defense Force JBIC - Japan Bank for International Cooperation JETRO - Japan External Trade Organization JGSDF - Japan Ground Self-Defense Force JSDF - Japan Self-Defense Forces MI5 – United Kingdom Military Intelligence Section 5 MOFA - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan MOU - Memorandum of Understanding NISC - National Center of Incident Readiness and Strategy for Cybersecurity NSC - National Security Council PAFMM - People’s Armed Forces Maritime Militia v PLA - People’s Liberation Army PLAN - People’s Liberation Army Navy PQI - Partnership for Quality Infrastructure PRC - People’s Republic of China R&D - Research and Development RCEP - Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership RIMPAC - Rim of the Pacific Exercise RMB - Chinese Renminbi ROK - Republic of Korea SCS - South China Sea SLOC - Sea Lines of Communication SMA - Special Measurements Agreement SOEs - State-Owned Enterprises SSN - Nuclear-powered Attack Submarine TPP - Trans-Pacific Partnership TRA - Taiwan Relations Act UEL - Unreliable Entity List US – United States USJTA – United States-Japan Trade Agreement WTO - World Trade Organization Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ iii Acronym List ................................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: Major Challenges Facing Japan in its Relationship with the U.S. and China ....................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: Japan’s Security Policies with the United States................................................7 Japan’s Security Concerns ...........................................................................................................7 Japan’s Geostrategic Importance..................................................................................................8 American Plans for an Integrated Indo-Pacific ..........................................................................11 The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue .........................................................................................14 A Sixth Eye in Asia ....................................................................................................................16 The Taiwan Question .................................................................................................................18 Unrestrained Partnership ............................................................................................................19 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................20 CHAPTER 3: Japan-China Security Relations ........................................................................22 Disputes Over the Senkaku Islands with China .........................................................................22 South China Sea Conflict ...........................................................................................................24 The North Korea Issue ...............................................................................................................27 The Taiwan Issue .......................................................................................................................28 The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue versus China ....................................................................29 Military Spending of Japan and China .......................................................................................31 Stances of Future Prime Ministers .............................................................................................31 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................32 CHAPTER 4: Japan-China Economic Relations......................................................................33 Japan’s Current Trade Balance with China ................................................................................33 Bilateral Investments ..................................................................................................................35 Major Opportunities and Concerns for Japan with China ..........................................................37 Innovation and Technology ....................................................................................................37 Advanced Manufacturing .......................................................................................................39 Healthcare, Education, and Tourism ......................................................................................41 Japan-China Economic Relations in a Multilateral Context ......................................................43 Competition between Japan and China in the Region ............................................................43 Japan as an Important Balancer in the Region .......................................................................44 Going Forward: Economic Interdependence and Cooperation with China ...............................45 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 5: Japan’s Economic Struggles in Case Studies ...................................................49 Supply Chains and Manufacturing .............................................................................................49 Challenges in Manufacturing .....................................................................................................50 Economies of the Belt & Road Initiative ...................................................................................52 Countering the Belt & Road Initiative .......................................................................................54 5G Networks ..............................................................................................................................55 Vulnerabilities in Cellular Networks ..........................................................................................56 Cybersecurity .............................................................................................................................57 Threats to Japanese Cybersecurity .............................................................................................58 Intellectual Property Protection ..................................................................................................60
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Blue Dots Red Roads
    JULY 2020 Blue Dots AND Red Roads Frictions and the Potential for Limited Cooperation Between Chinese and U.S. International Development Models AUTHORS Matt Geraci Asiana Cooper Mengze Li JULY 2020 Blue Dots and Red Roads Frictions and the Potential for Limited Cooperation Between Chinese and U.S. International Development Models AUTHORS Matt Geraci Asiana Cooper Mengze Li I About ICAS The Institute for China-America Studies is an independent think tank funded by the Hainan Freeport Research Foundation in China. Based in the heart of Washington D.C. ICAS is uniquely situated to facilitate the exchange of ideas and people between China and the United States. We achieve this through research and partnerships with institutions and scholars in both countries, in order to provide a window into their respective worldviews. ICAS focuses on key issue areas in the U.S.-China relationship in need of greater mutual understanding. We identify promising areas for strengthening bilateral cooperation in the spheres of maritime security, Asia-Pacific economics, trade, strategic stability, international relations as well as global governance issues, and explore avenues for improving this critical bilateral relationship. ICAS is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. ICAS takes no institutional positions on policy issues. The views expressed in this document are those of the author(s) alone. © 2020 by the Institute for China-America Studies. All rights reserved. Institute for China-America Studies 1919 M St. NW Suite 310 Washington, DC 20036 202 290 3087 | www.chinaus-icas.org
    [Show full text]
  • Reach, Implications, Consequences
    MAPPING THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE REACH, IMPLICATIONS, CONSEQUENCES EDITORS Harsh V Pant and Premesha Saha Introduction © 2021 Observer Research Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from ORF. Attribution: Harsh V Pant and Premesha Saha (Editors), Mapping the Belt and Road Initiative: Reach, Implications, Consequences, February 2021, Observer Research Foundation. Observer Research Foundation 20 Rouse Avenue, Institutional Area New Delhi 110002 India [email protected] www.orfonline.org ORF provides non-partisan, independent analyses and inputs on matters of security, strategy, economy, 2 development, energy and global governance to diverse decision makers (governments, business communities, academia and civil society). ORF’s mandate is to conduct in-depth research, provide inclusive platforms, and invest in tomorrow’s thought leaders today. Editing and Production: Vinia Datinguinoo Mukherjee Design and layout: Rahil Miya Shaikh ISBN: 978-93-90494-37-8 Contents Introduction INTRODUCTION 5 Harsh V Pant and Premesha Saha SECTION 1 PIVOTAL GEOGRAPHIES: PROJECTS, PROGRESS, AND THE CHALLENGES SOUTH ASIA CPEC: Building a Path For 9 Pakistan’s Financial Ruin Kriti M Shah BRI & Afghanistan: Systemic Challenges Impede 13 Integration Shubhangi Pandey Bangladesh: Riding the BRI Tide 20 Joyeeta Bhattacharjee The BRI Quandary in Nepal and Sri Lanka 24 Sohini Nayak SOUTHEAST ASIA AND OCEANIA 3 Myanmar and Thailand: A Cautious Approach
    [Show full text]
  • The Lessons of 1914 for East Asia Today the Lessons of 1914 Ja Ian Chong and for East Asia Today Todd H
    The Lessons of 1914 for East Asia Today The Lessons of 1914 Ja Ian Chong and for East Asia Today Todd H. Hall Missing the Trees for the Forest A century has passed since the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo set in mo- tion a chain of events that would eventually convulse Europe in war. Possibly no conºict has been the focus of more scholarly attention. The questions of how and why European states came to abandon peaceful coexistence for four years of armed hostilities—ending tens of millions of lives and several im- perial dynasties—have captivated historians and international relations schol- ars alike. Today, Europe appears far removed from the precipice off which it fell a century ago. If anything, most European states currently seem more concerned about the damage potentially caused by ªnancial instruments than instruments of war. On a global scale, the destructive power of contemporary weaponry so dwarfs armaments of that earlier era that some scholars have argued great power war to be obsolete.1 Additionally, the international community has estab- lished international institutions, forums, and consultative mechanisms to chan- nel conºict away from the battleªeld and into the conference room. Yet, not only do the great power relations of that era persist in intriguing scholars; as Steven Miller and Sean Lynn-Jones observe, they also continue to “haunt,” for “they raise troubling doubts about our ability to conduct affairs of state safely in an international environment plagued by a continuing risk of war.”2 In many ways, these doubts have assumed a renewed salience Ja Ian Chong is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the National University of Singapore.
    [Show full text]
  • Astern Civilizations -- Regional Studies
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 043 537 SO 000 265 TITLE Social Studies, Grade 0, World Studies: !astern Civilizations -- Regional Studies. Course of Study and Related Learning Activities. Revised rdition. INSTITUTION NPw York City 9oard of Education, Prooklvn, N.Y. Pureau of Curriculum Development. SPONS AGENCY New York state Education Dept., Albany. Center for International Programs dnd Services. REPORT NO Curr-Mull-1060-i970-Ser-12 PUB DATE -10 NOTr nOFT.; History and Social Science Series AVAILABLE FP01 Poard of education of the City of New York, Publication Sales Office, 110 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 11201(S7. !O) Er)RS PRICE IMPS Price ME-$1.'0 PC trot Available from E! S. DESCRIPTORS African History, *Area Studios, Asian History, Concept Teaching, Cross Cultural Studies, Economics, Geography, *Grade 0, *Inductive Methods, Instructional Materials, Interdisciplinary Approach, Learning Activities, Multimedia Instruction, *Non Western Civilization, Political Science, Social Sciences, Social Studios Units, Sociology, *Fate Curriculum Guides, Values IDENTIFIERS Communist China, India, Japan, Middle East, USSR ABSTRACT ''he curriculum guide for non-western civilization area studies incorporates these major considerations: 1) the teachino of concepts rather than the accumulation of data, focusing on the development of critical thinking; 2)+he development of values, skills, and knowledge needed to cope with the Pressing social problems of today including: receptivity to change, international awareness, a committen+ to democratic values and
    [Show full text]
  • Foresight Hindsight
    Hindsight, Foresight ThinkingI Aboutnsight, Security in the Indo-Pacific EDITED BY ALEXANDER L. VUVING DANIEL K. INOUYE ASIA-PACIFIC CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES HINDSIGHT, INSIGHT, FORESIGHT HINDSIGHT, INSIGHT, FORESIGHT Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific Edited by Alexander L. Vuving Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific Published in September 2020 by the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2058 Maluhia Rd, Honolulu, HI 96815 (www.apcss.org) For reprint permissions, contact the editors via [email protected] Printed in the United States of America Cover Design by Nelson Gaspar and Debra Castro Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Name: Alexander L. Vuving, editor Title: Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific / Vuving, Alexander L., editor Subjects: International Relations; Security, International---Indo-Pacific Region; Geopolitics---Indo-Pacific Region; Indo-Pacific Region JZ1242 .H563 2020 ISBN: 978-0-9773246-6-8 The Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies is a U.S. Depart- ment of Defense executive education institution that addresses regional and global security issues, inviting military and civilian representatives of the United States and Indo-Pacific nations to its comprehensive program of resident courses and workshops, both in Hawaii and throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Through these events the Center provides a focal point where military, policy-makers, and civil society can gather to educate each other on regional issues, connect with a network of committed individuals, and empower themselves to enact cooperative solutions to the region’s security challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Navigating Great Power Competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH
    THE NEW GEOPOLITICS APRIL 2020 ASIA BEYOND BINARY CHOICES? Navigating great power competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH TRILATERAL DIALOGUE ON SOUTHEAST ASIA: ASEAN, AUSTRALIA, AND THE UNITED STATES BEYOND BINARY CHOICES? Navigating great power competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Brookings Institution has launched a new trilateral initiative with experts from Southeast Asia, Australia, and the United States to examine regional trends in Southeast Asia in the context of escalating U.S.-China rivalry and China’s dramatic rise. The initiative not only focuses on security trends in the region, but covers economic and governance developments as well. This report summarizes the main findings and policy recommendations discussed at an inaugural trilateral dialogue, convened in Singapore in late 2019 in partnership with the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) and the Lowy Institute. A key theme running throughout the dialogue was how the region can move beyond a binary choice between the United States and China. In this connection, Southeast Asian countries could work with middle powers like Australia and Japan (admittedly a major power in economic terms) to expand middle-power agency and reduce the need for an all-or-nothing choice. Yet, there was little agreement on the feasibility of such collective action as well as doubts about whether the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has the capacity to create independent strategic space as U.S.- China competition continues to grow. Southeast Asian participants noted that Beijing has successfully leveraged its signature Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to expand its soft-power in the region, to the detriment of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Blue Dot Network': Idea, Objectives and Implications for China's 'Belt and Road Initiative'
    ISSN 2394-9694 International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences Vol. 7, Issue 4, pp: (33-39), Month: July - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com ‘Blue Dot Network’: Idea, Objectives and Implications for China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ Abhishek Kumar UGC- JRF Department of Political Science Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur (Bihar) Abstract: Led by the US’s International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), the Blue Dot network was jointly launched by the US, Japan (Japanese Bank for International Cooperation) and Australia (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) in November 2019 on the side-lines of the 35th ASEAN Summit in Thailand. This move is seen as a direct counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. A trade war is already going between United States of America and China, so in these circumstances, the launch of Blue Dot Network has many implications for China. It provides an opportunity to India also as BRI has not gone well with India’s scheme of things. The path for America led initiative is not going to be easy as it has different set of challenges ahead. Currently, due to ‘Corona- Crisis’, economy is getting badly affected and it will create greater challenges ahead especially for super powers as they have responsibility to show the way ahead. Keywords: BDN, BRI, United States, China, QUAD. 1. INTRODUCTION Currently, United States of America and China are two of the biggest powers in world. When president Xi Jinping launched his ambitious project One Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR) later renamed as Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013 (Belt and Road Initiative, 2018)1, it was well expected that sooner or later America will produce a counter strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Asia: Miracle Maker Or Heart Breaker?
    ASIA: MIRACLE MAKER OR HEART BREAKER? 14TH Annual Asian Business Conference at the University of Michigan Business School - February 6 & 7, 2004 Page 1 of 73 ASIA: MIRACLE MAKER OR HEART BREAKER? Contents MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRS...................................................................................................................................... 3 MESSAGE FROM THE FACULTY.................................................................................................................................. 4 2004 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE................................................................................................................................ 5 CONFERENCE KEYNOTES............................................................................................................................................... 7 LOGISTICS REPORT ............................................................................................................................................................. 9 ATTENDANCE DEMOGRAPHICS ...............................................................................................................11 DIRECTOR OF MARKETING REPORT ....................................................................................................................12 DIRECTOR OF PANELS REPORT ...............................................................................................................................13 ASEAN PANEL REPORT ...................................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Escalation Control and the Nuclear Option in South Asia
    Escalation Control and the Nuclear Option in South Asia Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones, and Ziad Haider, editors Copyright © 2004 The Henry L. Stimson Center All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the Henry L. Stimson Center. Cover design by Design Army. ISBN 0-9747255-8-7 The Henry L. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street NW Twelfth Floor Washington, DC 20036 phone 202.223.5956 fax 202.238.9604 www.stimson.org Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................. v Abbreviations..................................................................................................... vii Introduction......................................................................................................... ix 1. The Stability-Instability Paradox, Misperception, and Escalation Control in South Asia Michael Krepon ............................................................................................ 1 2. Nuclear Stability and Escalation Control in South Asia: Structural Factors Rodney W. Jones......................................................................................... 25 3. India’s Escalation-Resistant Nuclear Posture Rajesh M. Basrur ........................................................................................ 56 4. Nuclear Signaling, Missiles, and Escalation Control in South Asia Feroz Hassan Khan ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Uk Strategy in Asia: Some Starting Principles
    John Bew and David Martin Jones UK STRATEGY IN ASIA: SOME STARTING PRINCIPLES A Britain in the World Project policy bite | September 2017 About the Authors John Bew heads the Britain in the World Project at Policy Exchange and is Professor History and Foreign Policy at the War Studies Department at King’s College London. In 2015, Professor Bew was awarded the Philip Leverhulme Prize for Politics and International Studies and was previously the youngest ever holder of the Henry A. Kissinger Chair at the Library of Congress. His most recent books include Citizen Clem: A Life of Attlee, which won the 2017 Orwell Prize, and Realpolitik: A History which was named book of the year by The Times in 2016. David Martin Jones is a Visiting Fellow at Policy Exchange, Professor in the War Studies Department, King's College London and Honorary Reader in the School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Queensland. He has written several books on East and Southeast Asian politics and international relations – most recently Asian Security and the Rise of China (with Nick Khoo and M.LR. Smith). His articles on aspects of Asian politics have appeared in International Security, International Affairs, Comparative Politics, Orbis, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, The Australian Journal of International Affairs, The World Today, The Australian, The Spectator, The Straits Times, The Australian Financial Review, The Daily Telegraph, Quadrant and Policy. About Britain in the World Policy Exchange’s Britain in the World project was launched in March 2016 by the Defence Secretary, Rt Hon Sir Michael Fallon, and by former Defence Secretary and NATO Secretary General, Rt Hon Lord Robertson of Port Ellen.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam in Asia: People, Practices, Traditions ABOUT the EXPLORING ASIA PROJECT and the “ISLAM in ASIA: PEOPLE, PRACTICES, TRADITIONS” SERIES
    NEWSPAPERS IN EDUCATION PRESENTS Islam In asIa: PeoPle, PractIces, tradItIons ABOUT THE EXPLORING ASIA PROJECT AND THE “ISLAM IN ASIA: PEOPLE, PRACTICES, TRADITIONS” SERIES Exploring Asia is a collaborative project between the Newspapers In Education program of The Seattle Times and the University of Washington’s Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies’ Asia and Global Studies outreach centers. The project consists of a five- article series, a teaching guide and a pre-series workshop for secondary teachers. Designed with young readers in mind, articles in this year’s Exploring Asia online newspaper series titled “Islam in Asia: People, Practices, Traditions” focus on social, political, educational, devotional and cultural practices in Islamic societies in Asia, where a majority of the world’s Muslims live. The five-part series includes articles on Indonesia, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and China, as well as an overview of Islam in Asia. This teaching guide provides a lesson plan for each article and activities to do with students before, during and after reading the featured weekly article. Together, the articles and accompanying lessons take students on an exploration of Islam in several Asian countries, asking students to look at the issues from multiple perspectives and to promote understanding. The points of view represented in the articles and the guide materials are a sampling of perspectives among many viewpoints on these issues. AUTHOR OF THE TEACHING GUIDE The author of the teaching guide for Exploring Asia’s “Islam in Asia: People, Practices, Traditions” series is Tese Wintz Neighbor. Tese Wintz Neighbor received a Master of Art degree in China Regional Studies from the Henry M.
    [Show full text]
  • AJISS-Commentary
    AJISS-Commentary The Association of Japanese Institutes of Strategic Studies NPI RIPS Nakasone Yasuhiro The Japan Institute of Research Institute for Peace Institute International Affairs Peace and Security (Secretariat) Editorial Advisory Board: No. 284 Akio Watanabe (Chair) 14 January 2021 Ichiro Fujisaki Masashi Nishihara Kenichiro Sasae A NEW PHASE OF INDO-PACIFIC Editorial Committee: ECONOMIC CONNECTIVITY AND Tsutomu Kikuchi Fumiaki Kubo GOVERNANCE Tsuyoshi Sunohara Shujiro Urata and Tomiko Ichikawa Editor & Online Publisher: Saori N. Katada Kenichiro Sasae President, JIIA ・ The Indo-Pacific concept has provided a new forum for economic connectivity and development within the region. ・ he Indo-Pacific coalition is an effective forum to address Covid-19-related regional challenges, including supply chain disruption, debt sustainability and democratic backsliding. ・ The new leaders in Japan and the United States should use this valuable forum to promote economic connectivity and good governance. The views expressed in this piece are the author’s own and should not be attributed to The Association of Japanese Institutes of Strategic Studies. AJISS-Commentary The Association of Japanese Institutes of Strategic Studies The Indo-Pacific concept has come a long way since its introduction in foreign policy lingo about a decade ago. This geostrategic construct covers a broad geographic area merging the “two seas” of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and has incubated many cooperative initiatives under the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) strategy, ranging from protecting freedom of navigation to establishing regional peace and prosperity. In addition, the Quad has been formed as a foreign policy dialogue forum among the United States, Japan, Australia and India.
    [Show full text]