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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Die Rainbow Family – Genderegalität und die Maxime der Hierarchielosigkeit“ Verfasserin Maria Schrammel angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 307 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie Betreuerin: Dr. Gabriele Habinger 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Die Rainbow Family of Living Light – historischer und ideologischer Kontext ..... 8 2.1 Die Rainbow Family – die größte utopische Community ........................................ 8 2.2 Geschichte der Rainbow Family ........................................................................................11 2.2.1 Entwicklung der Gatherings in den USA .............................................................13 2.2.2 Internationale Ausbreitung der Gatherings ......................................................15 2.3 Struktureller Kontext der Rainbow Gatherings ..........................................................16 2.3.1 Differenzen zwischen National-, European- und International Gatherings ..................................................................................................................................17 2.3.2 Organisation der Treffen ..........................................................................................19 2.3.2.1 Scouting und Vorbereitungen ............................................................................19 2.3.2.2 Seed Camp ..................................................................................................................21 2.3.2.3 Infrastruktur auf den Gatherings ......................................................................22 2.3.2.3.1 Kitchens ...................................................................................................................23 2.3.2.3.2 CALM – Healing Area ..........................................................................................25 2.3.2.4 Clean Up .......................................................................................................................26 2.3.3 Rainbow-Politik ...........................................................................................................27 2.3.3.1 Der Rianbow Family Council ..............................................................................28 2.3.3.2 Focalizer ......................................................................................................................30 2.4 Ideologische Basis, normative Vorgaben und Verhaltensregeln .........................31 2.4.1 „Tribal Roots“ – Mythos, Legenden und die symbolische Bedeutung des Regenbogens ............................................................................................................................32 2.4.2 Prinzipien der Hierarchielosigkeit und Egalität .............................................34 2.4.3 Die offenen Aufnahmekriterien der Rainbow Family .................................36 2.4.4 Verhaltensregeln während der Treffen als funktionelle Basis ..................37 2.5 Die Rainbow Family – ein Umriss der Gemeinschaft und ihrer Treffen ..........41 3. Theorien zur Geschlechterforschung in der Anthropologie ..........................................44 3.1 Biologisches Geschlecht (Sex) – soziales Geschlecht (Gender) .............................45 3.2 Gleichheit und Differenz in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion .........................46 2 3.3. Anthropologische Theorien zu Geschlechterverhältnissen .................................48 3.3.1 Konzepte der Geschlechteregalität .......................................................................49 3.3.2 Konzept der Geschlechtersymmetrie ..................................................................54 3.4 Geschlechtsspezifische Verhaltensweisen und Stereotypisierung .....................56 3.4.1 Die Doppelbelastung der Frauen ..........................................................................59 3.4.2 Konsequenzen der Umbrüche im Geschlechterverhältnis für das Männlichkeitsbild ....................................................................................................................62 3.4.3 Männlichkeitskonzepte nach Carrigan, Connell und Lee sowie Bourdieu .....................................................................................................................................64 3.5 Kategorien der Geschlechterordnung auf den Rainbow Gatherings .................68 4. Geschlechtsspezifische Rollenbilder der Rainbow Family ..............................................75 4.1 Methodik und verwendete Materialien .........................................................................75 4.2 Auswahl der besuchten Rainbow Gatherings und InterviewpartnerInnen ..78 4.3 Analyse des empirischen Materials .................................................................................81 4.3.1 Prestige- und Machtfelder auf den Rainbow Gatherings.............................82 4.3.2 Geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung auf den Rainbow Gatherings .....91 4.3.3 Familienbild der Rainbow Family .........................................................................96 4.3.4 Natur(verbundenheit) als Erklärung für die Geschlechterordnung .... 105 4.3.5 Männlichkeits- und Weiblichkeitsbilder auf den Rainbow Gatherings ..................................................................................................................................................... 110 5. Conclusio .......................................................................................................................................... 118 6. Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis ........................................................................................ 125 6.1 Feldforschungstagebücher ............................................................................................... 129 6.2 Interviews ............................................................................................................................... 129 7. Anhang .............................................................................................................................................. 131 3 1. Einleitung 1972 entstand in den USA eine Gemeinschaft, die sich auf Gewaltlosigkeit und hierarchielosen Egalitarismus berief. Diese von Michael I. Niman (1997) als utopisch bezeichnete Gruppe nennt sich „Rainbow Family of Living Light“1, kurz Rainbow Family2 genannt. Sie wächst stetig an und konnte sich bereits über den gesamten Globus verbreiten. Jährlich finden auf unterschiedlichen Kontinenten in den verschiedensten Ländern Treffen statt, „Rainbow Gatherings“ genannt, wobei für Weltfrieden gebetet und ein respektvolles Zusammenleben mit und in der Natur demonstriert wird. Inzwischen zählt die Rainbow Family zu den größten utopischen Gemeinschaften weltweit (vgl. Niman 1997: 204). Die Mitgliedschaft wird von der Rainbow Family selbst sehr weit gefasst, so gilt als einziges Aufnahmekriterium das „Menschsein“ an sich. Die durch die stets auf unterschiedlichen Plätzen stattfindenden Treffen geprägte nomadische Struktur der Rainbow Family, die Anwesenheit einer großen Zahl an Menschen und vor allem auch an neuen Leuten auf den Treffen stellen einen wesentlichen Unterschied zu anderen utopischen Gemeinschaften dar. Viele ebenfalls in den 1970er Jahren entstandene Gruppen sind in ihrem hierarchielosen Gesellschaftskonzept und dem Versuch, Gleichwertigkeit zwischen den Geschlechtern umzusetzen, bereits gescheitert (vgl. ebd.: 107). Die Rainbow Family hat diesbezüglich den großen Vorteil, dass ihre Mitglieder ausschließlich auf temporären Treffen zusammenkommen, wodurch die Schwierigkeiten umgangen werden, die bei permanent zusammenlebenden utopischen Gemeinschaften an der Tagesordnung stehen (vgl. ebd.: 112). Der Großteil der Mitglieder dieser Gemeinschaft ist kulturell durch westliche Gesellschaftsstrukturen geprägt. So sind die BesucherInnen der regelmäßig stattfindenden Treffen meist europäischer, amerikanischer oder kanadischer Herkunft. Innerhalb der Rainbow Family und auf den „Rainbow Gatherings“ wird dennoch – oder vielleicht gerade deshalb – stetig versucht, neue Gesellschaftsstrukturen zu entwickeln, die sich vom kapitalistisch-patriarchalen Gesellschaftssystem des Westens abheben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll nun der Frage nachgegangen werden, inwieweit die selbst auferlegte Maxime eines nicht-hierarchischen Zusammenlebens umgesetzt wird und daraus resultierend tatsächlich eine Abkehr von patriarchalen Strukturen erfolgt, wodurch Genderegalität erreicht wird. Weiters wird analysiert, welchen Einfluss kulturspezifische Geschlechternormen und kulturell 1 Als utopische Gemeinschaften gelten solche, deren „perfekte“ Form nicht in der Realität, sondern nur im imaginierten Stadium existiert, wobei diese meist auf Romantisierung und Idealisierung beruht (vgl. Niman 1997: 202). 2 Alle englischen Begriffe, wie Rainbow Family, Rainbow Sister usw., werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit, wie im Englischen üblich, ohne Bindestrich geschrieben, Wendungen mit deutschsprachigen Begriffen werden entsprechend dem grammatikalisch korrekten Sprachgebrauch mit Hilfe von Bindestrichen verbunden. 4 erlernte geschlechtsspezifische Rollenbilder auf die Vorstellungen und das Verhalten der Mitglieder
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