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Education in the Rumanian People's Republic. INSTITUTION Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C DOCUMENT RESUME ED 054 022 SO 001 543 AUTHOR Braham, Randolph L. TITLE Education in the Rumanian People's Republic. INSTITUTION Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO 0E-14087-Bull-1964-1 PUB DATE 63 NOTE 240p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87 DESCRIPTORS *Area Studies, Communism, *Comparative Education, Educational Administration, Educational Change, *Educational Development, Educational Legislation, Educational Objectives, Educational Practice, General Education, Higher Education, Organizations (Groups), Political Socialization, Preschool Education, *School Systems, Teacher Education, Technical Education, Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS Educational Systems, *Rumanian Peoples Republic ABSTRACT This bulletin is the Office of Education's first one on education in Rumania, and the subject is presented in its historical and current political, economic, social, and cultural setting, from a non-communistic perspective. Nine chapters present the country's background, a history of its educational system from 1832, and detailed descriptions of: preprimary education, general education, vocational and technical education, higher education, teacher training, and organizations for children, youth, and adults. A final chapter presents the author's conclusions and evaluations. Appendices cover general education textbooks and a glossary of Rumanian terms used in the bulletin. Both the text and appendices are illustrated with charts and statistical tables.(Author/DJB) ti p li ) U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE Office of Education' Highlights * Education at all levels has been free in Rumania since September 1961, when tuition and examination fees were eliminated. * Beginning in 1958-59, a 7-year, universal, and compulsory system of general education was gradually introduced; and beginning in 1961-62, an 8-year system of this kind, to be gradually achieved as the first phase of a 12-year system. * The educational system is gradually being transformed along poly- technical lines, giving high priority to agricultural and industrial require- ments. * Enrollments' between 1938-39 and 1959-aincreased asshown below: 1938-39 1959-60 Preschool education... 90, 787 315, 998 Schools of general education 1,604, 481 2,338, 447 Vocational education for apprentices 39, 250 102,012 Higher education 26, 489 61, 980 * Territorial acquisitions after World War I gave the country an ethni- cally heterogeneous population of around 15 nationalities, for whom education, national in form and socialist in content, has been supplied in their native tongues to varying degrees. * The Ministry of Education, which is responsible for implementing governmental educational policies, organizes, guides, and supervises education at all levels. * The Rumanian Workers' (Communist) Party directly or indirectly formulates general policies covering the structure and content of education. * Higher education, comprising three universities and a considerable number of specialized institutions, has annual quotas for each institution and each field of study, set up by the Party and the appropriate govern- mental organs and geared to immediate man-power needs and long-range economic objectives. * Organizations for children, youths, and adults carry on extracurricular cultural and vocational activities and implement the formal programs of political and ideological indoctrination. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION 0E-14087 THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM Bulletin 1964 THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- Number 1 INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY 1 EDUCATION in the Rumanian People's Republic By Randolph L. Braham The City College New York, N. Y. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCAr9N, AND WELFARE Office of Education 3 This report was made by Randolph L. Braham, The City College, New York, N. Y., pursuant to Contract No. 0S63-16 with the Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Superintendent of Documents Catalog No. FS 5.214:14087 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Washington: 1963 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402Price $1.00 4 Foreword OTHIS STUDY is the latest addition to a series of bulletins on education in foreign countries published by the U.S. Office of Education.The series is intended to fill multiple and increasing needs, both within and outside the Government; specifically, to provide assistance for registrars and admissions officers in their placemeA of foreign students, comprehensive data on foreign systems of education for comparative education and area specialists and scholars, and general information for a variety of individuals, groups, and programs. The Office has published bulletins on education in Eastern Europe for Czechoslovakia (1935), Poland (1936), Yugoslavia (1939), USSR (1957, 1959, and 1960), and the Soviet Zone of Germany (1959). The present bulletin is the Office of Education's first one on education in Rumania, and the subject is presented in its historical and current political, economic, social, and cultural setting. The author has brought to the study painstaking scholarship and research in primary sources, including official documents; fluency in the Rumanian language; and a personal knowledge of the country before its conversion to a Communist state. He has used the most recent available sources, many of them in collections of the Library of Congress and the Office of Education. Some of the latter were acquired by the Office's Bureau of International Education through an informal exchange of publications with the Rumanian Ministry of Education. Others, comprising a set of Rumanian textbooks, were presented to the Bureau by the Ministry in 1960. For their interest and help in the present endeavor the Office and the author wish to thank the following: George Z. E. Bereday of Teachers C' liege, Columbia University; William K. Medlin of the University of Michigan; Virgiliu. Stoicoiu of the European Law Division, Library of Congress; and Stanley Zukowski of the U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. OLIVER J. CALDWELL Acting Associate Commissioner for International Education FREDRIKA M. TANDLER Director, International Studies and Services iii Contents Page Foreword iii Chapter I.The Country's Background 1 Geography 1 History 1 People 5 Government 6 Chapter II.The Educational System 8 Public Education: 1832-1948 8 The Reform of 1948 13 Organization and Administration 15 Financing Education 24 Types of Education and Training 27 Enrollment 31 Long-Range Plans 31 Chapter III.Preprimary Education: Nurseries and Kindergartens 34 Organization and Objectives 34 The Teaching and Auxiliary Staffs 37 Financing 37 Enrollment 38 Chapter IV.General Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools 39 Structure and Functions 39 Curricula and Syllabi 42 Polytechnization 54 Textbooks and Teaching Materials 60 Examinations and Grading 63 Enrollment 66 National Minorities 72 Evening Schools and Correspondence Courses 79 Special Workers' Schools of General Education 83 Special Schools for the Handicapped 85 Chapter V.Vocational and Technical Education 86 Scope 86 The Post-Reform System of 1948-50 86 The First 5-Year Plan: 1950-55 87 The Revised System 88 Enrollment 103 vi CONTENTS Page Chapter VI.Higher Education 108 Introduction 108 General Principle, 109 Organizational Structure 110 Types of Institutions 114 Admission Policy and Procedure 126 Programs and Curricula 129 The Polytechnization Program 134 Job Assignment of Graduates 140 Enrollment 141 Composition of the Student Body 148 Evening and Correspondence Schools 150 Graduation and Diploma Work 153 The Academy of the Rumanian People's Republic 156 Chapter VII.Teachers and the Teaching Profession_ 159 Retraining Program 159 Teaching and Administrative Staff 159 Teacher-Training Schools and Institutes' 169 Secondary School Teachers 172 Pract:,* Teaching 173 Higher Education Teaching Staff 174 The itute of Pedagogical Sciences 176 Chapter VIII.Organizations for Children, Youths, and Adults 179 The Pioneers' OrganizEtion_ 180 The Union of Working Youth (1.1TM)_ 184 Student Associations 186 Trade Unions_ 189 Physical Education and Sport Organizations 190 Party Schools_ 193 The "People's Universities" 195 Chapter IX.Evaluation and Conclusions 197 Appendixes A. Textbooks Used in the 11-Yea: Schools of General Education 201 B. Glossary of Rumanian Tams Ukncl in This Publication__ 213 C. Tables Showing Changes in Rumanian Education Between 1959-60 and 1961-62 219 D. Bibliography 224 Text Tables 1. Population of Rumania, by age, sex, and urban or rural area: Census of February 21,1956_ 7 2. Number of hours per week, per subject, in the secondary schools for boys, by grade: 128 11 3. Number of hours per week, per subject, in the secondary schools for girls, by grade: 1928 12 7 CONTENTS vii Page 4. Annual appropriations in National budget for education and for all purposes: 1951-60 25 5. Number of schools, pupils, and teachers, by level and type of school: 1938-39 and 1948-49 through 1959-60_ _ _ _ _ 32 6.Percentage distribution of time allotted to humar ities, natural sciences, and other disciplines in the secondary schools, by type of school: 1910,1928, and 1948 44 7. Number of hours per week, Der subject, in the Rumanian- language, 7-year schools of general education, by grade: 1958-59 45 8. Number of 50-minute lessons per week in the secondary schools, by subject: 1960 50 9. Number of schools, pupils, graduates, and teacners in the day and evening sessions and correspondence courses of the schools of general education, by grade: 1938-39 and 1948-49 through 1959-60 68 10. Number of pupils in day and evening sessions and corre- spondence courses of schools of general education, by grade, sex, and urban or rural area: 1938-39 and 1948-49 through 1959-60 69 11. Number of pupils in schools of general education, by grade, sex, and urban or rural area: 1956-57 and 1959-60; and school-age population. (7-17), by sex: Census of February 21,1956 71 12. Number of hours per week, per subject, in the schools for the national minorities, by grade and age: 1957-58_ _ .
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