RT52565_FM.qxd 2/9/06 10:49 AM Page 1 ON THE MOVE RRT52565_PRELIMS.inddT52565_PRELIMS.indd iiii 33/6/06/6/06 77:39:57:39:57 PPMM RT52565_FM.qxd 2/9/06 10:49 AM Page 2 ON THE MOVE MOBILITY IN THE MODERN WESTERN WORLD TIM CRESSWELL New York London Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business RT52565_Discl.fm Page 1 Monday, April 17, 2006 12:47 PM Published in 2006 by Published in Great Britain by Routledge Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue 2 Park Square New York, NY 10016 Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-415-95256-5 (Softcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-95256-9 (Softcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005031472 No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cresswell, Tim. On the move : mobility in the modern Western world / by Tim Cresswell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-415-95255-2 (hardback) ISBN-13: 978-0-415-95256-9 (pbk. ) 1. Movement (Philosophy) I. Title. B105.M65C74 2006 304.801--dc22 2005031472 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the Routledge Web site at is the Academic Division of Informa plc. http://www.routledge-ny.com To Mum and Dad RRT52565_PRELIMS.inddT52565_PRELIMS.indd v 33/6/06/6/06 77:39:57:39:57 PPMM RRT52565_PRELIMS.inddT52565_PRELIMS.indd vvii 33/6/06/6/06 77:39:57:39:57 PPMM Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Th e Production of Mobilities: An Interpretive Framework 1 Chapter 2 Th e Metaphysics of Fixity and Flow 25 Chapter 3 Capturing Mobility: Mobility and Meaning in the Photography of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey 57 Chapter 4 Th e Production of Mobility in the Workplace and the Home 85 Chapter 5 “You Cannot Shake Th at Shimmie Here”: Producing Mobility on the Dance Floor 123 Chapter 6 Mobility, Rights, and Citizenship in the United States 147 Chapter 7 Producing Immigrant Mobilities 175 Chapter 8 Mobilizing the Movement: Entangled Mobilities in the Suff rage Politics of Florence Luscomb and Margaret Foley, 1911–1915 195 Chapter 9 Th e Production of Mobilities at Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam 219 Epilogue 259 Notes 267 Bibliography 303 Index 321 vii RRT52565_TOC.inddT52565_TOC.indd vviiii 33/6/06/6/06 99:28:21:28:21 PPMM RRT52565_TOC.inddT52565_TOC.indd vviiiiii 33/6/06/6/06 99:28:22:28:22 PPMM Acknowledgments Th is book is the product of many years of thinking about mobility, dating back to an undergraduate dissertation on “Metaphors of Mobility in the Lyrics of Bob Dylan” (1986)—a dissertation I had to justify to the head of the geography department at University College London, who was a sceptical geomorphologist. Th is was expanded in my master’s thesis at Wisconsin (1988) on the topic of “Go-egraphy: Metaphors of Mobility in American Popular Culture.” So thanks are due to all those people who let me get away with it, and especially those who encouraged me to think about mobility—particularly Peter Jackson. My Ph.D. on transgression was not directly about mobility, but as I was rewriting it into the book In Place/Out of Place (1996), I was constantly struck by the emergence of mobility as a theme both in the empirical material and (as metaphor) in the theoretical reading. Perhaps this is obvious. Aft er all, transgression involves displacement, the moving between in place and out of place. Graf- fi ti moved along the subway lines of New York; travelers moved toward and around Stonehenge just as the nomads and travelers of theoretical resis- tance moved across the pages of theorists such as Bahktin and de Certeau. Mobility seemed, at fi rst glance, to fi t quite snugly alongside transgression and resistance as concepts. Clearly, though, there are forms of mobility that are neither transgressive nor resistant—the fl ows of the transnational business community and of the capital that travels with them are examples of this. It is clear that there are also examples of resistance that involve not moving, staying put, resisting dominant fl ows and motions. It was at that point that I decided to write this book. Since 1996 mobility has emerged as an important cross-disciplinary research agenda referred to as the mobility turn and the new mobilities ix RRT52565_C000.inddT52565_C000.indd iixx 44/13/06/13/06 111:12:301:12:30 AAMM x • Acknowledgments paradigm. I have been lucky enough to develop these ideas as this interest developed. I have been helped by many people and institutions. I have been fortunate enough to learn from the astonishing work of a number of post- graduate students over the last few years, including Brian Hoskins, Peter Adey, Joanne Maddern, and Gareth Hoskins. Colleagues at Lampeter and Aberystwyth have also made signifi cant input as well as providing much- needed encouragement and support. Th ese include Ulf Strohmayer, David Atkinson, Chris Philo, Rhys Jones, Mark Whitehead, Luke Desforges, Deborah Dixon, Martin Jones, Robert Dodgshon, Mark Goodwin, and Peter Merriman. I am also grateful to a number of other people who have read and commented on various parts of this book, including David Delaney, Nick Blomley, Ginette Verstraete, John Urry, and Caren Kaplan. I am particularly grateful to those who have shared with me their thoughts on aspects of mobility as I have traveled to gather material for this book. Th ese include Ed Soja, Leon Deben, Donna Houston, and Ginette Verstraete. Aspects of this research have been presented at seminars and conferences at Louisiana State University; Dartmouth College; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; University of California, Davis; University of California, Los Angeles; University of Vermont; Middlebury College; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; University of Hull; University College, London; University of Southampton; and Th e Centre for Mobili- ties Research, Lancaster. I am grateful to the hosts and participants at each of these for their comments and friendly critiques. Special mention should be made of a number of meetings around the theme of mobility at Leeds, Amsterdam, Lancaster, Illinois, and the University of Wales. I learned a great deal during a weeklong sojourn hosted by the Institut pour la Ville en Mouvement in Cerisy, Normandy. During 2003 I was fortunate to spend a semester as a visiting scholar attached to the Global Migrations program at Hampshire College, Massachusetts. Many thanks to Myrna Breitbart and Kim Chang for their hospitality and encouragement. Parts of this book have been or will be published in diff erent form in New Formations, Cultural Geographies, and Gender, Place and Culture as well as in the edited collections; Space and Social Th eory and Les Sens du Mouvement. Many thanks to the editors and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Over the last four years I have used the resources of many libraries and special collections, and owe a lot to numerous librarians and archivists who have been extremely helpful. Th ese places include: Stephens College, New Jersey; Purdue University; the Bancroft Library, Berkeley; the New York University Library; the Schlesinger Library at Harvard; Smith Col- lege Special Collections; the library of the Imperial Society for Teachers of RRT52565_C000.inddT52565_C000.indd x 44/13/06/13/06 111:12:321:12:32 AAMM Acknowledgments • xi Dancing, London; the National Library of Wales, Amsterdam Municipal Archives; New York Public Library, and the Special Collections Depart- ment at the University of Chicago. I am also grateful for the people who talked to me during my groping attempts at ethnography, particularly the Bus Riders Union of Los Angeles, the inhabitants and taxi drivers of Schiphol Airport, and Jan Bentham and Paul Mijksenaar. I am grateful to David McBride at Routledge for encouraging me to write this book. None of this would have been likely without the support of the Economic and Social Research Council, which awarded me a two- year fellowship (grant number R000271264). I also benefi ted from small grants from the British Academy and the University of Wales, Aberyst- wyth. Finally, I am eternally grateful for the help, support, and love of Carol, Owen, Sam, and Madison Jennings, without whom . nothing. RRT52565_C000.inddT52565_C000.indd xxii 44/13/06/13/06 111:12:331:12:33 AAMM RRT52565_C000.inddT52565_C000.indd xxiiii 44/13/06/13/06 111:12:331:12:33 AAMM CHAPTER 1 Th e Production of Mobilities: An Interpretive Framework Moving your hand, walking, dancing, exercising, driving to work, moving home, going on holiday, marching, running away, immigrating, traveling, exploring, attending conferences. All of these are forms of mobility but they rarely enter each other’s orbit in social and cultural enquiry. Th e slip- pery and intangible nature of mobility makes it an elusive object of study. Yet study it we must for mobility is central to what it is to be human. It is a fundamental geographical facet of existence and, as such, provides a rich terrain from which narratives—and, indeed, ideologies—can be, and have been, constructed.