The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass Paul Tate March 10, 2015

Originally prepared as a degree requirement for the UIC Master of Energy Engineering program 1 The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate Outline

n Introduction to Building Integrated PV n Solar Shingles Technology n Solar Glass Technology n Conclusions n Questions

n Building Materials & Solar Cells ¨ Roofing ¨ Glass ¨ Metal Panels ¨ Overhangs ¨ Awnings, etc.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Installation1

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Installation2

n Intended for residential pitched roofs n Replace portion of asphalt shingles n Are not rack mounted n Integrate into standard roofing n Multiple technologies utilized

n Uses Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) thin film technology n Substrate is a proprietary polymer n Size, weight, flexibility similar to asphalt shingle CIGS Cell Schematic Diagram3

CIGS Solar Shingles Prior to Installation4

CIGS Solar Shingles Post-Installation5

CIGS Solar Shingles Post-Installation6

n Uses mono-crystalline silicon (mono-Si) technology n Mounted on semi- flexible plastic n Slightly thinner than asphalt shingle with special underlayment Mono-Crystalline Silicon Cell7

Mono-Si Solar Shingles Post-Installation8

CIGS Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingle n ~12% efficient CIGS n 14% efficient mono-Si cells cells n Efficiency rises n 14% efficient initially (light soaking), immediately, then then degrades over degrades over time time n Solar components n Solar components warrantied for 10 warrantied for 20 years years

CIGS Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingle n Available in 9-13 n 60 Watts/shingle Watts/shingle n Each shingle n Each shingle approximately 5.3 SF approximately 1.6 SF exposed area exposed area n Power output: n Power output: 5.6 to 11.4 W/SF 8.1 W/SF n 400 SF array: n 400 SF array: 2.25kW 4.55 kW to 3.25 kW

CIGS Solar Shingle Electrical Connections9

Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections10

CIGS Solar Shingle Mono-Si Solar Shingle n CIGS solar shingle n Electrician supplies manufacturer supplies manufacturer sized inverter inverter n Electrician makes n Electrician wires connections from array to everything from array to inverter, inverter to meter and disconnects meter, disconnects, etc. n Point of use monitoring n Manufacturer’s web- only based monitoring system included

n Focusing on Dye Sensitized Solar Cells & Organic Solar Cells n Transparent meaning light passes through the solar collector, opposed to thin strips of silicon based cells implanted onto glass

n Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) molecules coated with

various color dyes n Electrolyte (usually iodide) replaces electron given off by

dye through TiO2 n All layers are transparent, limiting factor is dye color & thickness Dye Sensitized Solar Cells11

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Schematic Diagram12

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Installation13

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Installation14

n Light absorbed in hole transport layer n Photon energy creates excitons n Excitons travel to photoactive layer where charge separation occurs n Difference from inorganic PV is effect of light absorption Organic Solar Cell15

Organic Solar Cell Schematic16

Spectral Response of Conventional and Transparent PV Cells17

Organic Solar Cell17

Transparent Solar Cell18

Transparent Solar Cell19

DSSC Organic Solar Cells n Typically 8% to 10% n 40% transparent cell at maximum efficiency 7.1% efficiency n Record lab efficiency: n Record lab efficiency: 11.9% 11.1% n Commercially available, n Not commercially well-known operation and available, very new challenges technology

n Solar shingles is a viable and growing industry n Solar Glass research is growing, long-term production and applications are unknown n BIPV will continue to be developed and used if costs and aesthetics are favorable

1 "Building-integrated Photovoltaics – a Niche Market with Ample Opportunities."SolarServer. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. . 2 "Outstanding BIPV Projects." Onyx Solar - Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). Onyx Solar. Web. 27 Feb. 2015. . 3 "Special-purpose Diodes." All About Circuits. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. . 4 "Roofs Do Double Duty with Dow Shingles." Jetson Green. 25 June 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. . 5 "Solution to Homeowner’s Association Problem with Aesthetics of Roof Mounted Solar PV | Tennessee Solar." Tennessee Solar Energy Association. 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. . 6 "NEXUS EnergyHomes First Home Builder to Offer DOW POWERHOUSE™ Solar Shingles on the East Coast." News. DOW, 6 Mar. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. . 7 "Solar Cells." KEMI Silicon, Inc. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. . 8 "Apollo II Solar Roofing Systems from CertainTeed Corporation." Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . 9 "POWERHOUSE Installation Process." YouTube. 22 Nov. 2011. Web. . 10 "Installation Instructions for CertainTeed's Apollo II Solar Roofing System." YouTube. 5 Aug. 2014. Web. .

11 Beciri, Damir. "EPFL's New Convention Center West Façade Features Dye Solar Cells | RobAid." Robaid. 3 Dec. 2013. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. . 12 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. University of Florida Department of Chemistry. Web. . 13 "HOPV 2014." Institute of Advanced Chemistry II and Advanced Materials. The University of Ulm, 19 May 2014. Web. . 14 "Dye Solar Cell Façade at SwissTech Convention Center at EPFL, by Solaronix." Juan Bisquerts Blog. 8 Apr. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. . 15 "SolarWindow." New Energy Technologies Inc. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. . 16 Plexcore PV Ink System. Sigma Aldrich. Web. . 17 "Heliatek Announces Largest BIOPV Facade Installation." Heliatek, 28 Oct. 2014. Web. . 18 Stauffer, Nancy. "Transparent Solar Cells." MIT Energy Initiative. MIT, 20 June 2013. Web. . 19 Oswald, Tom, and Richard Lunt. "Solar Energy That Doesn't Block the View." Michigan State University, 19 Aug. 2014. Web. .

Questions?